San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec – Spanish – English
Dictionary
Draft version
July 2014
Comments welcome – g.broadwell@albany.edu
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2
Aa
adorador /adorador / n
deacon(?) personas que cuidan
en la iglesia
antyog /àntyóg / n *glasses,
spectacles lentes
años /anyos / n *years *años
àjc+bí'ch /àʰk+bí'tʃ / v
decrease, get smaller apagar,
reducir
àpóóy /àpóóy / n support apoyo
àrón /àrón / n Aaron (var. sp.
var. Àrón; sp. var. Àróón)
amy /áámy / n soul ánima (sem.
àsàmbléà /àsàmbléà / n
*assembly *asemblea
domains: 3.1Soul, spirit.)
àntììgw /àntììgw / adj *old
*antiguo
ati' /átí' / conj then entonces
axt /ááʃt / prep toward hasta
Bb
ba' /bà' / n tomb; grave tumba
Bac /Bàʰk / n Tlacolula Tlacolula
(sem. domains: 2.6.6.6Grave |
Sepultura.) ni-rgaeny ba'
(sem. domains: place namesplace
names.)
bac /báʰk / n cow vaca (sem.
bad1 /báád / n duck pato (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.2Bird |Ave.)
domains: 1.6.1.1.3Hoofed animals |
Animales con pezuña.)
bcweny
bad
3
bad2 /bààd / n rope made of dried
maguey mecate de maguey;
penca de maguey
bca'ld /bkà'ld / n^ (a part of
complex words related to sleep) (cf:
rni lo bca'ld /rrníí lòò
bal1 /bàl / conj if si
bkà'ld/, n-u'u bca'ld /ù'ú
bal2 /bààl / n bullet bala
bkà'ld/. )n-u'u bca'ld be sleepy ,
xte' bca'ld
bal3 /báál / conj if si
bal geny n Adam's apple manzana
de Adán (sem. domains: 2.1.1Head |
Cabeza.)
bald /bááld / q some unos Uzi'
Juany bald get Juan bought some
tortillas Juan compró unas
tortillas
balit /bàlíít / comp if not, it would
be better if si no, mejor que ..
Balit Juany chi If Juan isn't going
(then...) Si Juan no va a ir Balit
meor-za Mari chi Mejor que
vaya Maria.
bangu /báángù / n *bench
*banco
bany /bààny / n mud lodo yu'
bany house made of mud and bamboo
bay /bàày / n shawl rebozo
bcha' /btʃà' / n light luz Rcwagi
Mari bcha'. Maria turns on the light.
Maria prende la luz. (sem.
domains: 8.3.3.1.1Light source |
Fuente de luz.)
bcha'n /btʃà'n / n insect sp tipo
de insecto (gallina ciega)
bcug /bkuəg / n altar altar
bcwel /bkwèèl / n dried cornhusk
totomostle
bcwel ze' /bkwèèl zè' / n
cornhusk hoja de elote
bcweni lay /fkwèny làáy / n
middle finger dedo medio
(bcweny finger, lay2 middle)
bcweny /fkwèny / n finger, toe
dedo xbcwen-a my finger mi
dedo bcwen ro' thumb pulgar
bcweny
(sem. domains: 2.1Body |Cuerpo,
2.1.3.3Finger, toe |Dedos de la
mano/del pie, 2.1.3.1Arm |Brazo.)
bcweni lay , bcweny ro'
bcweny bi'ch /fkwèny bì'ch /
n pinky finger meñique (sem.
domains: 2.1.3.3Finger, toe |Dedos
de la mano/del pie.)
bcweny ni' n toe dedo (del pie)
(sem. domains: 2.1.3.3Finger, toe |
Dedos de la mano/del pie.)
bcweny nna /fkèny nnàà / n
finger dedo (de la mano) (sem.
domains: 2.1.3.3Finger, toe |Dedos
de la mano/del pie.)
bcweny ro' /fkwèny ró' / n
thumb pulgar (sem. domains:
2.1.3.3Finger, toe |Dedos de la
mano/del pie.) (bcweny finger,
ro' big large)
bdi /bdìì / n ant hormiguita (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
bdo' n child, baby bebé, niño (sem.
domains: 2.6.4.1Baby |Bebé.)
bdo' bez /bdòò' bééz / n baby
(newborn) bebé (recien nacido)
(sem. domains: 2.6.4.1Baby |Bebé.)
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bdo' nin /bdòò niən / n Christ
child niño dios
bdu' /bdùù' / n plantain plátano
bdun /bdùùn / n air aire (sem.
domains: 1.1.2Air |Aire.)
bdxa' /bdʒáá' / n witch bruja
bdzi /bdzìì / n fruit of the organo
cactus pitaya; pitahaya (sem.
domains: 1.5Plant |Planta,
5.2.3.1.2Food from fruit |Alimentos
procedentes de frutas.) yabdzi
bdzi gi /bdzìì gíì / n sour
pitahaya cactus cacto de pitahaya
agria
bdzi xob n garambolla (cactus fruit)
garambulla (fruta de cacto)
bdzi' /bdzíí' / n spider araña
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.8Spider |Araña.)
bdzin /bdzììn / n deer venado
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.1.3Hoofed
animals |Animales con pezuña.)
be' /bè' / n red ant hormiga roja;
hormiga colorada (sem. domains:
1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
be'wnu'
be' yag
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be' yag /bé' yààg / n mushroom
sp. tipo de hongo (sem. domains:
1.5.4Moss, fungus, algae |Musgo,
hongos, alga.) (be'e mushroom,
yag tree)
be'cw /bè'kw / n dog perro (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.1.2Carnivore |
Carnívoro.)
be'd /bè'd / n mange sarna
Xpe'cw Juany cayach be'd
Juan's dog has mange. El perro de
Juan tiene sarna. (sem. domains:
2.5.2.2Skin disease |Enfermedades
de la piel.)
be'e /bé'é / n mushroom hongo
(sem. domains: 1.5.4Moss, fungus,
algae |Musgo, hongos, alga.) be'
yag mushroom , r-ca be' get moldy
be'l /bè'l / n meat carne
be'ld /bè'ld / n snake culebra
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.3.1Snake |
Víbora.) beld sbyob coral snake
be'ld btyu'xh /bè'ld btyù'ʃ / n
tomato worm gusano de tomate
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |
Insecto.)
be'ld dob /bè'ld dòòb / n agave
worm gusano de maguey (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
be'ld gixh /bè'ld gìʰʃ / n corn
worm gusano de maíz (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
be's n testicle testículo (sem.
domains: 2.1.8.3Male organs |
Órganos masculinos.)
be'ts /be'ts / n louse piojo (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
be'u1 /bé'ú / n flea pulga (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
be'u2 /bé'ú / n 1) wart mezquino
(sem. domains: 2.5.2.2Skin disease |
Enfermedades de la piel.) 2) sore
llaga (sem. domains: 2.5.2.2Skin
disease |Enfermedades de la
piel.)
be'w /bèè'w / n moon luna (sem.
domains: 1.1.1.1Moon |Luna.) (var.
sp. var. be'u3)
be'wnu' /bè'wnù' / n scorpion
alacrán
be'x
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be'x /bèèʒ / n dove paloma
huilota; huilota (sem. domains:
1.6.1.2Bird |Ave.)
be'z1 /bè'z / n 1) jaguar; tiger
jaguar; tigre (sem. domains:
1.6.1.1.2Carnivore |Carnívoro.) 2)
seed semilla Racbni be'z gi't. The
pumpkin seeds are sown. Se
siembran las semillas de
calabaza. (sem. domains: 1.5.5Parts
of a plant |Partes de una planta.)
(cf: r-be'cy1 /bè'ky 1/; cf:
be'z2 /bè'z2/; cf: bez /bèèz/. )
be'z2 /bè'z / n muscle músculo
(cf:
be'z1 /bè'z1/. )
be'z bziw /bè'z bzíw / n wasp
avispa
be'z gi't /bè'z gí't / n pumpkin
seed semilla de calabaza
be'z nna /bè'z nnàà / n biceps
músculo del brazo, biceps (sem.
domains: 2.1.3.1Arm |Brazo.)
bech /bèètʃ / n buzzard zopilote
(cf:
r-bedx /bèèʰdʒ/. )
bedund /bédùnd / n
hummingbird chuparrosa;
chupaflor; chupamirto (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.2Bird |Ave.)
bedy /bèʰdy / n chicken;
domesticated bird pollo; ave
domesticada (sem. domains:
1.6.1.2Bird |Ave.) (cf:
many /mààny/. )bedy ngul
turkey (male)
bedy gur /bèʰdy gùùr / n
turkey (female) guajolote
(hembra) (sem. domains: 1.6.1.2Bird
|Ave.) (cf: bedy ngul /bèʰdy
ngùùl/. )
bedy ngul /bèʰdy ngùùl / n
turkey (male) guajolote (macho)
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.2Bird |Ave.)
(bedy chicken; domesticated bird,
ngul1) (cf: bedy gur /bèʰdy
gùùr/. )
begig /bègííg / n 1) balloon
globo (sem. domains: 4.2.7Play, fun |
Jugar.) 2) stomach (of a bird)
estómago (de un avión) (sem.
domains: 1.6.2Parts of an animal |
bets
begig
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Partes de un animal.)
bel1 /bèʰl / n 1) flame; fire; shine
fuego (sem. domains: non-projnonproj, 5.5Fire |Fuego.) 2) light
lumbre (sem. domains: 5.5Fire |
Fuego.) (Contrast:
bel2 /béʰl2/. )
bel2 /béʰl / n veil velo (sem.
domains: 2.6.1.2Wedding |Boda.)
(Contrast: bel1 /bèʰl1/. )
bela /béʰlà / n worm gusano
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.9Small animals |
Animales pequeños.)
beld /bèèld / n sister (of a woman)
hermana (de una mujer) beldbi her sister su hermana (sem.
domains: 4.1.9.1.3Brother, sister |
Hermano, hermana.)
beld /bèʰld / n fish pez;
pescado (sem. domains: 1.6.1.5Fish |
Pez.) beld bi'ch fish sp.
beld bi'ch /bèʰld bíí'tʃ / n fish
sp. charal (beld fish, bi'ch little)
beld sbyob /bèld sbyòʰb / n
coral snake coralillo (sem. domains:
1.6.1.3.1Snake |Víbora.) (be'ld
snake)
beldgi /bèldgìì / n star estrella
(sem. domains: 1.1.1.2Star |Estrella.)
belgito /bélgíító / n mole,
portwine stain; birthmark lunar
Le'eby catoby belgito xnia
loby. He has a red portwine stain on
his face. El tiene un lunar rojo
en la cara.
belgwi /bèlgwíì / n
nance, nanche (a type
of fruit) nanche (sem.
domains: 5.2.3.1.2Food
from fruit |Alimentos
procedentes de frutas.) yag
belgwi
bes1 /bèʰs / n insect species tipo
de insecto
bes2 /beʰs / n bee abeja (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
beser /bèsèʰr / n bee abeja (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
bets /bèʰts / n brother (of a male)
hermano (de un hombre) (sem.
domains: 4.1.9.1.3Brother, sister |
bets
Hermano, hermana.)
beu1 /bééw / n coyote coyote
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.1.2Carnivore |
Carnívoro.)
beu2 /bééw / n comb peine (sem.
domains: 5.4Adornment |Adorno,
5.4.3.1Comb hair.)
bew /bèèw / n turtle tortuga
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.3.3Turtle |
Tortuga.)
bez /bèèz / n toad sapo (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.4Amphibian |
Anfibio.) (cf: be'z1 /bè'z1/. )
xhiga' bez frog eggs
bez bizi'u /beʰz bizi'w / n bee
species; insect species tipo de
abeja; tipo de insecto (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
bez ni' /bèèz nì' / n calf (of the
leg) pantorilla (sem. domains:
2.1Body |Cuerpo.)
bga' /bgà' / n beaded necklace
collar con cuentas Ca bga'
geny Mari. Maria is wearing a
beaded necklace. Maria tiene
puesto un collar.
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bga' lde' /bgà' ldè' / n rosary
beads rosario
bgedx /bgéédʒ / n gnat
mosquito (sem. domains:
1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
bgidy /bgíídy / n moth polilla
bgu /bgùù / n knot nudo Cua
bgu reauget xte sapat Knots were
tied in the shoestrings. Se hicieron
nudos en las agugetas de los
sapatos. It's knotted. Se hace
nudos. r-cabgu
bgwi /bgwìì / n guava
guayaba (sem.
domains: 1.5Plant |
Planta.) yag bgwi
guayaba tree
bi1 /bìì / 1) n spirit, breath espíritu,
aire 2) n^ air viento; resfriado
(cf: r-zu1 /zùù1/, r-cha' /tʃáá'/.
)
bi2 /bíí / n 1) chill (sem. domains:
2.5.2Disease |Enfermedad.) 2) cold
gripe; resfriado (cf: rzubi /zùù+bíì/. )
biny
gu'
bi guz
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bi guz /bìì gúəz / n son-in-law
yerno (sem. domains: 4.1.9.2.2In-law
|Familia política.)
bidy /bììdy / n tick garrapata
bi'ch /bí'tʃ / adj small; little
pequeño; chico
bigopy /bígóʰpy / n armadillo
armadillo
bi'cu /bí'kw / n braid trenza
bin /bíèn / n wine vino
(sem. domains: 5.4.3.4Hairstyle,
2.1.5Hair |Pelo.)
bi'ny n groom novio (sem. domains:
2.6.1Marriage |Matrimonio.)
bia'a /byà'á / n cactus nopal
bia'rel /byà'rèʰl / n cactus sp.
tipo de cacto der. bru'ny
bya'rel fruit of a cactus sp.
biaz /byàʰz / n
Spanish plum, yellow
mombin ciruela
bich1 /bíʰtʃ / adj grey
(describing eyes) gris (para ojos)
Bich bzyalo-eby His eyes are grey
Sus ojos son gris.
bich2 /bíítʃ / n cat gato (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.1.2Carnivore |
Carnívoro.) (cf: xid /ʒií@d/. )
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |
Insecto.)
bind /bííənd / adj multicolored,
spotted de muchos colores
bindxab /bììndʒààb / n devil
diablo (sem. domains:
4.9.2Supernatural being |Ser
sobrenatural.)
bingul /bííngúùl / n grandfather;
grandmother abuelito; abuelita
(sem. domains: 4.1.9.1.1Grandfather,
grandmother |Abuelo, Abuela,
4.1.9Kinship.) r-ac binygul
biny /bììny / n 1) people 2) person
gente; persona
biny gu' /bììny+gù' / n drunk
person borracho biny gu' roby
crude drunkard borracho grosero
(sem. domains: 5.2.3.7Alcoholic
beverage, 5.2.3.7.2Drunk.)
biny gu'ty
biny gu'ty /bííny gù'ty / n dead
person persona muerte (sem.
domains: 2.6.6.2Corpse |Cuerpo.)
biny nan /bííny nààn / gente
sabio (sem. domains: 6.1.1.1Expert |
Experto.)
bio'b /byòò'b / n ant hormiga
arriera (sem. domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |
Insecto.)
bìsíìti /bìsíìti / n *visit *visita
bisy /bììsy / n vice, bad habit
vicio
bity /bíiʰty / n reed junco
biuc /byúúk / n eagle (large
variety) águila grande (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.2Bird |Ave.)
biud /byúùd / n widow viuda
(sem. domains: 4.1.9.3Widow, widower
|Viudo, viuda.)
biud bni' /byùùd bníí' / n
widow (young) viuda joven (sem.
domains: 4.1.9.3Widow, widower |
Viudo, viuda.)
biutz /byúútz / n swallow (bird)
golondrina
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biux /byúùʒ / n meat attached to
fat on cooked chicharrones; small
cooked pieces of pork in pork drippings
biuse, carne pegada al gordo
en los chicharrones cocidos;
pedazos pequeños de puerco
cocinado que se encuentran en
la grasa de puerco
bixcaly /bíʃkààly / n fiscal
(person in charge of the church for a
year) fiscal
blac /bláák / inter how many
cuántos Blac dolar rap Mari?
How many dollars does Maria have?
Cuántos dolares tiene Maria?
blax gu /blààʒ gùù / n yerba
santa yerba santa
blda /bldàà / n 1) shadow
sombra blda xtenya my shadow
mi sombra (sem. domains:
8.3.3.2.1Shadow |Sombra.) 2)
reflection reflejo
blda'n /bldà'n / n candle smoke
humo de vela (sem. domains:
5.5.4Burn, 8.3.3.1.1Light source |
Fuente de luz, 5.5.7Fireplace |
Chimenea, 5.5.5What fires produce |
Lo que produce el fuego,
bru'ny
blda'n
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4.9.8Religious things |Objetos
religiosos.)
bldady /bldààdy / n bark of a
tree cáscara de arbol
bldag /bldààg / n leaf hoja (sem.
domains: 1.5.1Tree |Árbol, 1.5.5Parts
of a plant |Partes de una planta.)
bldag gi'e /bldàg gí'è / n leaf of
the sapote blanco hoja de zapote
blanco (sem. domains: 1.5.1Tree |
Árbol, 1.5.5Parts of a plant |Partes
de una planta.)
bldagaxh /bldàgàʰʃ / n avocado
leaves hojas de aguacate
blduld /bldúúld / n frog eggs,
fish eggs huevitos de ranas o
peces (sem. domains: 1.6.1.5Fish |
Pez, 1.6.1.4Amphibian |Anfibio,
1.6.3Animal life cycle |Ciclo de
vida animal, 1.6.3.1Egg |Huevo.)
bliw' /blíw' / n black
sapote zapote negro
blyan /blyààn / n
hare liebre (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.1.4Rodent |Roedor.)
blyaty /blyàʰty / n mosquito
zancudo (sem. domains:
1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
blyazy /blyààyzy / n fly mosca
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |
Insecto.)
bni' /bníí' / n child niño {A child
is called bni' when it is older than about
1 year. }(sem. domains: 2.6.4.2Child |
Niño.)
bni' dxa'p /bníí' dʒà'p / n girl
muchacha (sem. domains:
4.1.2Types of people |Clases de
gente.)
bni' ngiu /bníí' ngìw / n boy
muchacho (sem. domains:
4.1.2Types of people |Clases de
gente.)
bnity /bnííty / n people gente
bque's /bkè's / n lion leon
bquii /bkìì / n nit liendre
bquix /bkíìʒ / n palm cape,
formerly used as a kind of raincoat
capa de palma
bru'ny /brù'úny / n
bru'ny
fruit of the nopal cactus tuna de
nopal
bru'ny bya'rel /brù'úny
byà'rèʰl / n fruit of a cactus sp.
fruta de un tipo de cacto (sem.
domains: 5.2.3.1.2Food from fruit |
Alimentos procedentes de
frutas.) (der. of bia'rel cactus sp.)
bru'x /brù'ʒ / n snake species tipo
de culebra (sem. domains:
1.6.1.3.1Snake |Víbora.)
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btsi'ny bya' xtily soap bubble
burbuja de jabón (sem. domains:
1.3.2Movement of water |
Movimiento del agua,
1.2.3.1Liquid |Líquido.)
btsiz /btsììz / n squirrel ardilla
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.1.4Rodent |
Roedor.)
btyez /btyèèz / n nest nido
btyu'xh /btyù'ʃ / n tomato
tomate
bsi /bsíí / n eagle águila (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.2Bird |Ave.)
btyu'xh gixh /btyú'ʃ gììʃ / n
tomatillo tomatillo
bsu' /bsùù' / n adobe adobe
btyu'xh nga'a /btyù'ʃ ngá'à /
n green tomato tomate verde
bti' /btìì' / n blister ampolla
btia' /btíá' / n epazote epazote
bto icy2 /btòòììky / n crown (of
the head) sien (irreg. infl. lobtoicy2)
btob /btóòb / n maguey leaf hoja
de maguey
btsi'ny /btsì'ny / n 1) foam
espuma (sem. domains:
1.3.2Movement of water |
Movimiento del agua,
1.3.2.4Wave |Ola, 1.2.3.1Liquid |
Líquido.) 2) bubble burbuja
btyu'xh ni' gel /btyù'ʃ nì' gèèl
/ n small variety of tomatillo
tomatillo pequeño
btyu'xh xnia /btyù'ʃ ʃnííà / n
red tomato tomate rojo
btyun /btyùùn / n pitiona (an
herb) pitiona
bu'u /bù'ù / n charcoal carbón
(sem. domains: 5.5.6Fuel |
Combustible, 5.5.5What fires
produce |Lo que produce el
bziny
bu'u
13
fuego.)
buxh n bag bolsa {this usually refers
to a plastic shopping bag }
bxa'ts /bʒa'ts / adj yellow
amarillo Bxa'ts xob. The corn is
yellow. El maíz es amarillo.
bxe /bʒeé / n owl lechuza (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.2Bird |Ave.)
bxhi'ty /fʃíí'ty / n 1) tangle (of
hairs, fibers) enredado (de pelos,
hilos) 2) scrubber made of maguey
fibers estopa (hecho de ixtle),
estropajo de ixtle Rsya Mari
cun bxhity Maria cleans with the
scouring pad Maria limpia con la
estopa r-yu'bxhity
bxhudy /fʃúúdy / adj wrinkled
arrugado (var. xhudy)
bxhug n fingernail, toenail uña rtya' xhug
bxich /bʒiìtʃ / n badger tejón
bxììly /bʃììly / n spark chispa
(sem. domains: 5.5Fire |Fuego.)
bxug ni' /bʃùùg nì' / n toenail;
(rear) hoof uña del pie; casco
(sem. domains: 2.1Body |Cuerpo.)
bxug nna' /bʃùùg nnàà' / n
fingernail; (front) hoof uña; casco
(sem. domains: 2.1Body |Cuerpo,
2.1.6Bone, joint |Hueso,
articulación.)
bxuz1 /bʃúúz / n small bell
campanita
bxuz2 /bʃùùz / n priest sacerdote
toby bxhuz u-ni'ich-ba liebrrre' na'. A priest gave me a book. Un
sacerdote me dió un libro.
bya' xtil /byà' ʃtiil / n soap
jabón (sem. domains: 5.6Cleaning |
Limpiar.)
bye'cy /byè'ky / n^ secondary
root found in verbs that deal with
turning
bz'a /bzàà' / n boundary marker,
border marker mojón lo bza' xte
xliw Juany the boundary marker of
Juan's land la linea del terreno de
Juan
bzia' /bzyà' / n bean frijol
bziny /bzììny / n 1) mouse ratón
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.1.4Rodent |
Roedor.) 2) rat rata
bziya'
14
bziya' /bzííyà' / n fresh beans (not
dried) ejotes, frijoles (no secos)
bzya'n /bzyà'n / n 1) brother (of a
woman) hermano (de una mujer)
2) sister (of a man) hermana (de un
hombre) (sem. domains:
4.1.9.1.3Brother, sister |Hermano,
hermana.)
bzyaby /bzyááəby/. )
bzyaby /bzyááəby / n orphan
huérfano bni' bzyaby orphan
child niño huérfano (Contrast:
bzyab /bzyààb/. )
bzyalo /bzyáálóó / n eye ojo
(sem. domains: 2.1.1.1Eye.)
bzye /bzyèè / n well pozo (sem.
bzyab /bzyààb / n pestle; quern
mano de metate (sem. domains:
7.7.6Grind |Moler.) (Contrast:
domains: 1.3.1.4Spring, well |
Manantial, pozo.)
Cc
ca /káá / adj sharp puntiagudo,
filoso Ca icy yag The point of the
stick is sharp. La punta del palo
está puntiagudo. Ca lo guchily
The knife is sharp. El cuchillo está
filoso
ca-dxi /kádʒìì / adv recently
hace poco Cadxi rute'ca tu byed Recently no one came Hace
poco nadie no vino
cabay /kabaay / n horse caballo
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.1.3Hoofed
animals |Animales con pezuña.)
cad /káád / q each cada
cader /kàdèʰrr / n belt cintura
cady /káàdy / v still not todavía
no Cady Mari gi-dobya'. Maria
still isn't worrying. Maria todavía
no se preocupa.
caj /kaχ / n box caja caj xte
biny guty
caj xte biny guty /cág xté
bííny gùty / n casket, coffin caja
del muerto (caj)
changw
calo
15
calo1 /kàlóò / inter where;
anywhere dónde; ningun lado
Ca-te-cha' calo gui Juany
‘Maybe John didn’t go anywhere.’ A
lo mejor, Juan no fué a ningun
lado Calo gual Juany? Where
was Juan born? Dónde nació
Juan?
càrrètíì /kàrrètíì / n wheelbarrow
*carretilla
calo2 /kálóò / adv anywhere
algun lado
cénà /sénà / n *dinner *cena
càlváàry /kàlváàry / n *calvary
(a hill used in celebrating Easter)
*calvario (una montanita que
se usa en celebrar la pascua)
(sem. domains: 4.9.5.4Religious
ceremony.)
càmpààn /kàmpààn / n *bell
*campana
cànáást /kànáást / n basket
canasta
candel /kàndéèl / n candle vela
(sem. domains: 5.5Fire |Fuego.)
candil /kàndíìl / n lamp candíl
(sem. domains: 5.5Fire |Fuego.)
cargw /kárrgw / n civil obligation
cargo
càsì /kàsì / adv *almost *casi
caw /kàw / n leader caudillo
cay /kááy / n morning (before
dawn) madrugada mba cay
morning before dawn
cha bi /tʃá+bìì / adj spongy; full
of air esponjado Cha bi bols The
ball is spongy. La bolsa está
esponjado. (r-cha' 3 fill, bi1 air)
cha' /tʃà' / n dish, bowl tipo de
plato?
cha' ri' /tʃà' rì' / n bowl for water
used in tortilla-making chijualera
chààróòl /tʃààróòl / n *large
platter *charola
chag /tʃáág / q one (for breads)
uno (para tortillas) chag get one
tortilla una tortilla
changw /tʃáàngw / n monkey
chango (sem. domains:
1.6.1.1.1Primate |Primate.)
che'
che' /tʃé' / adj 1) fresh; delicious;
well-dressed; nice rico, fresco;
chulo 2) valuable de valor
che'l /tʃè'l / n wife; husband;
spouse esposo;esposa Che'lbaity r-yulaz-ti'-ni' re-xhi'inyba. His wife didn't like his children A
su esposa no le gustaron sus
hijos (sem. domains:
4.1.9.2.1Husband, wife |Esposo,
esposa.)
chees /tʃèʰs / v get up levantarse
Gulches! Get up! Levantense!
chi'i /tʃì'í / 1) comp when; then 2)
and cuando; y
chi'icy /tʃì'íky / conj then
entonces
16
chiny /tʃííny / adj thin flaco
(cf:
tsit /tsíít/. )
chirony /tʃìróòny / n pork rinds
chicharron
chòclèt /tʃòklèt / n *chocolate
*chocolate
chonn /tʃóónn / q three tres
[com. byóònn][pot. yóónn ]
clav /klàʰv / n nail clavo
cob /kòʰb / n dough masa
cob gye' /kòʰb gyè' / n beverage
made from maize and cacao tejate
cobde /kòʰbdèʰ / n ash ceniza
(sem. domains: 5.5.5What fires
produce |Lo que produce el
fuego.)
chi'iru /tʃì'írù / conj then
entonces
coby /kóóìby / adj new nueva
chiguld /tʃìgúld / 1) adv when;
then cuando 2) conj then entonces
cochin /kòtʃíìn / adj disgusting
asqueroso
chin /tʃíən / adj curly rizado achin gich icy Mari. Maria's hair is
curly. Maria tiene cabello
rizado.
comid /kòmííd / n food comida
coj /kòj / adj lame cojo Coj dad
The gentleman is lame. El señor es
cojo.
cues
cop
17
cop1 /kóʰp / n cup copa
cop2 /kòʰp / adj moist húmedo
cosa /kosa / n *thing *cosa
cosech /kòséʰtʃ / n harvest
cosecha
costúúmbrr /kostúúmbrr / n
*custom *costumbre
crèèns /krèèns / n *belief
*creencia
cruzy /krúúzy / n *cross *cruz
cu'dy /kù'dy / n leg pierna Byab-ta' Juan dets cabay ni'ingni' guch cu'dy-bi. Juan fell off his
horse and broke his leg. Juan se
cayó de su caballo y por eso se
rompió la pierna. (sem. domains:
2.1Body |Cuerpo, 2.1.3.2Leg |
Pierna.)
cua' /kwà' / v be sharpened estar
afilado a-cua' lo guchily The
knife is sharpened El cuchillo está
afilado (der. of r-cua' throw; put;
write; grab)
cua'nnya' /kwà'nnyá' / n
squash vine guía de calabaza
cuatro /kwatro / *four *cuatro
cuch /kùùtʃ / n pig marrano;
puerco (sem. domains:
1.6.1.1.3Hoofed animals |Animales
con pezuña.)
cuch gi'ch /kùùtʃ gì'tʃ / n
porcupine puerco espín (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.1.4Rodent |Roedor.)
cuchar n spoon cucharra
cuent /kwèènt / n price; story
cuenta; cuento ity carr-ti na'a
xcuent get The price of the tortilla is
not much. El precio de la tortilla
no es mucho.
cues1 /kwèʰs / n forehead los
sienes
cues2 /kwéəʰs / v 1) stop; wait
(for) 2) detain; esperar detener Bcue'as-reby na' They detained me.
Ellos me detuvieron. Gulcue'as
na'. Wait for me Esperenme 3)
[com. b-]
cuez
18
cuez /kwéèz / v wait for (irreg.
stem) (cf:
r-bez /bééz/. )
cuidad /kwìdáád / 1) adj careful
2) v Cwidad-u' cun be'cw Be
careful of the dog! ¡Ten cuidado
con el perro! 3) n Juany na biny
ni-rap-du'uxh cuidad. Juan is a
careful man. Juan es un hombre
cuidadoso.
curexm /kùréérʃm / n dry
season estación seca (sem.
domains: 8.4.1.5Season |Estación
del año, 1.1.3.8Drought |Sequía.)
custilly /kùstíí / n rib costilla
(sem. domains: 2.1.6Bone, joint |
Hueso, articulación.)
cutony /kùtóòny / n shirt
camisa
cux /kùəʒ / adj partially sighted
sin buena vision {The subject must
cula /kùlàà / n gallbladder
vesícula biliar
be a possessed form of 'eye'. |El sujeto
debe ser una forma poseída de 'ojo'. }
(sem. domains: 2.1.1.1Eye.)
cun1 /kùn / conj and y (cun2
with)
cwà'n n plant planta (sem. domains:
1.5Plant |Planta.)
cun2 /kùn / prep with con cun1
and
cun3 /kúən / inter where is
dónde está ¿Cun Juany? Where
is Juan? ¿Dónde está Juan?
cwach /kwàʰtʃ / n twin gemelo
cunejw /kùnéʰw / n rabbit
conejo (sem. domains:
1.6.1.1.4Rodent |Roedor.)
cwe'2 n side lado
cwe'1 /kwè'é / v gathered (com.
of ?)
cwendx /kwééndʒ / adj crosseyed bizco Cwendx lo Juany.
Juan is cross-eyed. Juan está bizco.
(sem. domains: 2.3.1See |Vista,
curand /kùràànd / n cilantro
cilantro (sem. domains: 1.5Plant |
Planta.)
2.1.1.1Eye.)
Dd
desde
da
19
da /dàà / adj holy, respected
delicado, de respecto
da'a /dà'a / n mat petate (sem.
domains: 5.1.1Furniture |
Mobiliario.)
dad /dáád / n respected man;
father; older man señor; padre
dadmam /dáádmáàm / n 1)
respected older man viejito (sem.
domains: 4.1.9.1.1Grandfather,
grandmother |Abuelo, Abuela,
4.1.9Kinship.) 2) grandfather
abuelito (sem. domains:
4.1.9.1.1Grandfather, grandmother |
Abuelo, Abuela, 4.1.9Kinship.)
dam /dààm / n owl tecolote
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.2Bird |Ave.)
danun /dàànùùn / pro we
nosotros
dany1 /dààny / n 1) mountain
montaña (sem. domains:
1.2.1.1Mountain |Montaña.) 2) hill
cerro
dany2 /dáàny / n harm daño
(sem. domains: 2.5.2Disease |
Enfermedad.)
de1 /deʰ / n 1) ashes (in church)
ceniza (en la iglesia) (sem.
domains: 5.5.5What fires produce |Lo
que produce el fuego.) 2) dust
polvo
de2 /dè' / n dust polvo
de rrpéént /de rrpéént / adv
*suddenly *de repente
de' /dé' / adj narrow angosto
(sem. domains: 8.2.4.1Narrow |
Angosto.)
dedy adj impolite grosero,
malcriado Rutsa dedy Juany.
Juan is very impolite. Juan es muy
grosero.
delantary /dèlàntáàrry / n
apron delantal
dèpèndèns /dèpèndèns / n
dependency?
des /dèès / prep *until, since(?)
*desde
descààns /deskààns / n *rest
*descanso
desde /desde / conj *since
*desde
déspwéés dè
déspwéés dè /déspwéés dè /
comp after despues de
dets1 /dèʰts / n back espalda (der.
of dets2 under; behind) dets xi' ,
dzit dets
dets2 /dèʰts / prep under; behind
bajo de; atrás de Dets yu'u zu
be'cw The dog is standing
under/behind the house. der. dets1
back
dets ni' /dèʰts nì' / n top of the
foot sobre el pie (sem. domains:
2.1Body |Cuerpo.)
dets nna /dèhts nnàà / n back
of the hand dorso de la mano
(sem. domains: 2.1.3.1Arm |Brazo.)
dets xi' n bridge of the nose puente
de la nariz (sem. domains:
2.1.1.3Nose.) (dets1 back, xi' nose)
di /dì / prep of de
di'dx /dìì'dʒ / n word palabra
(cf:
r-cua' /kwà'/, yag /yààg/,
r-ca1 /káá1/; cf: r-bi /bìì/. )
di'dx ro'1 /dìì'dʒ ró' / n
reprimand reprimenda Gwiney-
20
by toby di'dx ro' He received a
reprimand. Fué regañado.
di'dx ro'2 /dìì'dʒ ró' / n 1)
educated 2) careful educado;
cuidadoso
di'ily /dì'íly / v find (irreg. stem)
buscar (raíz irregular) (cf: rgi'ily /gì'íly/. )
di'ly /dí'ly / v irregular stem of
rrgi'ly 'irrigate, water' regar (irreg.)
(cf: r-gi'ly /gí'ly/. )
diap /dìáp / adv loudly; strongly
fuerte Rac r-u'ld Juany gitarry
diap. Juan can play the guitar loudly.
Juan puede tocar la guitarra
fuerte.
dib /dííəb / n scar cicatriz Ca
dib na Juany. Juan has a scar on his
arm. Juan tiene un cicatriz en su
mano. (sem. domains: 2.5.2.2Skin
disease |Enfermedades de la
piel.)
diga /díígàʰ / adv for free gratis
Digaj cwa'a Juany lady. Juan got
the cloth for free. Juan agarró la
tela gratis.
dolaz
dividido
21
dividido /dividido / adj
*divided *dividido
dixhi'w /dííʃì'w / 1) n lie;
prevarication mentira Dixhi'w
ning guchna Juany Mari. It's a
lie that Juan is going to marry Maria.
Es mentira que Juan va a
casarse con Maria. Rgwe' Mari
dixhi'w Maria tells lies. Maria
miente. (sem. domains:
4.3.5.5Deceive |Defraudar.) 2) adj
lying; tricky mentiroso; engañoso
Rut-sa dixhi'w Juany. Juan pulls
a lot of tricks. Juan engaña
mucho. biny dixhi'w a lying
person una persona mentirosa
of a plant |Partes
de una planta.)
do' /dò' / adv little poco Do'-sy
be'el raw Juany Juan doesn't eat
much meat. Juan come poca
carne ubado'
do'by /dòè'by / n feather pluma
(sem. domains: 1.6.2.1Parts of a bird |
Partes de un ave.)
do'la'z /dò'là'z / adj well-behaved
dócil Rut biny do'la'z Juany
Juan is a very well-behaved person
Juan es un hombre muy dócil.
do'p /dò'p / n fart pedo Cacwa'-eb do'p He is farting. El está
echando pedos.
dixte /díʃté / adj Zapotec
zapoteco
dob /dòòb / n agave maguey
(sem. domains: 1.5Plant |Planta.)
diza1 /dììzá / n Zapotec
doby /dóóby / q all todo
diza2 /dììzàʰ / n Zapotec language
zapoteco (idioma) Rutsa
trabagw rr-ni' biny dizaj. It is
doga /dòògà / adv little by little
poco a poco Rgixh-bi doga. He
pays a little at a time. El paga poco
a poco.
difficult for people to speak Zapotec.
Es dificil hablar zapoteco.
do /dòò / n corn flower flor de
milpa, espiga de maiz (sem.
domains: 1.5Plant |Planta, 1.5.5Parts
dolaz /dòlà'z / adj good; calm;
peaceful bueno; calmado
domingw
domingw /dómííngw / n
*Sunday *domingo
dop /dóʰp / adj short chaparra
Una dop short woman mujer
chaparra
dos /dos / *two *dos
du' /dù' / v taste (a particular way)
saber ity rr-du'-zac-ti nis dob
The juice of the maguey doesn't taste
good. El jugo de maguey no es
sabroso. (sem. domains: 2.3.3Taste |
Gusto.)
du' ban /dù' bààn / n tumpline
(du'u rope, r-ban miss sadness;
grief sad)
du' bols /dù' bòls / n shoulder
bag (with a strap) bolsa (du'u rope)
du' ily /dù' ííly / n thread hilo
(du'u rope)
du' liz /dù' lííz / n umbilical cord
cordon de ombligo (du'u rope,
liz1)
du' xi'ly /dù' ʒì'ìly / n wick
hilo, pabilo (sem. domains: 5.5Fire |
Fuego.) (du'u rope, xi'ly2 cotton)
22
du'u /dù'ù / n rope mecate du'
ban , du' bols , du' ily , du' liz
, du' xi'ly
du'uxh /dù'úʃ / v have the evil eye
tener mal de ojo Du'uxh lo-eby
He has the evil eye. El tiene mal de
ojo. Rac-bi
dud /dúúd / n breast teta; pecho
r-de'dy dud breast-feed
dul /dúúl / n crow cuervo (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.2Bird |Ave.)
duld /dùùld / n fault;
responsibility culpa Xte duhald
rapa. It's not my fault. No es mi
culpa
duloba' /dùùlòòbà' / n root raíz
dur /dúùr / adv quickly rápido
durr /duʰrr / v hurry up!
apúrate!
dusant /dùùsáánt / n All Saints
Day Todos Santos; Dia de
Muertos (sem. domains:
4.2.2.1Ceremony |Ceremonia.)
dux /dùùʒ / adj uncombed
despeinado Dux icy Mari
dxuc
dux
23
Maria's hair is uncombed. Maria
está
despeinado.
dxa1 /dʒáʰ / v be full (of); be filled
(with) estar lleno Dxaj ges
xhiriny The pot is full of higadito
stew La olla está llena de
higadito (cf: r-cha' /tʃáá'/; cf:
dxiby /dʒíìby / n fright-sickness
susto (sem. domains: 2.5.8Mental
illness |Enfermedad mental.)
dxiga /dʒíígà / adv softly bajo
Dxigau-ni'i-xga Juany Juan
spoke softly at first Primero habló
Juan bajo.
dximy /dʒíímy / n
dxa2 /dʒááʰ / adj full lleno Dxaj basket canasta
dxiw /dʒìw / n burn
cag The box is full La caja está
llena
quemadura Ca dxiw
nna' Juany. Juan has a burn on his
dxa'p /dʒà'p / n girl; woman
arm. La mano de Juan tiene
chica; mujer bni' dxa'p young
quemadura. (sem. domains:
woman chica (sem. domains:
2.1.4Skin |Piel.)
8.4.6.5.1Young, 2.6.5.2Woman |
Mujer.)
dxu'dx /dʒù'dʒ / 1) adj filthy 2)
disgusting cochino
dxan /dʒáàn / n figure of a saint
r-cha /tʃáʰ/. )
dxi1 /dʒíí / 1) adj^ quiet 2) adj
still quieto Uzu chi. He stopped. El
se quedó parado. ity rr-zu dxi
x-coch-a'. My car doesn't stop. Mi
coche no se para. By-ac dxi-by
He calmed down el se callo.
dxi2 /dʒìì / n day día
dxuc /dʒùùk / adj 1) missing a
piece, deformed (of body parts)
faltando un pedazo, deformado
(de las partes del cuerpo) dyag
rdxuc an ear with a piece missing
una oreja que falta un pedazo
(sem. domains: 8.3.1Shape |Forma,
2.5.4.5Birth defect |
Defecto/Problema de
nacimiento, 2.1.1.5Tooth.) 2) cavity
dxuc
24
(in the teeth) caries
(de los
dientes) Xte dxuc chu'u lo laya' I don't have a cavity in my tooth.
No tengo caries. (sem. domains:
2.5.2.4Tooth decay |Caries dental.)
r-awdxuc
dziny /dzííny / n work trabajo
dziny dxi /dzììny dʒíí / n day
laborers trabajadores del dia
(sem. domains: 6.1.1Worker |
Trabajador.)
dzit /dzìʰt / n bone hueso dzita
my bone mi hueso (sem. domains:
2.1.6Bone, joint |Hueso,
articulación.) dzit dets
dxun /dʒùn / adj scarce escaso
dya'xtily /dyà'ʃtííly / n the
Spanish language español
dyag /dyàʰg / n ear oreja (sem.
dzit bedy /dzìt bèʰdy / n egg
huevo Naxi dzitbedy The egg is
salty El huevo es salado. (sem.
domains: 1.6.3.1Egg |Huevo.)
domains: 2.1.1.2Ear.)
dyos1 /dyòòs / n god; saint dios;
santo
dzit cwe' /dzìt kwè' / n hip
cadera (sem. domains: 2.1.3.2Leg |
Pierna.)
dzit dets n spine, backbone
columna vertebral (dzit bone,
dets1 back)
dyos2 /dyós / n God, saint dios,
santo
dzi /dzìí / n palate palador (sem.
domains: 2.1Body |Cuerpo.)
dzi'ny /dzì'ny / n work trabajo
dzit ru' /dzìʰt rù' / n jaw
mandíbulo
dzily /dzììly / n griddle comal
dzin /dzììn / n 1) honey miel 2)
sap pulp dzin yag tree sap pulpo
del arbol
dzit xa'n /dzìʰt ʒa'n / n buttocks
nalgas
Ee
ga' ubidxe
25
e /éè / yes sí
escusad /èskùsáàd / n toilet,
bathroom baño
ectary /èktààrry / n hectare
hectárea
este /este / hesitation word, uhh
este
entons /èntóóns / comp then
entonces
estres /estres / n *stress *estrés
Ff
faj /fàʰʰ / n girdle, wide belt,
support belt faja Cay-u'utoby faj
ngas le'en Juany. Juan is putting on
a black support belt Juan se está
poniendo la faja.
fasil /fáásìl / adj easy facil Fasil
g-u'ld biny liebrr-re It is easy for
people to read this book. Es facil de
leer este libro.
forma /fórmà / n form forma
fàmííly /fàmííly / n *family
*familia
Gg
ga'1 /gà' / 1) down Zobga' Juany.
Juan is sitting down. Juan está
sentado. N-atgasa liebrr. The
book is lying down there face up. El
libro está acostado boca arriba.
Ratga'xu'ny bich. The cat is lying
down rolled up. El gato se acuesta
enrollado. 2)
ga'2 /gáá' / q nine nueve [com.
ùgà'][pot. ìgáá' ]
gà' /gà' / v be stretched estirarse
(Related
to: r-saga' /rr-sàgá'/.
)r-saga' straighten stretch out
ga' ubidx /gáá' ùbídʒ / n nine
day mourning period período de
ga' ubidx
nueve días de llevar luto Rza'
x-ga' ubidx Juany The nine-day
mourning period for Juan is complete.
Se completa el período de
nueve días de llevar luto para
Juan. (sem. domains: 2.6.6.4Mourn |
Guardar luto.)
ga'y /gá'y / q five cinco [com. ù]
[pot. ì- ]
gáást /gáást / n expense *gasto
gabldi /gààbldì / n hell infierno
(sem. domains: 2.6.6.8Life after death,
4.9.6Heaven, hell |Cielo, infierno.)
26
gald /gááld / q twenty veinte ni'
gald centipede; millipede
galdxun /gááldʒuùn /
n mamey mamey (sem.
domains: 5.2.3.1.2Food
from fruit |Alimentos
procedentes de frutas.)
galgez /gáálgèèz / n guelaguetza
(a system of reciprocal obligations and
mutual aid) guelaguetza (un
sistema de obligaciones
reciprocos y ayuda mutual)
gadxindx /gààdʒììndʒ / n rattle
for a baby sonaje
galgi'ts /gáálgíí'ts / n massage
masaje 14:185 (gal nominalizer,
r-gi'ts press on)
gal /gáál / nominalizer galgi'ts ,
galgich illness , galproby ,
galracredx , galrdya'an hunger
, galrgit , galrrob nis ,
galrye'ld
galgich /gààlgììtʃ / n illness
enfermedad Rdedy galgich The
illness is spread. Se transmite la
enfermedad (gal nominalizer)
gal nabany /gáálnábáány / n
life vida
gal rdi'ny /gáálrdí'ny / n
engagement compromiso (sem.
domains: 2.6.1.2Wedding |Boda.)
gal rla'divorce divorcio (sem.
domains: 2.6.1.4Divorce |Divorcio.)
galgu'ty /gààlgù'ty / n 1) death
muerte (sem. domains: 1.4.1Dead
things.) 2) dead person muerte;
muerto
galguchna /gààlgùtʃnáà / n
wedding boda (sem. domains:
4.2.2.1Ceremony |Ceremonia.)
gan
gallina
27
gallina /gallina / n hen gallina
galnala /gààlnàláá / n person
who eats the food of other people
without permission; greedy person
comelón
galnala'z /gààlnàlà'z / n
sadness tristeza (sem. domains:
3.4Emotion |Emoción.)
galnald /gààlnáàld / n 1) winter
invierno 2) chills escalofrio
galproby /gáálpróóby / n
poverty pobreza (gal nominalizer,
proby poor)
galracredx /gáálràʰkrèèdʒ /
n curing, calling (gal nominalizer, rac redx be called, cured)
galrdedy /gààlrrdéédy / n
contagious illness enfermedad
contagiosa
galrdya'an /gààlrrdyà'án / n
hunger hambre Nu'u-du'uxh
galrldya'an There is a lot of hunger.
Hay mucha hambre Guty-bi
galrldya'n. He died of hunger. El se
murió de hambre. (gal
nominalizer, r-ldya'n be hungry)
galrgit /gáálrrgííʰt / n toy
juego (gal nominalizer, r-git play)
galrrob nis n baptism bautismo
(sem. domains: 4.9Religion |
Religión.) (gal nominalizer, r-rob
nis)
galrye'ld /gààlryè'ld / n 1)
forgetfulness olvidadiza 2) frightsickness susto (sem. domains:
2.5.8Mental illness |Enfermedad
mental.) (gal nominalizer, r-ye'ld2
be forgotten)
galryuld /gààlryúld / n thirst
sed
galrzuz /gààlrrzùúz / n
drunkenness borrachera
galuba'n /gààlùbá'n / n
robbery; theft robo Juany bany-bi
purr galuba'n Juan lives by theft.
Juan vive por robar. (cf: r-ba'n
/bà'n/. )
gan1 /gáàn / part of the complex
verbs rùùny gáàn 'be able' and ràjc gáàn
'be able'
gan2 /gáán / v ask pedir
garad
garad /gàráàd / n plow arado
garza' /gàrzá' / n homesickness,
melancholy; worry about family
preocupacion; melancolía,
sentido de extrañar al hogar o
a la familia Ryu'u Juany garza'
(cun xhi'ny-bi) Juan worries about
his son. Juan se preocupa con su
hijo a une'ez garza' le'by.
Depression overcame her. Le agarró
melancolía a ella. Rac bi garza'
He is depressed. El está
deprimido. (sem. domains:
2.5.8Mental illness |Enfermedad
mental.)
gaxh /gàʰʃ / prep near cerca
gaxh li near you cerca de tí
gay /gáày / n rooster gallo
gayu' /gàyù' / n hundred ciento
gaz /gààz / q seven siete [com. ùgààz][pot. ì-gááz ]
gazob1 /gáázóób / q every todo,
toda
gazob2 /gàzóób / q each cada
ge'b n herb sp. acahual
28
ge'dx /gè'dʒ / n pimple grano,
sarna (sem. domains: 2.1.4Skin |
Piel.)
ge'dy /gè'dy / n hole hoyo
ge'dy dyag /gè'dy dyàʰg / n
ear canal oído (sem. domains:
2.1.1.2Ear.)
ge'l /gè'l / 1) n night noche Uri
ge'l Night came Anocheció 2) adv
at night de noche Rac rr-gui bich
ge'l. Cats can see at night. Los
gatos pueden ver de noche ge'l
rsary , r-bi ge'l come?
ge'l rsary /gé'l rsàrry / n wake
(for the dead) vela (sem. domains:
4.9Religion |Religión.) (ge'l night at
night, rsary)
ge'py /gè'épy / n navel;
bellybutton ombligo Rli'b xge'py
bdo'. The baby's navel is tied. Se
amarra el ombligo. (sem.
domains: 2.6.3Birth |Nacimiento,
2.1.2Torso |Torso/Tronco del
cuerpo.)
ge'ts /gè'ts / n 1) metate metate
(sem. domains: 5.2.1.2.3Grind flour |
Pulverizar harina.) 2) gizzard
gesyu
ge'ts
29
molleja x-ge'ts bedy the chicken's
gizzard la molleja de la gallina
(sem. domains: 1.6.2.1Parts of a bird |
Partes de un ave.) ni' ge'ts rear
foot of a metate
ge'u /gè'ù / n river, stream rio
(sem. domains: 1.3.1.3River |Río.)
ge'u biz , ge'u nis
ge'u biz /gè'ù bííz / n dry river
rio seco (ge'u river, r-biz dry)
ge'u nis /gè'ù nìʰs / n river filled
with water rio con agua (ge'u
river, nis1 water)
ge'y /gé'y / 1) adj frozen
congelado Ge'y-ni It is frozen
Está congelado. 2) n ice hielo
(cf: r-ac2 /àʰk2/. )
gedx1 /gèèdʒ / n maguey fiber
ixtle
gedx2 /gèèdʒ / n 1) town 2) village
pueblo ladx-a' my town mi
pueblo (cf: ladx /làʰdʒ/. )gedx
lyu
gedx lyu n world mundo (sem.
domains: 1.2World |Mundo.) (gedx2
town village)
gedxy /gèdʒy / n a kind of skin
disease sarna (sem. domains:
2.5.2.2Skin disease |Enfermedades
de la piel.)
gel /gèèl / n cornfield milpa
geny /gèèny / n 1) throat
garganta 2) neck cuello (sem.
domains: 2.1Body |Cuerpo,
2.1.1Head |Cabeza.) geny ni'
geny ni' /gèny nì' / n ankle
tobillo (sem. domains: 2.1.3.2Leg |
Pierna.) (geny throat; neck neck,
ni' foot under)
geny nna' /gèèny nnàà' / n
wrist muñeca (de la mano) (sem.
domains: 2.1Body |Cuerpo,
2.1.3.1Arm |Brazo.)
ges /gèès / n pot olla gesyu clay
pot
ges gye' /gès gyé' / n piñata
piñata Sensi-zi lda' gesgye'. The
piñata will break easily. Facil se va
a romper la piñata.
gesyu /gèèsyùù / n clay pot olla
de barro (ges pot, yu earth soil)
get
get /gèèt / n tortilla tortilla
get ba'z /gèèt+bà'z / n tamal
with beans tamal con frijoles
get gu' /gèèt gúú' / n tamale
tamal
get xtily /gèèt ʃtííly / n bread
pan
gew yuba' /gèw yùbàà' / n
heaven cielo (sem. domains:
2.6.6.8Life after death, 4.9.6Heaven,
hell |Cielo, infierno.)
gex /gèèʒ / n cactus biznaga
(sem. domains: 1.5.3Grass, herb, vine |
Césped/pasto, hierba,
enredadera.)
gez /gèʰz / n cigarette cigarillo
gi1 /gíí / adj sour agrio Na-gi
narax The orange is sour La
naranja es agria. narax gi the
sour orange la naranja agria
gi2 /gíí / adv there allá
gi3 /gìì / n rock piedra
gi' /gì' / n excrement; shit mierda;
caca (sem. domains: 2.2.8Defecate,
feces |Defecar, heces.)
30
gi'b /gíí'b / n 1) gun; pistol
pistola; arma (sem. domains:
4.8.3.7Weapon, shoot |Arma,
disparo.) 2) iron; metal fierro (sem.
domains: 1.2.2.3Metal |Metal.) la'ts
gi'b
gi'cy /gie'ky / n cage jaula
gi'ny /gì'ny / n chile chile
gi'ny bes /gì'ny bèʰs /
n bird pepper chile
piquín
gi'ny ya' /gì'ny yà' /
n green chile chile
verde
gi't /gì't / n squash;
pumpkin calabaza (sem. domains:
1.5.3Grass, herb, vine |
Césped/pasto, hierba,
enredadera.)
gi't gu /gì't gùù / n butternut
squash
gi'ts /gìì'ts / n paper papel
Uqui'dy Juany gi'ts ya'. Juan
stuck the paper up. Juan pegó el
papel arriba.
gi'u /gì'ù / n lime (the mineral) cal
gidx
gi'xh
31
gi'xh /gí'ʃ / n mountain monte
(sem. domains: 1.2.1.1Mountain |
Montaña.)
gibe /gííbèè / n pole pala
gibnil /gììbníìl / n ring anillo
(sem. domains: 2.1.3.3Finger, toe |
Dedos de la mano/del pie.)
gibtony /gíbtóòny / n flower bud
botón de flor (sem. domains:
1.5.5Parts of a plant |Partes de una
planta.)
gibu' /gììbù'ù / n ember, cinder
braza Utsiby lo gibu'. Stir the
fire! Atiza el fuego! (sem. domains:
5.5Fire |Fuego.)
giby /gììby / adj stingy avaro
gich icy /gììtʃ ììky / n hair of the
head cabello (sem. domains:
2.1.5Hair |Pelo.) r-ga' gich
gich icy ze' /gììtʃ ììky zè' / n
cornsilk pelo de elote (sem.
domains: 1.5Plant |Planta, 1.5.5Parts
of a plant |Partes de una planta.)
gich ilag1 /gììtʃ ílààg / n greatgrandchild bisnieto, bisnieta
gich ilag2 /gììtʃ ílààg / n
eyebrow ceja (sem. domains:
2.1.1.1Eye.)
gich lux /gììtʃ lùùʒ / n
moustache; beard bigote; barba
(sem. domains: 2.1.5Hair |Pelo.)
gich ru' bzyalo /gììtʃ rù'
gibyag /gííbyààg / n axe hacha
bzyààlòò / n eyelash pestaña
gich /gììtʃ / n thorn; splinter
espina (sem. domains: 1.5.5Parts of a
plant |Partes de una planta.) (cf:
gidx /gììdʒ/. )gich xi'ly
(sem. domains: 2.1.1.1Eye.)
gich de' n cactus thorn aguate (sem.
domains: 1.5.5Parts of a plant |Partes
de una planta.)
gich xi'ly n burr erizo, espina
bolita (sem. domains: 1.5.5Parts of a
plant |Partes de una planta.)
(gich thorn; splinter, xi'ly2 cotton)
gidx /gììdʒ / n 1) hair pelo (sem.
domains: 2.1.5Hair |Pelo.) 2) wool
lana (sem. domains: 1.6.2Parts of an
animal |Partes de un animal.) (cf:
gidx
gich /gììtʃ/. )
gidx lux /gììdʒ lúúʒ / n beard
barba
gidy1 /gíídy / n hen gallina
gidy2 /gììdy / n skin piel (sem.
domains: 2.1.7Flesh |Carne, 2.1.4Skin
|Piel, 1.6.2Parts of an animal |Partes
de un animal.) gidy ru' bzyalo
gidy biz /gììdy bííəz / n scab
costra seca Cayes gidy biz nna'
Mari. The scab is coming off Maria's
hand. Se está levantando la
costra seca en la mano de
Maria. (sem. domains: 2.5.2.2Skin
disease |Enfermedades de la piel,
2.2.5Bleed, blood |Sangrar,
sangre.)
gidy bziny /gíídy bzììny / n
bat murciélago (sem. domains:
1.6.1.1.8Bat |Murciélago.)
gidy ru' /gììdy rù' / n lip labio
gidy ru' bzyalo /gììdy rù'
bzyààlòò / n eyelid párpado
(sem. domains: 2.1.1.1Eye.) (gidy2
skin, ru'u1 in; in front of, bzyalo
eye)
32
gidyap /gììdyàʰp /
n chayote chayote
(sem. domains:
5.2.3.1.2Food from
gidyap
fruit |Alimentos
procedentes de frutas, 1.5.5Parts
of a plant |Partes de una planta.)
gie' /gíè' / n market mercado
gìì xòòb n hail granizo (sem.
domains: 1.1.3Weather |Clima.)
gin /gíín / n chest; trunk baúl
(Contrast:
r-gi'ny /gì'ny/. )
giny /gììny / n earwax cerilla
(sem. domains: 2.2Body functions |
Funciones del cuerpo.)
gitwe' /gítwè' / n stone under a
comal piedra de comal (sem.
domains: 5.2.1.3Cooking utensil,
5.5Fire |Fuego.)
gity /gíʰty / n rainbow arco iris
gix1 /gìʰʒ / n trash; husk; peel
basura; cáscara
gix2 /gììʰʒ / n husk; dried cornstalk
cáscara; zacate
gix3 /gííʒ / n person from the city
catrín (sem. domains: 4.1.9.9Race |
gu
gix
33
Raza, 4.1.4.1Social class |Clase
social.)
gix4 /gíìʒ / n hay zacate (sem.
domains: 1.5.3Grass, herb, vine |
Césped/pasto, hierba,
enredadera.)
gix btye'ty /gììʰʒ btyè'ty / n
dandruff caspa Nu'u gix btye'ty
icy-bi. He has dandruff. El tiene
caspa. (sem. domains: 2.1.5Hair |
Pelo.)
gix lady /gìʰʒ làʰdy / n husk,
scale cascara
gix lady be'ld /gììʰʒ láády
bè'ld / n fish scales escama (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.5Fish |Pez.)
gix te /gììʒ téé / n tea té
gixh1 /gììʃ / n cradle swing for a
baby mesedera, cuña {This kind of
crib is suspended by cords from a
support, and allows the baby to be
rocked. }(sem. domains: 2.6.4.1.1Care
for a baby |Cuidar a un bebé.)
gixh2 /gììʃ / n muzzle bozal
gixh du' /gííʃ dú' / n swing
columpio
gizi' /gììzì' / n intestines tripa
(sem. domains: 2.1.8Internal organs |
Órganos internos.)
go'b /gò'b / n whisk broom
sacudidor
gobiern /gòbìérn / n government
gobierno
gòbìérrnò /gòbìérrnù / n
*government *gobierno
gobziny /gòbzììny / n broom
escoba (sem. domains: 5.1Household
equipment, 5.6.5Sweep, rake |Barrer,
rastrillar.)
gop1 /gòòp / adj mute mudo
(sem. domains: 2.5.4.4Mute |Mudo.)
gop2 /gòp / n dew rocío (sem.
domains: 1.2.3Solid, liquid, gas |
Sólido, líquido, gaseoso.)
gorn /góórrn / neg oven horno
(sem. domains: 5.5.7Fireplace |
Chimenea.)
gu /gúù / n jicama; sweet potato
jicama; camote
gu liz
gu liz /gùù lííz / n daughter-inlaw nuera x-cu liz Mari Maria's
daughter-in-law la nuera de Maria
(sem. domains: 4.1.9.2.2In-law |
Familia política.) (liz1)
gu'ld dzit bedy /gú'ld dzìt
bèdy / n yolk yema (sem.
domains: 1.6.3.1Egg |Huevo.)
gu'n1 /gú'n / n bull toro (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.1.3Hoofed animals |
Animales con pezuña.)
gu'xh /gù'ʃ / n smoke humo
Gu'xh runy rac-a' ru' The smoke
made me cough. El humo me hizo
toser. B-yu' gu'xh gi The rock got
covered with smoke La piedra se
llenó de humo
34
guardint /guàrrdíínt / n liquor
aguardiente
guc1 /gùʰk / v irregular completive
stem of ràjc hacer (irreg com)
(cf: r-ac2 /àʰk2/. )
guc2 /gúúk / inter when cuándo
¿Guc be'ty Juany bziny? When
did Juan kill the mouse? ¿Cuándo
mató Juan el ratón?
guc3 /gùùk / v make (com) hacer
(com) (cf: r-ac3 /àʰk3/. )
gudx1 /gúúʰdʒ / adj squint-eyed
chingiño
gudx2 n sleep (in the eyes), mucus (in
the eyes) legaña (sem. domains:
2.1.1.1Eye.)
gu'z /gùù'z / n 1) hunting
cazando Ca-yuny-bi guz He's
hunting El está cazando be'cw
guz hunting dog perro cazador 2)
gue't /güè't / adj deaf sordo
Gwe't dad. The man is deaf. El
señor está sordo. (sem. domains:
2.5.4.3Deaf |Sordo.)
guag /guàg / n rat rata (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.1.4Rodent |Roedor.)
guelt /güèèlt / n *change
*cambio, vuelta
guant /guáànt / n part of the
guen /gwéèn / adj 1) good
bueno 2) yes sí
complex verb rùùny gwáànt 'endure,
survive' sobrevivir
gwe'cy
gug
35
gug /gúəg / n tortola dove (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.2Bird |Ave.)
gula'b /gùlà'b / n civil authorities
autoridades del pueblo
gùlà's n edible leaf, herb quelite
(sem. domains: 5.2.3.1.4Food from
leaves |Alimentos procedentes
de hojas.)
guld /gúúld / comp when
cuando
guldi /gùùldí / adj be certain ser
cierto Guldi'-ac-ni zi'cy toby
bdziny rrxu'ny-bi. It's certain that
he runs like a deer. Es cierto que él
corre como un venado.
gulory /gùlóóry / n glory gloria
gunt /gùùnt / n meeting junta
gurach /gùràʰtʃ / n sandal
huarache
guraw /gùràw / n lizard
lagartija (sem. domains:
1.6.1.4Amphibian |Anfibio.)
gurraly /gùrrààly / n 1) fence
cerco 2) corral corral
gutyats /gùtyàts / n iguana
iguana 14:254 (sem. domains:
1.6.1.3.2Lizard |Lagartija.)
gux /gúùʒ / n needle aguja
guxhady /gùʃààdy / n
grasshopper chapulín Ryula'z
Juany r-aw(-bi) guxhady. Juan
likes to eat grasshoppers. A Juan le
gusta comer chapulines. (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
guxtis /gùʃtíís / n authority
autoridad, justicia
guzi'w /gùzì'w / n lightning
rayo, relampago Udiny guzi'w
texh yag Lightning struck the tree.
Cayó un rayo en el arbol. (sem.
domains: 1.1.3.5Storm |Tormenta,
1.1.3.6Lightning, thunder |
Relámpago / rayo, trueno.)
gwe'cy /gwè'ky / 1) v burn; burn
down quemarse Nney Juany
gue'cy liez-ni'. Juan's house also
burned down. Tambien la casa de
Juan se quemó. (sem. domains:
5.5.4Burn.) 2) adj burned quemado
Gwe'cy get The tortilla is burned
gwe'cy
36
La tortilla está quemada. (sem.
domains: 5.5.4Burn.)
Ii
ichicy /ììtʃììky / n hair (of the
head) cabello ichiy-a' the hair of
my head mi cabello (sem. domains:
2.1.5Hair |Pelo.)
icy /ííky / n 1) head cabeza (sem.
domains: 2.1.1Head |Cabeza.) 2) on
top of; on encima de; en La'a
many zob icy yu'u The bird is on
the house. El pájarro está encima
de la casa. (sem. domains: 2.1Body |
Cuerpo.) (cf: r-yu'
icy /yù'+ííky/. )icy yu' roof
icy ni' /ííky+nì' / n punta del pie
Zuldi-a' cun icyni'-a I'm standing
on tiptoes Estoy parada con la
punta del pie. (sem. domains:
2.1.3.2Leg |Pierna, 7.1.1Stand |Estar
de pie.)
icy yu' /ííky yù' / n roof techo
(icy head on on top of, yu' house)
idap /ìdááp / q four cuatro idap
xi'nya' my four sons mis cuatro
hijos
ido' /ìdó' / n church iglesia se't
xte ido'
ilag /ílààg / n brow frente
inya' /ìnyá' / n field campo
irate /ìráʰtè / q all todos; todas
is1 /ìʰs / n year año
is2 /íís / n year año (sem. domains:
8.4.1.6Year |Año.)
iti /íítì / what about (something,
someone)? y que (algo, alguien)?
¿iti li'-a'? What about you? ‘Y tú
qué?
itru' /íítrù' / relpro where donde
ity /ííty / v not no ity Juany n-i
Ldua'. Juan didn't go to Oaxaca.
Juan no fué a Oaxaca. iti' gana' calo gual Juany. I don't know
where John was born No sé donde
nació Juan.
la'ts
jardin
37
Jj
jardin /ʰàrdíìn / n garden jardín
jodid /ʰòdííd / adj be in bad
health estar mal Una'ti' rab anu'a
jodid-du'uxh chi'ini when they
saw that I was in very bad health then
cuando ellos vieron que ya
estaba yo muy mal Jodid na-by
He is bad (in character or habits) El es
malo (en caracter o habitos)
Juáàny /ʰuáàny / n John Juan
jueb /ʰwééb / n *Thursday
*jueves
Ll
la1 /làà / n name nombre
la2 /lá / prt question particle
marcador de pregunta
la'1 /lá' / n gourd guaje
la'2 /là' / n guaje guaje
la'ab /là'áb / pro he, she
(respected)
la'am1 /là'ám / pro it (animal) él,
ella (animal)
la'am2 /là'àm / pro it (anim) él,
ella (por un animal)
la'ani' /là'ání' / pro he, she, it
(referring to God or the saints) él, ella
(hablando de dios o los santos)
la'arab /là'áráb / pro they (resp)
ellos (resp.)
la'areby /là'áréby / pro they
ellos
la'at /là'át / pro you (pl.) ustedes
la'eby /là'éby / pro he, she
(human with an ordinary respect level)
la'en /là'én / pro it (inan)
la'ichi /là'ítʃí / n noon mediodia
Ze Mari la'ichi-ti'. Maria left at
noon. Maria se fué a las doce.
la'ts /lá'ts / 1) adj flat plano 2) n
field (like a baseball field, or football
la'ts
field) plano
la'ts gi'b /lá'ts gìì'b / n jail
carcel (gi'b gun; pistol iron; metal,
la'ts)
la'xa /là'ʒa / pro he (said by a man
speaking to other men) él (dicho
por hombres hablando a otros
hombres)
láád /láád / n side lado
ladich /làʰdíítʃ / n blanket
cobija
ladx /làʰdʒ / n 1) town 2) village
pueblo (cf: gedx2 /gèèdʒ2/. )
ladxa' /làdʒà' / n nagual (spirit
companion in the form of an animal)
nagual Ladxa' Juany na bew
Juan's nagual is a coyote. El nagual
de Juan es un coyote. (cf: xte'
bca'ld/; cf: nala'z /nà+là'z/. )
lady /lààdy / 1) n clothes ropa
Nadx lady The clothes are wet Las
ropas están mojadas. 2) (cf:
xab /ʒààb/. )
lag1 /làʰg / adj 1) stuck-up 2)
conceited presumido; creido
38
(Contrast:
lag2 /láág2/. )
lag2 /láág / adj turned, splayed (of
feet) abierto (de pies) Lag ni'
Juany. Juan's foot is splayed out.
Juan tiene un pie abierto.
(Contrast: lag1 /làʰg1/. )
lagi /lágìì / adj beautiful; pretty
bonito; hermoso
lagul /làgúúl / n older son hijo
mayor (sem. domains: 4.1.9.1.9Birth
order |Orden de nacimiento.)
lagwelt /làgwéélt / n younger
son hijo menor (sem. domains:
4.1.9.1.9Birth order |Orden de
nacimiento.) xi'ny lagwelt
lagyu'z /lá' yù'z / n chepiche (an
herb) chepiche (sem. domains:
1.5.3Grass, herb, vine |
Césped/pasto, hierba,
enredadera.)
lam /lààm / n boss patrón x-lam
Juany Juan's boss el patrón de
Juan (sem. domains: 4.5.1Person in
authority |Persona con
autoridad.)
lday
lan
39
lan /lààn / n soot tizne (sem.
domains: 5.5.5What fires produce |Lo
que produce el fuego.)
lani /làànìʰ / n festival fiesta
(sem. domains: 4.2.2.1Ceremony |
Ceremonia.)
lasto /làstòò / n internal organs;
heart; liver partes interiores;
corazon; higado
lasto quixh /làstò kíìʃ / n lung
(of an animal) pulmón (de un
animal) (sem. domains: 1.6.2Parts of
an animal |Partes de un animal.)
(Contrast:
pulmony /pùlmóòny/. )
lay1 /lààʰy / n tooth diente (sem.
domains: 2.1Body |Cuerpo,
2.1.1.4Mouth.)
lay2 /làáy / n middle medio lay
lo lde' in the middle of the patio en
medio del patio lay dxi
lay bdo' /lààʰy bdòò' / n
primary tooth diente de leche (sem.
domains: 2.1.1.5Tooth.)
lay be'z /lààʰy bè'z / n molar
muela (sem. domains: 2.1.1.5Tooth.)
lay dxi /làày dʒíí / n noon
mediodía (lay2 middle, dxi2 day)
lay ru' yu' /lààʰy rù' yù' / n
front tooth, incisor diente incisivo
(sem. domains: 2.1.1.5Tooth.)
lda /ldáʰ / adj^ bitter amargo
Naldaj zi' be'cw La hierba es
amarga (cf: lda'1 /ldá'1/. )
lda'1 /ldá' / adj^ hot caliente
(cf:
lda /ldáʰ/. )yu lda
lda'2 /ldà' / 1) adj^ slack 2) loose
3) late tarde; flojo (cf: rlda'1 /ldà'1/, r-ac
lda' /àʰk+ldà'/, r-la'1 /là'1/. )
lda'a /ldà'á / n piece pedazo
lda'a yag /ldà'á yààg / n stick
palo
ldasy /ldàʰsy / n shin espinilla
(sem. domains: 2.1Body |Cuerpo,
2.1.3.2Leg |Pierna.)
lday /ldày / n piece pedazo
ldi
40
ldi /ldíì / 1) adj^ straight; upright
derecho Rsu ldi-u liebrr. You
stand the book up straight. Paras el
libro. Zu ldi liebrr. The book is
standing up. El libro es parado.
Cua'-eby toby yag ldi. He took a
straight pole. El tomó un palo
derecho. Usa ldi-a' yag. I
straightened the pole. Inderecé el
palo. a-u-ldi lo lady. The clothes
are ironed. La ropa está
planchada. (sem. domains: nonprojnon-proj.) 2) adj straight; upright
derecho Ldi yag. The pole is
straight. El palo es derecho.
saldi stretch out, straighten out,
extend
ldíàb n devil, demon demonio (sem.
domains: 4.9.2Supernatural being |Ser
sobrenatural.)
ldiay /ldíày / n key llave
Ldua' /Ldùá' / n Oaxaca Oaxaca
(sem. domains: place namesplace
names.)
le' /lè' / n wall pared
le'en /lè'èn / n 1) belly; stomach
vientre; estómago 2) interior
parte adentro le'n tant , le'n
xa'cw
le'en nisgi' /lè'èn nììsgìì' / n
rainy season tiempo de lluvia
Restrictions: In Oaxaca, this is usually
from May to September.]
le'eny /lè'èny / prep in en
le'n tant /lè'èn+tàànt / adj
pot-bellied panzón Le'en tant
Juany Juan is pot-bellied; Juan has a
pot belly Juan es panzón. (le'en
belly; stomach)
le'n xa'cw /lè'n xà'kw / n
armpit axila (le'en belly; stomach,
xa'cw2 arm; shoulder)
lech /lèʰtʃ / n milk leche Be'cw
r-yula'z lech The dog likes milk. Al
perro le gusta leche
les /lèès / adj thin delgado
let /lèèt / adj empty vacio (cf: rle't /lè't/. )
li /lììʰ / n young woman mujer
joven
li'iby /lì'íby / v tied around
amarrado Li'iby tip du'u. The
rope is tied tightly. El mecate está
amarrado fuerte.
lode
li’
41
li’ /líí’ / pro you (ordinary level of
politeness) tú
liebr /lííèbrr / n book libro
liment /lìméént / n food
alimento
limpies /lìmpììès / n cleansingceremony limpieza
list /lííst / adj 1) smart 2) ready 3)
well-trained listo Zuliest Miguel.
Miguel is ready. Miguel está listo.
Rap-atoby be'cwliest. I have a
well-trained dog. Tengo un perro
listo. Liest x-pe'cw-a. My dog is
well-trained. Mi perro es listo.
Rzuliesht Mari Juany. Maria gets
Juan ready. Maria alista a Juan.
(sem. domains: 3.2.1.3Intelligent.) rzu list
lixtony /lìʃtóòny / n ribbon
listón
liz2 /lììz / n house of casa de (cf:
yu' /yù'/. )liz bdi , liz bedy
chicken coop
liz bdi /lííz bdìì / n ant hill
hormiguero (liz2 house of, bdi ant)
liz bedy /lííz bèʰdy / n chicken
coop casa de gallinas (liz2 house
of, bedy chicken; domesticated bird)
lo /lòò / 1) n face cara 2) prep to;
in; on a; en; encima de r-lo=xga
rni warn, advise
lo ni' /lòò nì' / n sole of the foot
plantilla
lo ni' derech /lòò nì'
dèrèèch / n flat foot pie plano
(sem. domains: 2.1.3.2Leg |Pierna.)
lobtoicy1 /lòòbtòòììky / n
temple (of the face) sien (irreg. infl.
bto icy1)
locua /lòòkwàʰ / n forehead
frente (var. sp. var. lo cua)
locuty /lòòcùty / n thigh muslo
(sem. domains: 2.1.3.2Leg |Pierna.)
lode1 /lòòdèèʰ / n fire, campfire
fuego, fogata Rcua gi Mari
lode Maria lights a fire. Maria
prende un fuego (sem. domains:
5.5.7Fireplace |Chimenea.)
lode2 /lòòdè / n lumbre, fogata
loldasy
42
loldasy /lòòldàʰsy / n shin
pantorilla (sem. domains: 2.1.3.2Leg
|Pierna.)
lolde' /lòòldè' / n patio patio
lom /lóòm / n hill loma
lona /lòònàà / n palm palma de
la mano
loni /lòòníí / comp while al
conforme; mientras
loni' /lòònì' / n sole of the foot
lu'n /lúú'n / n bed made of wood
(an older style of bed) cama de
madera (sem. domains: 5.1.1.3Bed |
Cama.)
ludx /lùùdʒ / n tongue lengua
(sem. domains: 2.1.1.4Mouth.)
lulmte' /lúúlmtè' / adj *last
*ultimo
Mm
ma /màà / n mother mamá
xhuma-eby her mother su mamá
(cf: xhuma /ʃùmáà/. )
máás /máás / *more *mas
mach /máʰtʃ / 1) n mule mula 2)
adj male macho
machor /màchòòr / adj sterile,
infertile esteril (sem. domains:
2.6.3.8Fertile, infertile |Fértil,
estéril.)
maduc /mádùʰk / n
white sapote zapote
blanco
madxed /màdʒèèd / n machete
machete
mam1 /máàm / n older woman;
grandmother mujer vieja; abuelita
(sem. domains: 4.1.2Types of people |
Clases de gente.)
mam2 /máám / n 1) respected old
lady viejita (sem. domains:
4.1.9.1.1Grandfather, grandmother |
Abuelo, Abuela, 4.1.9Kinship.) 2)
grandmother abuela (sem. domains:
4.1.9.1.1Grandfather, grandmother |
Abuelo, Abuela, 4.1.9Kinship.)
mbaly
mandi
43
mandi /màndíì / n apron
mandil
mansanit
/mànsàníʰt / n
Mexican hawthorne
tejocote
many /mààny / n bird; wild bird
pájaro (sem. domains: 1.6.1.2Bird |
Ave.) (cf: bedy /bèʰdy/. )
many xob /máány ʒoòb / 1) n
weevil 2) grub gorgojo
mar n mallet mazo (de hierro)
maro' /mááró' / n grandmother
abuela
marti /màrrtíì / n hammer
martillo
mas /maʰs / n mallet (of wood)
mazo (de madera)
mas pur /mààs pùùr / adv at
least
más sìquíérr /más sìkíérr /
whatever aunque sea
mascal /mààskààl / n mezcal
mezcal
masis /màsíís / adj hard duro,
fuerte
masu1 /màsú / adv about como
masu2 /mààsú / prep like como,
para masu xi tomorrow para
mañana
maxtra'c /màʃtrá'k / n rattle
made of wood, used in Holy Week
celebrations matraca
mayor /màyór / n holder of the
rank topil in the cargo system topil
(sem. domains: 4.1.4.1Social class |
Clase social.)
mba /mbáá / n this (of a time
period on this day) hoy (de un
periodo de hoy)
mba cay /mbáákàày / n this
morning (before dawn) esta
madrugada (cay, mba)
mbaly1 /mbààly / n person who is
connected to you through the
compadrazgo system compadre dad
mbaly godfather compadre
mbaly
xhi'ny mbaly godson ahijado
(var. sp. var. mbaly2)
mbru'xh /mbrú'ʃ / n chicatana
ant hormiga chicatana (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
mej /mééχ / adj 1) Mexican
mexicano 2) Mexico Mexico
mely /méély / n money dinero
(sem. domains: 6.8.6Money |Dinero.)
mer /méèrr / adv *just, right
*mero
mes /mèès / n table mesa
mew /mèw / adj dirty sucio
(sem. domains: 5.6.1Clean, dirty |
Limpio, sucio.) (Contrast:
rexh /rèèʃ/. )
mex /méèʒ / adj blonde rubio
Mex ich icy-a' My hair is blonde.
Mi cabello es rubio. icy rrmex
blonde hair cabello rubio
mi'ixh /mi'iʃ / n Mixe (indian)
Mixe
micw /mííkw / n monkey mono
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.1.1Primate |
Primate.)
44
miegw /míègw / n friend
amigo; amiga (sem. domains:
4.1.1Friend.)
miercw /mìèrrkw / n Wednesday
miercoles
míís xté túgù'l n funeral mass misa
funeral (sem. domains: 4.9Religion |
Religión, 2.6.6.3Funeral |Funral.)
(mis, xte of, tu'gu'l dead person;
deceased person; corpse)
mil /mííl / n thousand mil
mis /míís / n mass misa míís xté
túgù'l
mony /móóny / n doll muñeca
mony lady scarecrow
mony lady /móóny lààdy / n
scarecrow espantapajaros (sem.
domains: 6.2.4Tend a field |Cuidar
un terreno.) (mony doll, lady
clothes)
morad /mòráád / n bruise
moretón Udoby morad ni'-iby
He has a bruise on his leg. El tiene
un moretón en el pie. (sem.
domains: 2.5.3Injure.)
mos /móʰs / n servant; worker
mozo; siervo
n-u'u
mul
45
mul /múl / n mule mula
muldy /mùùldy / adj deformed
(of hands and feet) deformado (de
manos y pies) Muldy na' Juany
John's hand is deformed. La mano
de Juan es deformada. {The
attributive form is r-muldy. |La forma
atributiva es r-muldy. }(sem. domains:
2.5.4.5Birth defect |
Defecto/Problema de
nacimiento.)
murnil /mùrrníìl / n molinillo
(small stick used for beating
chocolate); whisk molinillo
Nn
n-acw /áákw / v wear llevar
puesto Nacw Juany cutony Juan
wears the shirt Juan lleva puesto
la camisa. (cf: r-acw /àʰkw/. )
quería vivir con ellos. Ldua'
nu'u-reby. They are in Oaxaca.
Están en Oaxaca. 2) have tener
Nu'u tyop xi'nyrab They had two
children Tuvieron dos hijos {The
n-adx /àʰdʒ / v be wet estar
mojado Nadx lady The clothes are
wet Las ropas están mojadas.
possessor of the SUBJ translates as the
subject of 'have' in English. } 3) wear
(a belt, ring, etc.) tener puesto
n-an /áán / v know saber Chi'ianan-bi chi-se'am-ba la'areby
le'en dany He already knew that he
was going to leave them on the
mountain. (sem. domains: 3.2.3Know |
Saber.)
n-u'u1 /ù'ú / v 1) exist; live haber;
vivir; estar ity r-yula'az-ti'-ab
chu'-ney-b la'a-reby She didn't
want to live with them. Ella no
(anillo, cinturon, etc.) Nu'u
cinturon le'ny Juan Juan is
wearing a belt. Juan tiene cinturon
puesto. (var. irreg. infl. ryu';
irreg. infl. , zyu' will be ; irreg.
infl. , chu' will exist ) [com.
byù'ú][pot. chú' ](Related to: r-gu'
/gù'/; cf: chu' /tʃú'/. )n-u'u
bca'ld be sleepy , n-u'u bdo' be
pregnant (of an animal)
n-u'u
n-u'u2 /ù'ú ʃgà'ts / v be hidden
estar escondido Nu'u xga'ts
xmelya. My money is hidden. Mi
dinero está escondido.
n-u'u bca'ld /ù'ú bkà'ld / v be
sleepy tener sueño Nu'u-du'uxh
bca'ld lo-eby He is very sleepy. El
tiene mucho sueño. (sem.
domains: 2.4.4Tired |Cansado,
5.7Sleep |Dormir.) (n-u'u1 exist;
live have, bca'ld) (cf:
bca'ld /bkà'ld/, rni lo
bca'ld /rrníí lòò bkà'ld/. )
n-u'u bdo' /ù'ú bdò' / v be
pregnant (of an animal) estar
embarasada (de un animal)
Nu'u be'cw bdo'. The dog is
pregnant. La perra está
embarasada. (n-u'u1 exist; live
have)
n-u'u za'c v be well, health estar
sano
na /náá / v 1) be ser Na Juany
gringw. Juan is a gringo. Juan es
un gringo. 2) (not) want (no)
querer ity na Juany ica sapat
ni'-ni' Juan doesn't want to put on his
shoes. Juan no se quiere poner
46
los zapatos. der. na que has to
na que /náá kè / v has to tenir
que Juany na que gu'ld Juan has
to sing Juan tiene que cantar.
(der. of na be)
na'1 /náá' / pro I; me yo; me
na'2 /nà' / dem that (previously
mentioned) ese
nadxab /nàdʒááb / adj 1)
horrible horrible (sem. domains:
8.3.7.1Bad |Malo.) 2) ugly feo (sem.
domains: 2.3.1.8.2Ugly.)
nala /nàláá / adj greedy (for
food); inclined to eat other people's
food without permission comelón;
glotón be'cw nala greedy dog
perro glotón
nala'z v be sad; touchy, difficult,
overburdened estar triste;
delicado (de personas) Nala'z
Juany. Juan is in delicate health Juan
es delicado. {Traditionally this was
a sickness caused by injury to a
person's spiritual companion animal
(nagual). }(sem. domains: 2.5.1Sick |
Enfermo, 3.4Emotion |Emoción,
2.5.5Cause of disease.) (cf:
ladxa' /làdʒà'/. )
nez
nald
47
nald adj cold frio
nambied /nààmbìèd / n saint
santa
nan1 /náán / n lady; Mrs señora
nan2 /náán / adj thick espeso
(cf:
r-an1 /áán1/. )
nan biny gul /náán bììny gúúl
/ n old woman viejita, anciana
(sem. domains: 2.6.4.5Old person,
4.1.2Types of people |Clases de
gente.)
nan mam /náán mààm / n old
woman viejita, anciana (sem.
domains: 2.6.4.5Old person, 4.1.2Types
of people |Clases de gente.)
narax /nàràʰʒ / n orange
naranjo
navida /nàvìdáà / n *Christmas
*Navidad
naw /náw / n skirt falda
naxasy /nááʒaàsy / v be asleep
estar dormido Naxasy Juany
Juan is asleep. Juan está dormido.
naxh /nàʰʃ / n 1) chocolate
chocolate 2) fruta fruit 3) sweet
dulce 4) chocolate chocolate
nayeldla'z /nàyéldlà'z / adj
forgetful olvidadizo
nde' /ndé' / dem this este ity rrcaz-ti-' ndi; rr-caz-a' nde'. I don't
want this, I want that. No quiero
este; quiero ese.
ndi /ndíí / dem that ese
ndicy /ndííky / dem there allá
nenzi /nènzì / adv just now
apenas Nenzi ube'ba' nis I just
swam Acabo de nadar Nenzi
uduxh be'cw The dog just barked.
El perro acaba de ladrar.
nes n the day before yesterday
anteayer (sem. domains: 8.4.1.2Day |
Día.)
nez /néèz / 1) prep at; by por 2)
n^ road, track, path, way camino,
sendero, manera acagwi'rab
xhizi' nezgi irica ellos ya están
viendo como van a encontrar
dinero {The usual word for 'road' is
nezyuu, but this root shows up in some
nez
compounds. |La palabra ordinaria para
'camino' es nèzyùù, pero este raíz se
halla en unos frases compuestos. }
nez cue' /nèèz kwè' / prep
beside al lado de La'a cabay zu
nez cue' yu'u. The horse is standing
beside the house. El caballo está al
costado de la casa.
nez le'en /nèèz lè'èn / prep 1)
below al fondo de La'a be'cw
nu'u nez le'en re-yag. The dog is
at the base of the trees. El perro está
al fondo de los arboles. 2) inside
adentro Uca'tslo Mari nez le'en
liz Juany Maria hid inside Juan's
house Maria se escondió por
adentro de la casa de Juan.
nez ru' /nééz rù' / prep at the
base of ; at the edge of; on the side of
al orilla de; por el medio
nez ya' /nèèz yá' / to the south al
sur
nez yet /nèèz yéét / toward the
north al norte
nezyu /nèzyùù / n road; track
camino; huella Chi'i u-di'ilreby nezyu. And they looked for the
road. Y buscaron camino.
48
nganga' /ngàngá' / adv quickly
rápido
ngas /ngààs / adj black negro
ngesto /ngèstó / adv soon al
rato
ngiw /ngìw / n man; male
hombre; macho (sem. domains:
4.1.2Types of people |Clases de
gente, 2.6.5Male, female |
Masculino, femenino.)
ngul1 /ngùùl / adj male (of
animals) macho (de animales)
ngul2 /ngùùl / adj dead; deceased
muerto (sem. domains: 2.6.6Die |
Morir.)
ngulbez /ngúlbèz / n opossum
tlacuache
ngule' /ngùlè' / n boy
muchacho (sem. domains:
2.6.5Male, female |Masculino,
femenino, 2.6.4Stage of life |
Etapas de la vida.)
ni-rgaeny ba' /nírrgáény+bà' / n grave-digger
enterrador (r-gaeny dig, ba'
nit
ni-rgaeny ba'
49
tomb; grave)
ni' /ní' / 1) n foot pie (sem.
domains: 2.1.3.2Leg |Pierna.) 2)
prep under abajo de La'a be'cw
zu ni' mes The dog is standing under
the table. El perro está abajo de
la mesa. (sem. domains: 2.1Body |
Cuerpo.) geny ni' , ni' gald
centipede; millipede , ni' ge'ts rear
foot of a metate
ni' gald /ní' gáàld / n centipede;
millipede cienpiés (ni' foot under,
gald twenty)
ni' ge'ts /nì' gèà'ts / n rear foot
of a metate pie posterior de un
metate (ni' foot under, ge'ts
metate)
ni' rung /ní' rúùng / adj onelegged tunco Juany na ni' rung
Juan is one-legged Juan es tunco.
(sem. domains: 2.5.3.1Amputate,
2.5.3Injure.)
ni'ing /nì'íng / pro that eso (var.
sp. var. ni'ingy this )
nica /nìká / conj but pero
nilazy /níílààzy / adj bad-tasting
sabe mal Nilazy rr-daw
comied The food tastes bad. La
comida no sabe bien.
nin /níìn / n Christ child niño de
dios
nis1 /nìʰs / n water; juice agua;
jugo (sem. domains: 1.2.3.1Liquid |
Líquido.) (var. sp. var. nis2) rrob nis
nis lo /níʰslòò / n tear lágrima
(sem. domains: 3.5.6.5Cry, tear,
2.1.1.1Eye.)
nis yudx /nìʰs yùùdʒ / n pus
pus Rdi' du'xh nis yudx lo
ge'dx. A lot of pus is coming from the
wound. Mucho pus sale de la
llaga. (sem. domains: 2.5.2.2Skin
disease |Enfermedades de la
piel.)
nisdo' /nísdò' / n sea; ocean mar;
oceano
nisgi /nìʰsgìì / n rain lluvia
nisyab /nììsyà'b / n atole;
beverage made of maize and other
ingredients atole
nit /nìʰt / n cane caña
nitgi
50
nitgi /nììtgíí / n cornstalks stripped
of leaves cañuela(?)
nix /níìʒ / adj delicious rico;
delicioso
niya'btis /nìyà'btìs / adv just
after apenas
niz /nííz / n dried corn cob
mazorca
niza /nìzá / neg not any; not a one
ni un poco
nizdam /níízdààm / n corn
fungus huitlacoche (sem. domains:
1.5.4Moss, fungus, algae |Musgo,
hongos, alga.)
nna /nnáà / adv now ahora
nna' /nnàà' / n hand mano rli'w na point at
nna' gea'ts /nnàà' gèà'ts / n
front feet of a metate pie anterior
de un metate
nna'a /nnà'á / adj heavy pesado
(cf:
r-sinna'a /sínnà'á/. )
nna'y /nnà'y / adv yesterday
ayer
nnach adj scratchy, rough rasposo
Nnach lo pis. The floor is rough. El
piso está rasposo. (sem. domains:
2.3.5Sense of touch |Sentido del
tacto.)
nnaga /nnáágà / adv now ahora
nniw adj polished, smooth pulido
Nniw mes. The table is polished. La
mesa está pulida. Guny nniw-a
lo mes. I'm going to polish the table.
Voy a pulir la mesa.
nombráàr /nombráàr / v
*name *nombrar
nopit /nòpíít / n maguey sap
aguamiel
nopy /nòòpy / n alcohol, mescal
alcohol, mescal
nòrmáàl /nòrmáàl / adj
*normal *normal
novecientos /novekientos /
*nine hundred *novecientos
noventa /noventa / *ninety
*noventa
novy /nóòvy / n bride, groom
novia, novio (sem. domains:
2.6.1.2Wedding |Boda.)
pap
nuchi
51
tomorrow.)
nuchi n last night anoche (sem.
domains: 8.4.1.2.2Yesterday, today,
Oo
once /onke / num *eleven *once
*organization *organización
organizado /organizado / adj
*organized *organizado
opa' /ópà' / adv hopefully ojalá
opa' by-ed-gazy Mari Hopefully,
orong /ʰòròng / n poncho
jorongo
orr n gold oro (sem. domains:
1.2.2.3Metal |Metal.)
Maria has just now come.
òrgànisàsyóòn
/òrgànisàsyóòn / n
Pp
pa /pàà / n father padre (sem.
domains: 4.1.9.1.2Father, mother |
Padre, madre.) (cf:
xhupa /ʃùpáà/. )
pach /páʰtʃ / n raccoon mapache
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.1.2Carnivore |
Carnívoro.)
pad /páád / adv perhaps; maybe a
lo mejor; tal vez
pader /pàdèʰr / n wall pared
padriez /páádrrìèz / adv
maybe; perhaps tal vez; a lo
mejor; quizás
panel /pànéèl / n *hard brown
sugar *panela
panit /pànííət / n handkerchief,
neckerchief paño, pañuelo
pap1 /páʰp / n potato patate
pap2 /pàʰp / n potato papa
par
par /pàʰrr / comp in order that
para
pàrééjw /pàrééʰw / adj *fair
*parejo
paro' /páárò' / n grandfather
abuelo (sem. domains:
4.1.9.1.1Grandfather, grandmother |
Abuelo, Abuela, 4.1.9Kinship.)
pascw /pààskw / n *Easter
*Pascua
pastel1 /pàstèèl / n cake pastel
pastel2 /pàstéèl / n cake pastel
pe' /pè' / n excrement; poop
mierda; caca (sem. domains:
2.2.8Defecate, feces |Defecar,
heces.)
pelon /pèlón / adj bald calvo
(sem. domains: 2.1.5Hair |Pelo.)
pencw /pènkw / adj bent
doblado yag pencw a bent stick
un palo doblado Pencw dets-bi
He is hump-backed Su espalda está
jorobada
per /pèrr / conj but pero
52
pes /pèʰs / n peso peso (sem.
domains: 6.8.6.1Monetary units |
Unidades monetarias.)
pint /pííənt / adj multicolored
pinto (sem. domains: 8.3.3.3Color |
Color.)
plaga /plágà / n blight; pest
plaga
plàjt /plàʰt / n *plate *plato
plat /plaʰt / n plate plato
plat be'x /pláʰt bèè'ʒ / n mortar
molcajete
plo /plòòʰ / adj lazy flojo
plory /plòòry / n jug jarra;
cántaro Ucha Mari plory. Maria
filled the jugs. Maria llenó las
jarras.
por /pòrr / prep for; because of
para; por Beynyreby gan
ubirereby porr reygi
niuzube'ldreby nezyu. They were
able to return because of the rocks that
they had thrown on the road.
Lograron el regreso por las
piedras que tiraron en el
camino.
que
porsisiony
53
Hay mucha gente pobre aqui.
(sem. domains: 6.8.1.3Poor |Pobre,
4.1.4.1Social class |Clase social.)
porsisiony /pòrsìsióny / n
religious procession procesión
religiosa (sem. domains:
4.2.2.1Ceremony |Ceremonia,
4.9.7.2Christianity |Cristianismo.)
prormid /pròrrmíìd / v prepare
preparar
pòsáàd /pòsáàd / n posada
posada
pues /pues / *well *pues
pulmony /pùlmóòny / n lung
(of a person) pulmón (de una
persona) {This word is used for
post /póóst / n *apostles
*apostoles
human lungs. Lungs of an animal are
called làsdò quíìx }(sem. domains:
2.1.8Internal organs |Órganos
internos.) (Contrast: lasto
prèpàràcìóòny
/prèpàràkìóòny / n
*preparations *preparaciones
quixh /làstò kíìʃ/. )
primer /prìméèr / adj first
primero
pur1 /pùùrr / prep because of
porque
primera /primera / adj *first
*primero
pur2 /púúrr / adj only *puro
proby /próóby / adj poor pobre
Nu'u-du'uxh biny proby re'.
There are a lot of poor people here.
pur ziti /pùrr zíítì / conj then
entonces
pùrr /pùrr / prep *for *por
Qq
quarta /karta / adj *fourth
*quarta
que /ke / *that *que
qui'xh
54
quits /kííts / n white blanco
qui'xh /kí'ʃ / n internal organ of a
chicken (liver?) parte de una
gallina (higado?)
quitsya' /kíítsyà' / adj pale
pálido
Rr
r-a /ààj / v ripen madurarse (sem.
domains: 1.5.6Growth of plants |
Crecimiento de plantas.) [com.
gùùj][pot. gáàj ]
r-a'd /à'd / v receive recibir
Gu'd-bi toby be'cw He received a
dog. El recibió un perro. [com.
gù'd [gùə'd]][pot. gáád ]
r-a'n /à'n / v 1) plow arar Ra'n
Juany lo yu. Juan plows the ground.
Juan ara la tierra. 2) prepare land
preparar la tierra (var. irreg.
infl. , gu'n2 plowed ) [com. gù'n]
(cf: gu'n2 /gù'n2/. )
r-aby /aaby / v 1) swallow tragar
2) be swallowed tragarse Raby
pasti The pill is swallowed. La
pastilla se traga. [com. ù-dááby]
[pot. gáàby ]
r-ac1 /àʰk / v get better; be cured
curarse By-ac lo-eby. His face got
better Se curó A-biac Mari xi'
Maria recovered from her cold. Maria
recuperó de la gripa. (sem.
domains: 2.5.1.1Recover from sickness
|Recuperarse de una
enfermedad.) [com. by-àjc][pot.
yàác ]
r-ac2 /àʰk / v 1) experience, suffer
from Racrab galrye'ld dxiby
ni'ingy la galrye'ld. They suffer
from fright-sickness, dxíìby, that is the
word for fright-sickness (sem. domains:
2.5.6.1Pain |Dolor.) r-ac nald be
cold 2) become 3) make itru este
reuxtis ... racrab nombrar
porr... [porr] gedx perr chi'i
este nu'u toby juxtisni napac
carrgwni runy di organisarr
[re] re cawgi niruny asignar
adonde los autoridades son
nombrados por el pueblo pero
luego hay una autoridad que
está encargado que organiza
los caudillos que asignan 4) hurt
r-ac che'
r-ac
55
doler; hacer; convertirse Rac
dets Mari Maria's back hurts Le
duele la espalda de Maria. (sem.
domains: 2.5.6.1Pain |Dolor.) (var.
irreg. infl. , gac will do ) [com.
gùùc](cf: guc1 /gùʰk1/; cf:
ge'y /gé'y/. )r-ac binygul
r-ac3 /àʰk / 1) aux be able 2) can
poder Ruchna'-xga-reby
despues de ni-r-uchna'-reby zac g-i-ney-rab bni' dxa'p, pero
antes xte' mo'd. ‘First they marry;
after they marry, they can move the
bride, but not before.’ Primero se
casan; despues de que se
casan, se pueden llevar a la
novia, pero antes no.’ Rac ru'ld Juany gitarry diap. Juan can
play the guitar loudly. Juan puede
tocar la guitarra fuerte. [pot. z- ]
(cf: guc3 /gùùk3/. )
r-ac ... dxiby /àʰk … dʒíìby /
v suffer from fright-sickness tener
susto Cay-ac Juany dxiby Juan
has fright-sickness Juan tiene susto
(sem. domains: 2.5.2Disease |
Enfermedad.)
r-ac ... ru /àʰk ... rùù / v have a
cough tener tos Cayac Juany ru.
Juan has a cough. Juan tiene tos.
(sem. domains: 2.5.2Disease |
Enfermedad.)
r-ac be /àʰk+bé / v notice; know
dar cuenta; saber ity rac be'eby calo g-ye'n-bi He doesn't
know where he is going to stay El no
sabe donde va a quedar. iti'
nyac be'-a chi udziny-bi I didn't
notice that he had arrived. No me dí
cuenta que el llegó. (sem.
domains: 3.2.2.6Realize |Darse
cuenta, 3.1.2.2Notice |Notar.) (var.
irreg. infl. , guc be realized )
[com. gùc+bé]
r-ac binygul /àhk+bììnygùl /
v get old envejecer Cayac
binygul Juany. Juan is getting old.
Juan se está envejeciendo. (sem.
domains: 2.6.4.5Old person.) (r-ac2
experience become make hurt, bingul
grandfather; grandmother)
r-ac che' /àʰk+tʃè' / v prepare
preparar
r-ac gan
r-ac gan /àʰk gáàn / v be able;
can poder
r-ac ge' /aʰk+gé' / 1) v freeze
congelarse Rac gey' nis The
water freezes El agua se congela
2)
r-ac la'a v divide dividir
r-ac lda' /àʰk+ldà' / v be late
tardar Caza g-uclda'-u! You were
late! Tardaste mucho! (cf:
lda'2 /ldà'2/, r-lda'1 /ldà'1/, rla'1 /là'1/; cf: r-lda'2 /ldà'2/, rlda'1 /ldà'1/. )
r-ac na /àʰk+náà / v be injured;
be hurt lastimarse
r-ac na'y /àʰk+nà'y / v sweat
sudar Cay-ac na'y-bi He is
sweating Está sudando (sem.
domains: 2.2.6Sweat |Sudor.)
r-ac nald /àʰk+nàʰld / v be
cold tener frio Rac nald Juany
Juan is cold. Juan tiene frio. (r-ac2
1 experience, suffer from)
r-ac ne /àʰk+néé / v help
ayudar Rac-ne Mari Juany.
Maria helps Juan. Maria ayuda a
56
Juan.
r-ac redx /àʰk+rèèdʒ / v 1) be
called ser llamado 2) be cured
curarse Ryalo racredxrab chi'i
rrza'b ri' ya' icy yag. They finish
being cured and then the jug is hung up
in a tree gucredxa' ri'i they cured
me of of fright-sickness there. me
curé de susto allá.
r-ac ro' /àʰk+ró' / v grow,
increase crecer Cayac ro' bel. The
flame is growing. El fuego está
creciendo. (sem. domains:
2.6.4.6Grow, get bigger |Crecer,
hacerse grande.)
r-ac ru /àʰk+rùù / v cough
tocer (sem. domains: 2.2.2Cough,
sneeze, 2.1.1.4Mouth.)
r-ac xhu /àʰk+ʃúú / 1) v be sick
estar enfermo Galracredx zi'cy
la rrmedy niruny biny chi'
racxhu rebiny dxiby. Curing is
like what is called medicine that people
do when people suffer from susto. 2) be
in eclipse (of the sun, moon) estar
eclipsado (del son, de la luna)
Racxhuubidx The sun is in eclipse.
El sol está eclipsado.
r-adx
r-ac...xi'
57
r-ac...xi' /àʰk ... ʒi' / v have a
cold tener la gripa Cayac Mari
xi' Maria has a cold. Maria tiene la
gripa.
r-ach1 /àʰtʃ / v 1) be infected (with
something); be affected by (some kind
of parasite) enfectarse; tener
(parasitos) Rach Juany be'ts
Juan has lice. Juan tiene piojos
Cay-ach-bi ge'dx He has scabies
El tiene sarna 2) hatch salir de
cáscara (de pollos) Rach bedy.
The chicks are hatching. Los
pollitos salen de la cáscara.
(cf: r-iach /iàʰtʃ/. )
r-ach2 /áátʃ / v break romperse
B-yab-ta' Juan dets cabay
ni'ing-ni' guch cu'dy-bi. Juan fell
off his horse and his leg broke. Juan
se cayó de su caballo y por eso
se rompió la pierna. Guch yag
The stick broke El palo se quebró.
[com. gúúch][pot. gáàch ]
r-acha' /ààtʃà' / v explode, burst
romperse, [com. gùùchà'][pot.
gááchà' ]
r-acw /àʰkw / v 1) put on (clothes)
ponerse (ropa) Racw Juany
cutony Juan puts on a shirt. Juan se
pone una camisa. 2) dress
(oneself) vestirse Racw-bi la-eby
He dresses himself El se viste.
Racw-bi xab-bi. He gets dressed.
El se viste. 3) cover Racw Mari
xabni' M Maria se pone su ropa
[pot. g- ](Related to: rgwa'cw /guà'kw/; cf: nacw /áákw/. )
r-ad /áád / v be pierced; be
punctured; have holes perforarse
Gud gie'ts cun lapy The paper was
pierced with a pencil El papel se
perforó con un lapiz. irate rexcutony Juany nad-reny ge'ety.
All Juan's shirts have holes Hay
hoyos en todas las camisas de
Juan Nad toby ge'dy xmedya.
My socks have holes. Mis medias
tienen hoyos. (sem. domains:
pairpair.) [com. gùùd][pot. gáàd ](cf:
r-gid /gííd/. )
r-adx /ààdʒ / v be wet estar
mojado (Related to: r-
r-adx
guadx /gùàdʒ/. )
r-al /áál / v be born nacer Gul
be'cw. The dog was born El perro
nació. Ral nis The water is bubbling
up Nace el agua. [com. gúúl][pot.
gáàl ]
r-ald /ààld / v 1) hang colgarse
Rald gesgie' ya' The piñata is
hanging up. La piñata se cuelga
arriba. 2) fall on, occur on (of a date)
occurir chi'i rald mierrcu cenis
cuando es miercoles de
cenizas [com. gùùld][pot. gáàld ]rza'by nald hang, be hanging
r-an1 /áán / v thicken espesarse
Ran nisyab The atole thickens El
atole se espesa [com. gúàn][pot.
gáàn ](cf: nan2 /náán2/. )
r-an2 /ààn / v see ver Ram-bi
fantasm He sees ghosts El ve
fantasmas Ran-du'uxh-ba
conew le'en dany. He watches lots
of rabbits on the mountain. El mira
muchos conejos en el cerro.
[pot. gáàn ]
r-andzi' /ààndzí' / v love; be
devoted to; take care of querer;
58
cuidar (sem. domains: 4.3.3Love |
Amar.) [com. Gùùndzí'][pot. Gáándzí'
]
r-ap /áp / v have tener Rap-reby
be'l They have meat Tienen carne.
[com. gùp [gùàp]][pot. gáp ]
r-as /àhs / v chew masticar Ras
Mari chicl Maria chews gum.
Maria mastica el chicle.
r-asy /àʰsy / v sleep dormir
Le'eby rrli'w zi'cy ity-bi
nyasy-sa'c-bi. He looks like he
didn't sleep well. El parece como
no durmió bien. [com. ù-dàjsy]
r-at /ààt / v lie estar acostado
[com. gùùt][pot. gáát ]der. r-at bixh
roll over , der. r-at ga' lie (on the
ground or on a low place)
r-at bixh /ààt+bììʃ / v roll over
revolcarse G-ut bixh be'cw The
dog rolled over. El perro se
revolcó. (der. of r-at lie) (cf: rbixh3 /bììʃ3/, r-gixh /gììʃ/. )
r-at ga' /ààt+gà' / v lie (on the
ground or on a low place) estar
acostado (en el suelo u otro
lugar bajo) Ratga'xu'ny bich.
r-atr-ay
ga'
59
The cat is lying down rolled up. El
gato se acuesta enrollado. (der.
of r-at lie)
r-aty /aʰty / v die morir .. he had
a wife, and his wife died. tuvo su
esposa y se murió su esposa
.byu' che'lba, guty che'lba Juan's
grandfather didn't die. No se murio
el abuelo de Juan (sem. domains:
2.6.6Die |Morir.) [com. gùjty][pot.
gááty ](Related to: r-u'ty /u'ty/.
)
r-aw /àw / v eat comer Bin
ngiw cay-aw bzya The men are
eating beans. Los hombres están
comiendo frijoles. [com. ù-dàw]
[pot. gâw ](cf: r-daw /dàw/; cf:
r-chag ru'1 /tʃàʰg+rù'1/. )rawdxuc , r-awlay , der. r-aw...
ru' kiss
r-aw... ru' /àw… rù' / v kiss
besar Udaw Juany ru' Mari.
Juan kissed Mary. Juan besó a
María. (sem. domains: 4.1.8Show
affection |Mostrar afecto.) (der. of
r-aw eat)
r-awdxuc /àw+dʒúúk / v have
a cavity (of a tooth) tener caries (de
un diente) Rawdxuc lay Mari.
Maria's tooth has a cavity. Maria
tiene caries. Tyop lay Mari
cay-awdxuc Two of Maria's teeth
have cavities. Maria tiene dos
caries. (r-aw eat, dxuc)
r-awlay /àw+lààʰy / v grind the
teeth rechinar los dientes Raw
lay Mari Maria grinds her teeth.
Maria rechina los dientes (raw eat, lay1 tooth)
r-awya' /àwyà' / v bite morder
Udawya' be'cw ni' Juany. The
dog bit Juan's leg. El perro mordió
el pie de Juan. Rawya' Mari
bxhug nna-ni'. Maria bites her
fingernails. Maria muerde las
uñas. [com. ù-dàwyà']
r-axh /ààʃ / v be paid ser pagado
(Related
to: r-gixh /gììʃ/. )
r-ay /àày / v wear (skirts, diapers,
etc.) tener puesto (faldas,
pañales) Nay Mari fald Maria is
wearing a skirt. María tiene
r-ay
puesto una falda. Nay bdo
zu'udy The baby is wearing a diaper.
El bebé tiene puesto un pañal.
[com. ù-dàày][pot. g-áày ](Related
to: r-gway /gwàày/; cf: ri'ay/.
)
r-ay' /ày' / v be cooked; be baked
cocerse; hornearse Git r-ay'
le'en de. The pumpkin is baked in the
ashes. La calabaza se coce
adentro de las cenizas.
(Related to: r-guy' /gùy'/. )
r-az /ààhz / v bathe oneself
bañarse Raz Mari Maria bathes
herself Maria se baña (sem.
domains: 5.6.2Bathe |Bañar.) [com.
gùùz](Related to: rgwaz /gwààz/. )
r-ba' /bà' / v be content with estar
contento con Rba' Mony cun
lizni' Ramón is happy with his house.
Ramón está contento con su
casa.
r-ba'n /bà'n / v steal robar [com.
ù-là'n][pot. cwáàn ](cf:
galuba'n /gààlùbá'n/; cf:
60
uba'n /ùbá'n/. )
r-bab /bàʰb / v itch dar
comezón Ca-bab na' Juany
Juan's hand itches Le está dando
comezón en la mano de Juan.
(sem. domains: 2.5.2.2Skin disease |
Enfermedades de la piel,
2.5.6.1Pain |Dolor, 2.5.6Symptom of
disease.)
r-ban /báàn / 1) v miss extrañar
Na-ban-bi He is sad. El es triste.
Rban-a' xhuma. I miss my mother.
Extraño a mi mamá. (sem.
domains: 4.1.6.3Alone |Solo.) 2) adj
sad triste binyban a sad person una
persona triste [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
(cf: r-u'ban /ù'ú+báán/; cf:
r-yu' ban /yù'+báán/. )du'
ban
r-bany /bààny / v live; wake
vivir; despertar Juany bany-bi
purr galuba'n Juan lives by theft.
Juan vive por robar. Guny
Mariibany Juany. Mary woke John
up Maria hizo despertar Juan.
[com. ù-][pot. ì- ](cf: rcua'ny /kwá'ny/. )
r-be'e
r-be'
la
61
r-be' la /bè'+làʰ / v name
(someone) (something) nombrar (a
alguien) (con un nombre)
Juany ule' laj xhi'ny-ni Bed
Juan named his son Pedro. Juan
llamó a su hijo Pedro. [com.
ùlé'+làj]
r-be'b /bè'b / v 1) ride 2) sit (on a
raised surface) montar Be'brrdets
cachuch lo mes. The cap is sitting
inside out on the table. La cachucha
está puesto al revés en la
mesa. [com. ù-][pot. cwé'b ]der. rbe'b nis swim
r-be'b nis /bè'b nììs / v swim
nadar (der. of r-be'b ride sit (on a
raised surface))
r-be'cy1 /bè'ky / v 1) abandon; lay
(eggs) abandonar; poner
(huevos) Ule'cy-ti-by rexhi'ny-bi. He abandoned his
children. Abandonó sus hijos.
Rbe'cy bedy dzitbedy. The
chicken lays eggs. La gallina pone
huevos. 2) fight (a bull) torear 3)
wear (pants, underwear) llevar,
tener puesto (pantalones)
Rbe'cy Juany pantlon. Juan
wears pants. Juan tiene puesto
pantalones. [com. ù-lè'cy][pot.
cwéécy ](Related to: r-
los
cue'cy /kwè'ky/; cf:
be'z1 /bè'z1/; cf: r-zi
bni /zìì+bnìì/. )
r-be'cy2 /bè'ky / v fight torer
Ule'cy Juany lo re-gu'n Juan
fought the bulls. Juan torió a los
toros [com. ù-lè'cy][pot. cwéécy ](cf:
r-zi bni /zìì+bnìì/. )r-be'cy
bni sow
r-be'cy bni /bè'ky bníí / v sow
sembrar Ule'cy Juany bni Juan
sowed. Juan sembró. (sem.
domains: idiomidiom.) (r-be'cy2
fight)
r-be'di'ny /bè'+dí'ny / v lend
prestar Rbe'di'ny Juany x-carrni'. Juan lends his car. Juan presta
su carro.
r-be'e /bè'é / v 1) take (something)
out of/off of (something); remove
(something) from (something) sacar;
pelar; quitar (ropa) Rbe'e Mari
gixh lady pap. Maria peeled the
r-be'e
potatoes. Maria removed the skin from
the potatoes. Rbe'e Juany xcutony-ni' Juan takes off his shirt.
Juan quita su camisa. Ule'e
Juany ni'-ni' le'en sapat. Juan
took his foot out of the shoe. Juan
sacó su pie del zapato. Ule'e
dentist lay Mari The dentist pulled
out Maria's tooth. El dentista le
sacó el diente de Maria. 2) say
(the rosary) hacer (el rosario)
Cabe'-rab rsary lo dyos. They are
saying the rosary to the saint. Ellos
están haciendo rosario al
santo. 3) win ganar Uca'z Juany
ni-be'e loteri. Juan wanted to win
the lottery. Juan quiso ganar la
lotería. 4) stick out (the chest) sacar
(el pecho) Rbe'e Juany texhni'. Juan sticks out his chest. Juan
saca su pecho. (var. irreg. infl.
, cue' will take out; will win )
[com. ù-lè'é][pot. cwé' ](cf:
cue' /kwé'/. )r-be'e xnez
r-be'e xnez /bè'é+ʃnèèz / v
part (the hair of another person) hacer
(partidura en el cabello de otra
persona) Ule'exnez Mariicy
Luiz Maria parted Luisa's hair.
María le hizo la partidura de
62
Luisa. (r-be'e take out/off)
(Related to: r-di'
xnez /dìì'+ʃnèèz/. )
r-be'xe'cy /bè'+ʒe'ky / v
untangle desenredar Rbe' xe'cy
Juan lo du' Juan untangles the rope.
Juan desenreda el mecate. [com.
ù-lè'+xè'cy][pot. cué'+xè'cy ]
r-bedx /bèèʰdʒ / v call llamar
Ni'ingy runyrab us chi'i
rrbedxrab biny te rrbire bi xte
biny. They use that and then they call
people so that their spirit will return.
[com. ù-rèèjdx](cf:
bech /bèètʃ/. )
r-bez /bééz / v 1) wait (for
someone) esperar (a alguien) Re'
gulcwez na Wait here for me
Esperenme aquí. Cabeza Mari.
I'm waiting for Maria. Estoy
esperando a Maria. 2) wait (to do
something) esperar Ca-bez Juany
chi-ya'a. Juan is waiting to go to
dance. Juan está esperando a ir a
bailar 3) be (respectful) estar (con
respecto) [com. ù-lééz][pot. cué'z ]
(cf: cuez /kwéèz/. )
r-bidxa'
r-bi
63
r-bi /bìì / v send; put enviar;
poner [com. ù-rìì][pot. cuíì ](cf:
di'dx /dìì'dʒ/. )r-bi ge'l come? ,
der. r-bi bel shine shine , der. r-bi
de acuerd come to an agreement ,
der. r-bi di'dx become engaged
(intr) , der. r-bi xa clear up (of liquid)
r-bi bel /bìì+bèʰl / 1) v shine
brillar Rbibel x-bas-a. My vase
shines. Mi vaso brilla. (sem.
domains: non-projnon-proj.) 2) v shine
brillar (der. of r-bi send; put) [com.
ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-bi de acuerd /rr-bìì dè
akwèèrrd / v come to an
agreement ponerse de acuerdo
Rbi-rab de acuerrd te r-uchna'reby. They come to an agreement
about when they will marry.' ‘Se
ponen de acuerdo cuando ellos
van a casarse.’ (der. of r-bi send;
put)
r-bi di'dx /bìì dìì'dʒ / v become
engaged (intr) comprometerse en
casarse. Rbi x-ti'dx-reby. They
become engaged. Ellos se
comprometen en casarse. (sem.
domains: idiomidiom.) (der. of r-bi
send; put)
r-bi ge'l /bìì gè'l / v 1) for night to
fall anochecer 2) get dark (of night);
come (of night) anochecer Uri ge'l
The night came. Anocheció (r-bi
send; put, ge'l night at night) [com. ùrìì]
r-bi xa /bìì+ʒaà / v clear up (of
liquid) aclararse (der. of r-bi send;
put)
r-bi'ildy /bì'íldy / v be hung out,
stretched out tenderse; colgarse
[pot. ì ](Related to: rdzi'ildy /dzì'íldy/. )
r-bica /bìká / v get out; exit
quitarse Ubica Juany cwe' carr.
Juan got out of the car. Juan se
quitó del carro. (Related to: rdzica /dzìká/; cf: rtsica /tsìká/. )
r-bidxa' /bíídʒà' / v scold, insult
regañar chi' uri'ab le'en lizba
rrbidxa'ab rrgeb when she came
out of the interior of her house, she
scolded and cursed Cuando salió
r-bidxa'
adentro de la casa, regañó y
maldijo
r-bidxa' ne /bíídʒà'+néé / v
scold regañar Uridxa' ne-b dadgi She scolded the man Ella regañó
al señor Uridxa' ne Juany
xi'ny-ni'. Juan scolded his son. Juan
regañó a su hijo. [com. ùríídxá']
(cf: ridxa' /ríídʒá'+néé/. )
r-big /bííg / v approach; get close
acercar Ubig Juany Juan
approached Juan se acercó [com.
ù-]
r-bildy /bìʰldy / v be destroyed
destruirse Ubildy yu'u cun
corryent. The house was destroyed
by the current. La casa se
destruyó con la corriente. [com.
ù-][pot. ì- ](cf: rtsildy /tsììldy/. )
r-bire /bìréé / v return regresar
Chii-bire Mari salo Juany gu'ld. When Maria returns, Juan will
begin to sing. Cuando regresa
Maria, Juan va a empezar a
cantar. [pot. ì- ]
64
r-bixh1 /bìʰʃ / v be weighed
pesarse
r-bixh2 /bìʰʃ / v roll; turn over; fall
down; be weighed rodar; voltear;
caerse; pesarse Rbixh yag. The
tree fell down. Se cayó el arbol.
Ubixh xob. The corn was weighed
El maíz se pesó (cf: rre'exh /rè'éʃ/. )der. r-bixh la
r-bixh3 /bììʃ / 1) adv^ falling 2) v
turning cayendo Rat ga' bixh
bich. The cat rolls over (on the
ground). Se revuelca el gato
Udixh bixh-bi xhi'ny-bi She let
her child roll over. 3) v fall down 4) v
fall out caerse Ca-bixh yag. The
tree is falling down. Se está
cayendo el árbol. (sem. domains:
non-projnon-proj.) (cf: rgixh /gììʃ/, r-at
bixh /ààt+bììʃ/. )
r-bixh la /rr-bìʰʃ+làà / v
confirm (in a religious ceremony)
confirmar (en una ceremonia
religiosa) Ubixh la bni'. The
child was confirmed. Se conformó
el niño. (sem. domains: 4.9Religion |
r-ca
r-bixh
la
65
Religión.) (der. of r-bixh2 roll; turn
over; fall down; be weighed, la1 name)
[com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-bixhlo /bìʃlòò / v change
cambiar Ubixhlo bich guc-ma
bdxa' The cat changed and became a
witch. El gato cambió y se
convirtió en bruja.
r-bixhti /bììʃtìì / v scream gritar
[com. ù-rììxhtìì][pot. cwíìxhtìì ]
r-biz /bííz / 1) adj^ dry seco 2) v
dry secarse Uzalo-zac-ni rrca'zni ibiz-ni It begins to want to dry out
r-sabiz cause to dry up
r-ca1 /káá / v 1) explode; make a
loud noise hacer ruido fuerte;
disparar Rca pistol Dispara la
pistola The gun made a loud
noise. 2) ring (a bell), play (a
trumpet) sonar, tocar (una
campana, una trompeta)
despues de mis gulorygi
chi'icy ni rrxel campan rrcazac
campan raczacni us After the
glory mass is when the bells are opened
and they ring the bells again. Depues
de la misa de gloria es cuando
se abren las campanas, se
vuelven a usar las campanas
(cf: r-cua' /kwà'/,
di'dx /dìì'dʒ/, yag /yààg/. )
r-ca2 /káá / v 1) hang colgar
Rca-du'uxh mansan There are a
lot of apples hanging up there. Hay
muchos manzanas allá. (sem.
domains: 7.3.2.4.1Hang |Colgar.) 2)
hang from (of fruit); be on (of fruit)
Cad is rr-ca naxh lo yag. Every
year, there is fruit on the tree. Cada
año, el arbol da fruta. (sem.
domains: 7.3.2.4.1Hang |Colgar.) 3)
be located in a high place colgar;
poner; dejar; estar en un lugar
alto Ya' ca mansan The apple is
high up. La manzana está alto.
La nu'-za'c ca-w le'eny amac
Estás bien en la hamaca? (sem.
domains: 8.2.6.3High |Alto.) 4) have
(a birthmark, scar, pimple) on (a part of
the body) tener (una mancha de
nacimiento, un cicatriz, o un
grano) en (una parte del
cuerpo) Le'eby ca toby
beldgito xnia loby. He has a red
portwine stain on his face. El tiene
un lunar rojo en la cara. Ca
toby sen ni'a I have a scar on my
r-ca
66
leg. Tengo un cicatriz en mi
pierna 5) wear (hats, glasses, shoes,
etc.) tener puesto (sombreros,
The bread got moldy. El pan tiene
hongos. (be'e mushroom, r-ca'a
receive) [com. cuàbè']
lentes, zapatos, etc.) Ca sapat
ni -a' I am wearing shoes. Tengo
puesto los zapatos. (sem.
domains: 5.3.7Wear clothing |Usar
prendas de vestir.) 6) leaning
(supported by something) inclinado
7) be (a certain hour) estar (una
hora) Rca tsuptoby It is
r-ca bye'cy /kà+byè'ky / v 1)
spin dar vuelta Bduan
rrcabye'cy. The wind is spinning El
viento da vuelta. 2) spin
(something); beat (something) batir
Cacwabye'cy-a' murrnil I'm
spinning the molinillo Estoy
batiendo el molinillo.
Rcabye'cy Mari naxh. Maria
spins the chocolate Maria hace
espuma el chocolate. 3)
(generally) eleven o'clock (when...)
Son las once. Ca tap-ni' It is four
o'clock. Son las cuatro [com. cwáá]
(Related
to: r-cua /kwáá/. )rca ... mam , r-ca di'n buy on
credit , r-ca gi burn
r-ca ... mam /káá... mààm / v
carry (a baby) on the back cargar (un
bebé) en la espalda Ca xi'ny
Mari mam. Maria is carrying the
baby on her back. María está
cargando el bebé en su
espalda. {This verb is only used for
carrying babies. R-cu dets can be used
for carrying anything on the back
(including babies). }(sem. domains:
7.3.1Carry |Acarrear.) (r-ca2 hang )
r-ca be' /kà+bè' / v get moldy
tener hongo Cwabe' get xtily.
r-ca di'n /kà+dì'n / v buy on
credit comprar fiado Rca di'n-bi
carr He buys a car on credit. El
agarra un carro en crédito. (rca2 hang , r-di'n borrow )
r-ca gi /ká+gìì / v burn
encender Ca-cagi yu' The house
is burning La casa se está
encendiendo. (irreg. infl. ca gi)
(sem. domains: 5.5.4Burn, nonprojnon-proj.) (r-ca2 hang ) [com.
cuàgìì][pot. ì-cágìì ]
r-ca gop /kà+gòʰp / v moisten
humedecer
r-cabgu
r-ca
many
67
r-ca many /kà+mààny / v be
worm-eaten ser carcomido;
carcomerse Cwa many xob The
corn was worm-eaten El maíz
estaba carcomido. (sem. domains:
non-projnon-proj.)
r-ca'a /kà'á / 1) v receive recibir
Cwa'a Juany rregal Juan received
a present Juan recibió un regalo
2) v get, collect agarrar Rca'z-a
ya-ca'a x-galgez-a I want to
collect my guelaguetza Quiero
agarrar mi guelaguetza. 3) v die
morir segun crens dixte rebiny
lo gedxre' rrnirab chi rrca'a
dyos toby biny chi'i Segun la
creencia de la gente de este
pueblo, dicen cuando se muere
una persona (sem. domains:
2.6.6Die |Morir.) (var. sp. var.
cà') [com. cwà'á][pot. ì- ]r-ca be'
get moldy
r-ca'ts /kà'ts / v bury; hide
enterrar; esconder Uca'ts-reb
tu'gu'l They buried the deceased
person. Enterraron el difunto.
[com. ù-][pot. ì-cwá'ts ](cf: rga'ts /gà'ts/. )
r-ca'z /kà'z / v 1) want; love
querer Rca'z-ba xhi'ny-ba. She
loves her child. Ella quiere su
hijo. Rca'z-bi g-u'ld-bi gitarry.
He wants to play the guitar. El quiere
tocar la guitarra. Uca'z Juany
ni-be'e loteri. Juan wanted to win
the lottery. Juan quiso ganar la
lotería. (sem. domains: 3.3Want |
Querer, 4.3.3Love |Amar.) 2) love
amar, querer (sem. domains:
2.6.1.5Romantic love |Amor
romántico.) [com. ù-][pot. ì-; 1st
singular -- gyà' ]
r-cabe /kàbéé / v rot podrirse
Sensi-zi cabe xob The corn rots
easily Facil se pudre el maíz.
[com. cwàbèè]
r-cabgu /káá+bgùù / v knot
hacer nudo Rca bgu It is knotted.
Se hace nudo Uca bgu Juany lo
du'. Juan knotted the rope. Juan
hizo nudo en el mecate. Uca
Juany bgu lo du'. Juan knotted the
rope Juan hizo nudo en el
mecate. Cabgu lo du' The rope is
knotted El mecate tiene nudo.
(bgu knot, r-ca2 hang )
r-cay
68
r-cay /kááy / v 1) get dark
oscurecer Ucay xaiba' The sky
got dark. El cielo se oscureció. 2)
faint desmayarse Ucay Mari.
Maria fainted. Maria se desmayó.
(sem. domains: 2.5.1Sick |Enfermo,
2.5.6Symptom of disease, 2.4.4Tired |
Cansado, 2.5.6.4Lose consciousness |
Pérdida del conocimiento.) 3)
have bad vision sufrir de la vista
Rcay lo xhupa Juany. Juan's
father does not see well. El padre de
Juan no ve bien. {The subject must
be a possessed form of 'eye'. |El sujeto
debe ser una forma poseída de 'ojo'. }
(sem. domains: 2.5.2Disease |
Enfermedad.) [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-cha /tʃáʰ / v fatten engordar
(cf:
dxa1 /dʒáʰ1/. )
r-cha bi /rr-tʃàà+bìì / v inflate
inflar Uchabi Juany begig. Juan
inflated the balloon. Juan infló el
globo. (der. of r-cha' change)
r-cha' /tʃáá' / v 1) trade,
interchange intercambiar i-cha-'
dzit bedy purr xob I will trade
eggs for corn. Yo voy a cambiar
huevos por maiz. 2) change 3) fill
cambiar; llenar Ze-cha-eby
xab-bi. He went to change his
clothes. Se fué a cambiar su
ropa. Ucha-eby ges. He filled the
pot. Llenó la olla. cha bi spongy;
full of air [com. ù][pot. ì- ](cf:
dxa1 /dʒáʰ1/; cf: bi1 /bìì1/, rzu1 /zùù1/. )der. r-cha bi inflate
r-cha'ag /tʃà'ág / v 1) join;
combine juntar (sem. domains:
4.2.1.8.1Join an organization |Unirse
a una organización.) 2) look good
in/with (clothes); for (clothes) to go
well with (someone) quedar bien
Rdxa'ag Mari xab-ni' Maria looks
good in her clothes. Le queda bien
la ropa de Maria. [com. ù-]
(Related to: r-
dxa'ag /dʒà'ág/; cf: rdxa'ag /dʒà'ág/. )der. r-cha'ag
di'dx to come to agreement
r-cha'ag di'dx /rr-tʃà'ág dìì'dʒ
/ v 1) to come to agreement ponerse
de acuerdo Ucha'ag Juany
di'dx cun Mony. Juan came to
agreement with Ramón. Juan y
Ramón se pusieron de
acuerdo. 2) Ucha' ag Juany lo
r-cha'ag r-cua
di'dx
69
di'dx cun Mony. Juan agreed with
Ramón. (der. of r-cha'ag join)
r-cha'ag dib /tʃà'ág+dííb / v
sew, mend, darn coser Ucha'agdib
Juany x-cutony-ni' Juan mended
his shirt. Juan cosió su camisa.
(Related to: r-dxa'g
dib /dʒá'g+dííb/; cf: r-dxa'g
dib /dʒá'g+dííb/. )
r-chag ru'1 /tʃàʰg+rù' / v kiss
(a statue of a saint) besar (a un
santo) Uchagru' Juany dyos.
Juan kissed the statue of the saint.
Juan besó al santo. (cf: r-
aw /àw/. )
r-chag ru'2 /tʃàg+rù' / v kiss
besar Uchagru' Juany nambied
Mari. Juan kissed (the statue of) the
virgin Mary. Juan besó la virgén
Maria. (sem. domains: 4.1.8Show
affection |Mostrar afecto.)
r-chagi'ldy /tʃàgí'ldy / v tickle
cosquillar Rca'z Juany ichagi'ldy Mari. Juan wants to tickle
Maria. Juan quiere hacerle
consquilla a Maria. [pot. ì- ]
r-chel1 /tʃèél / v meet encontrar
(sem. domains: 4.1.3.1Meet for the first
time |Conocerse por primera
vez.)
r-chel2 /tʃèl / v be sought ser
buscado
r-chiby /tʃììby / v frighten hacer
que otro se asuste Uchiby
galgu'ty na' The dead one frightened
me Me asustó el muerto (sem.
domains: pairpair.) (cf: rdxiby /dʒìíby/. )
r-co' /kò' / v mash down; crush;
knead aplastar; amasar i-co'
Mari coab. Maria will knead the
dough. Maria va a amasar la
masa. [com. ù-][pot. ì- ](Related
to: r-go' /gò'/. )
r-cu'n /kù'n / v cause to cry hacer
llorar Ucu'n-bi bdo'. He made the
baby cry. El hizo llorar al bebé.
(Related to: r-u'n /ù'n/. )
r-cua /kwáá / v put (hats, glasses,
etc.) on (another person) ponerle
(sombreros, lentes, etc) a otra
r-cua
persona Uca doctorr lent lo
Mari The doctor put the glasses on
Maria. El doctor le puso los
lentes a Maria. [com. ù-càà][pot.
ì- ](Related to: r-ca2 /káá2/. )
r-cua de /r-kwà+dé / v calm (a
baby) calmar Uca de Juany
bdo'. Juan calmed the baby. Juan
calmó al bebé. (sem. domains:
2.6.4.1.1Care for a baby |Cuidar a
un bebé.) [com. ù-càdé]
r-cua dets /kwá+dèʰts / v
carry on the back cargar en la
espalda Rcua dets Mari bdo'
cun ba'y. Maria carries the baby on
her back in a rebozo. Maria carga
el bebé en la espalda con
rebozo. (sem. domains: 7.3.1Carry |
Acarrear.)
r-cua dya'g /kwà+dyà'g / v
listen to escuchar Cayuny-a purr
i-cuadyag-a re-bni' I'm trying to
listen to the children Trato de
escuchar a los niños. (sem.
domains: non-projnon-proj.) [com. ùcà+dyà'g]der. r-cua dya'g di'dx
pay attention to; obey
70
r-cua dya'g di'dx /rrkwà+dyà'g dìì'dʒ / v pay
attention to; obey prestar atención;
obedecir ity rr-cua'dya'g Juany
x-tidx-a. Juan doesn't obey me Juan
no me obedece. (der. of r-cua
dya'g listen to)
r-cua gi /rr-kwà+gíí / v light;
set on fire encender; prender
Ucagi Juany veladorr Juan lit the
candle. Juan encendio la
veladora. (sem. domains: nonprojnon-proj.) (der. of r-cua' throw;
put; write; grab) [com. ù-cà+gìì][pot. ìcá+gìì ]
r-cua lo /kwà+lòò / v watch;
guard against vigilar; proteger;
cuidar Ca-cua lo serrc-rab resospechos. They are watching the
suspects closely Vigilaban de
cerca a los sospechosos Laeby
rrcualo-eby le'eby ten ity gacbi xi' She's being carefully to avoid
getting the cold. Ella se protege
contra la gripa. A-cacua lo-eby
lode'. She is watching the fire. Ella
está cuidando el fuego. (sem.
domains: 4.4.4.5Protect, 5.5Fire |
Fuego.) [com. ù-cà...][pot. ì- ]
r-cua' r-cua'
xtyug
71
r-cua' /kwà' / v 1) throw; put
tirar; poner 2) write escribir (sem.
domains: 3.5.7.1Write |Escribir.) 3)
make (tortillas) echar (tortillas)
La'eby ity-pa'c-sa rr-cua'-ti-by
get. She never makes tortillas Ella
nunca echa tortillas. Uca'
Juany yes dexh pader Juan put
plaster on the wall Juan enyesó la
pared. Uca' Juany bgu lo du'u.
Juan tied a knot in the rope. Juan
hizo un nudo en el mecate.
[com. ù-cà'](cf: di'dx /dìì'dʒ/,
yag /yààg/, r-ca1 /káá1/. )rcua' xtyug peck at , der. cua' be
sharpened , der. r-cua gi light set on
fire , der. r-cua' di'dx insult
indirectly , der. r-cua' lo sharpen ,
der. r-cua' yag tie
r-cua' descans /kwà' dèskààns
/ v take a rest descansar B-ca'
Juany descans Juan rested Juan
descansó. (sem. domains: 2.4.5Rest |
Descanso.) [com. b-cà'][pot. ì-cuáà' ]
r-cua' di'dx /rr-kwà' dìì'dʒ /
v insult indirectly insultar
indirectamente Rcua' Mari
di'dx Juany. Maria indirectly insults
Juan. Maria insulta indirecta a
Juan. (sem. domains: idiomidiom.)
(der. of r-cua' throw; put; write; grab)
r-cua' du'u /kwà+dù'ú / v
catch with a rope; rope (an animal);
lasso agarrar con mecate
Rcuadu'u-reby gu'n They lasso
the bull. Agarran el toro con el
mecate.
r-cua' lo /rr-kwà' lòò / v
sharpen afilar Ca-cua' biny ngiw
lo guchily. The man is sharpening
the knife El hombre está
afilando el cuchillo. (der. of rcua' throw; put; write; grab)
r-cua' na' /kwà'+nà' / v push
with the hand empujar con la
mano
r-cua' ni' /kwà'+nì' / v kick
patear (sem. domains: non-projnonproj.) [com. ù-cà'nì'][pot. ì-cuàànì' ]
r-cua' xtyug /kwà'+ʃtyúúg /
v peck at picotear Rcua'xtyug
dedy xob. The chicken pecks at the
corn. La gallina picotea el maiz.
(r-cua' throw; put; write; grab,
r-cua' xtyug
xtyug beak)
r-cua' yag /rr-kwà'+yààg / v
1) tie atar; amarrar Uca' xpe'cw-a' yag I tied my dog. Até mi
perro. (sem. domains: idiomidiom.) 2)
spank, hit dar palmadas, pegar
Rcua'yag Juany xhiny-ni'. Juan
spanked his child. Juan le dió
palmadas a su niño. (der. of rcua' throw; put; write; grab, yag
tree)
r-cua'ny /kwá'ny / v wake
(someone) up despertar (a
alguien) Uca'ny Mari Juany.
Maria woke Juan up. Maria
despertó a Juan. [com. ù-cá'ny]
[pot. gì- ](cf: r-bany /bààny/. )
r-cua'ts /kwà'ts / v bury
enterrar B-ca'ts Juany xnan-ni'
Juan buried his mother Juan enterró
su mamá. (sem. domains:
2.6.6.5Bury |Sepultar.) [com. b-cà'ts]
[pot. ì- ]
r-cuats /kwàʰts / v toast tostar icwats Mari gi'ny Maria will toast
the chiles. Maria va a tostar los
chiles. [com. ù-càjts][pot. ì- ]
(Related to: r-gats /gàʰts/. )
72
r-cue'cy /kwè'ky / v put (pants,
etc.) on (another person) ponerle
(pantalones, etc.) en (otra
persona) B-cwe'cy Juany
xpantlon xi'ny-ni' Juan put pants
on his son. Juan le puso
pantalones en su hijo. [com. b-]
[pot. ì-cwé'cy ](Related to: rbe'cy1 /bè'ky 1/. )
r-cue't /kwè't / 1) v deaf sordo
Rcue't dyag Juany. Juan is deaf.
Juan está sordo. (sem. domains:
2.5.4.3Deaf |Sordo.) 2) adj^ deaf (in
compounds) sordo (en frases
compuestos) Use'ngue't rwihed
dyag Juany. The noise left Juan
deaf.
r-da /dàà / v have as its source (of
water), come from (of water) nacer
(de aguas) Rda nis le'en bzye'
The water comes from the well. El
agua viene del pozo.
r-da'1 /dà' / v crawl gatear [com.
ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-da'2 /dá' / v 1) fill llenar Uda'
Juany nis le'en ri'. Juan filled the
jug with water Juan puso el agua
en el cántaro. 2) be in, lie in estar
r-de'e
r-da'
73
en, servirse Rda' bzya le'en
plat The beans fill the plate Los
frijoles se sirven en la plata.
Uxhi'-a nis ni-da' le'en bas I
poured out the water that was in the
bottom of the glass. Tiré el agua
que estaba al bajo del vaso.
r-dae'by na' /dàè'by+náá' /
v stroke; rub; caress acariciar;
asobar Udae'byna' Juany dets
Mari. Juan rubbed Maria's back.
Juan acarició la espalda de
Maria.
r-dal /dàʰl / v increase in number;
multiply aumentar; multiplicarse
Udal bich The cats multiplied. Se
multiplicaron los gatos. [com.
ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-daw /dàw / v taste (a particular
way) saber Nilazy rr-daw
comied The food tastes bad. La
comida no sabe bien. (sem.
domains: 2.3.3Taste |Gusto.) (cf: raw /àw/. )
r-de' /dè' / v thicken cuajar Cade' ques. The cheese is thickening.
El queso está cuajando. [pot. ì- ]
r-de'dy /dè'dy / v 1) give dar
Runy Juany promes i-de'dy
liebrr lo Mari. Juan promises to
give the book to Maria Juan
promete dar el libro a Maria.
Ude'dy toby ies. A year passed
Pasó un año. 2) pass (a location)
pasar Ude'dya tiend. I passed the
store. Pasé a la tienda. 3) pass (of
time) pasar (de tiempo) [com. ù-]
[pot. ì- ]r-de'dy dud breast-feed
r-de'dy bdo' /r-dè'dy bdòò' /
v miscarry abortar Ude'dy
xhi'ny-bi. She miscarried. Ella
abortó su bebé.
r-de'dy dud /dè'dy dùùd / v
nurse, breast-feed dar de mamar
Ca-de'dy-bi dud lo bdu. She is
breast-feeding the baby. Ella está
dando de mamar al bebé. (rde'dy give, dud breast) (cf: ri' /íí'/. )
r-de'e /dè'é / v be rolled up; be
picked up enrollarse; recogerse
Rde'e cabl The cable is rolled up. El
cable se enrolla. (sem. domains:
r-de'e
74
pairpair.) (cf:
r-te'e /tè'é/. )
r-de'z /dè'z / v 1) be hugged
abrazarse Rde'z Mari. Maria was
hugged Maria se abrazó. 2) be sat
upon (of eggs), be brooded, be
incubated empollarse Rde'z
dzitbedy The eggs are brooded. Los
huevos se empollan. (sem.
domains: 1.6.3.1Egg |Huevo.)
(Related
to: r-ge'z /gè'z/. )
r-dedy /dèèdy / v hang suspended
(between two supports); be strung up
(between two supports); be transmitted
(of a disease) colgar (entre dos
puntos); ser transmitida (de
una enfermidad) Ya' dedy cabl.
The cable is strung up El cable está
arriba. Rdedy galgich The disease
is transmitted Se transmite la
enfermedad (Related to: rte'dy /tè'dy/. )
r-di ca /r-dìì+càà / v come out
(from under something), come in (of
teeth) asomar, salir Chi' rdi ca
lay bdo' When the baby's teeth come
in Cuando salen los dientes del
bebé Uri ca eby ru' ventan. He
came up at the window. El asomó
en la ventana. (sem. domains:
2.3.1.5.1Appear |Aparecer,
2.1.1.5Tooth.) [com. ù-rììcàà][pot. ìríícàà ]
r-di' /dìì' / v come out, flow out
salir, sacarse Uri' comid le'en
ges The food came out of the pot. La
comida salió de la olla. Rdi'
guchily The knife comes out. Se
saca el cuchillo. iri' bquiicy
xhi'ny-bi. The nits will be removed
from her child's hair. Se va a sacar
liendre de la cabeza de su hija.
Rdi' reny The blood is flowing Sale
el sangre. Rdi' rrsary icy biny
gu'ty. Hold a wake for the dead.
Hacer el rosario al muerto [com.
ù-rìì'][pot. ì-ríí' ]r-di' xnez
r-di' rsary /díí'+rsàrry / v say
the rosary hacer el rosario (sem.
domains: 4.9Religion |Religión.)
r-di' xnez /dìì'+ʃnèèz / v part
(one's own hair) hacer partidura
(del cabello de sí mismo) Rdi'
xnez icy Mari Maria parts her hair
Maria hace la partidura. (sem.
domains: 2.1.5Hair |Pelo.) (r-di')
(Related to: r-be'e
xnez /bè'é+ʃnèèz/. )
r-doby
r-di'by
75
r-di'by /dì'by / v 1) wash (a part of
one's own body) lavarse (un parte
de su proprio cuerpo) Rdi'by
ni' Juany Juan washes his feet. Se
lavan los pies de Juan. 2) be
washed lavarse Rdi'by lady The
clothes are washed. Se lava la ropa.
[com. ù-][pot. ì- ](cf: rgi'by1 /gì'by1/. )
r-di'ily /dì'íly / v be searched for
buscarse Rdi'ily be'cw The dog is
being searched for. Se busca el
perro (sem. domains: pairpair.)
(Related to: r-gi'ily /gì'íly/. )
r-di'ldy /díí'ldy / v fight pelear
[com. ù-]
r-di'n /dì'n / v 1) borrow pidar
prestado Udi'n Mari ges. Maria
borrowed the pot. Maria pidió
prestado la olla. 2) borrowed
prestado ges di'n borrowed pot
olla prestada 3) affecting someone
else's possession con afecto en la
propriedad de otra persona
Cwa di'n Juany xques Mari.
Juan broke Maria's pot. Juan rompió
la olla de Maria.
r-di'ny /dì'ny / v be engaged to
estar comprometido con Cadi'ny Mari Maria is engaged.
Maria se está pidiendo.
(Related to: r-gi'ny /gì'ny/. )
r-dib /dííb / v be sewn coserse
(Related
to: r-gib /gííb/. )
r-do' /dò' / v be sold venderse
Rdo' bedy porr kil-ni'. Chicken is
sold by the kilo. El pollo se vende
por kilo. i-do' rrefrescw The
drink will be sold. Se va a vender
el refresco. [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
(Related to: r-to' /tò'/. )
r-doby1 /dòòby / v 1) be rolled
up; be covered in estar enrollado 2)
be on (a part of the body) (of bruises or
marks) estar en (una parte del
cuerpo) (de moretones y
manchas) Udoby morad ni'-iby
He has a bruise on his leg. El tiene
un moretón en el pie. (cf:
toby2 /tóóby2/. )
r-doby2 /dóʰby / v run out; give
out; burn out; be used up acabarse
r-doby
Rdoby candel The candle burned
out. Se acabó la vela. (sem.
domains: pairpair.) (cf: rsadoby /sàdòʰby/. )
r-dobya' /dòbyá' / v worry about
preocuparse Rdobya' Mari tu
cun rr-di xi'ny dxa'p-bi. Maria is
worried about who her daughter is
going out with. Se preocupa
Maria con quién sale su hija.
r-dobyu /dóóbyù / v be picked,
pulled off jalarse [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
(cf: r-gobyu /gòòbyù/. )
r-duxh /dùʰʃ / v bark ladrar
[com. ù-][pot. túúxh ]
r-dxa' gix
lady /dʒà'+gìʰʃ+lààdy / v
shed the skin (of snakes) cambiar de
piel (de culebras) Rdxa'gixlady
beld The snake sheds its skin. La
culebra cambia de piel. (gix1
trash; husk; peel, lady clothes)
r-dxa'ag /dʒà'ág / v be joined,
combined juntarse Rdxa'ag ru' iz
the year after a death (lit. the year is
joined) el año despues de un
muerto (Related to: r-
76
cha'ag /tʃà'ág/; cf: rcha'ag /tʃà'ág/. )
r-dxa'g dib /dʒá'g+dííb / v be
mended, darned, repaired coserse
Udxa'g dib x-cutony-a. My shirt
is mended. Mi camisa está
cosido. (r-dib, r-dxa'ag)
(Related to: r-cha'ag
dib /tʃà'ág+dííb/; cf: rcha'ag dib /tʃà'ág+dííb/. )
r-dxag /dʒàʰg / v be weak; be
tired estar debil; estar cansado
Juan is weak, tired Juan está debil;
Juan está cansado [com. ù-][pot. ì]r-sadxag
r-dxaglo v meet encontrarse (sem.
domains: 4.2.1.2Encounter |
Encuentro.)
r-dxe'ech /dʒè'étʃ / 1) v get
angry estar enojado; enojarse
Udxe'ech una ni-u-la'n Mony
x-carr-ni'. The woman was angry
that Ramón stole her car. Se enojó la
mujer que Ramón robó su
coche. 2) adj impatient; irritable
enojón Na-dxe'ch Juany Juan is
irritable Juan es enojón. [com. ù-]
r-dzi'p
r-dxe'ech
77
[pot. gíí-; 1sg: gyà'-; 2sg: gyò' ]
r-dxel /dʒèèl / v 1) find
encontrar Rdxel Juany bzya'
Juan finds beans Juan encuentra
frijoles. 2) be found encontrarse
Udxel nezyu. The road was found.
El camino se encontró [com. ù-]
[pot. ì- ]
r-dxiby /dʒìíby / v 1) be
frightened; fear; be afraid (of)
r-dxiga' /dʒìgá' lòò / v be
surprised by estar sorprendido
por Rchiga' lo Mari prresy.
Maria is surprised by the price El
precio le sorprende a Maria.
r-dya' gi /dyà'+gíí / v smell
sour oler agrio Rdxag Juany The
meat smells sour. El carne huele
agrio. (sem. domains: 2.3.4Smell.)
asustar(se); tener miedo (de)
Udxiby Juany Juan was frightened
Se asustó Juan Rdxiby be'cw
Mari. The dog is afraid of Maria. El
perro le tiene miedo de Maria
2) (cf: r-chiby /tʃììby/. )der. rdxiby lo shut one's eyes (due to
r-dya' giw /dyà'+gíw / v smell
bad oler feo (sem. domains:
being startled); blink
r-dzi'ildy /dzì'íldy / v stretch out,
hang out tender, estirar Udzi'ildy
Mari lady Maria hung out the
clothes. Maria tendió la ropa.
[com. ù-][pot. ì- ](Related to: rbi'ildy /bì'íldy/. )
r-dxiby lo /rr-dʒìíby lòò / v
shut one's eyes (due to being startled);
blink parpadear Udxiby lo
Juany Juan shut his eyes Se asustó
los ojos de Juan Rdxiby loeby. He blinks. El papardea. (sem.
domains: idiomidiom, pairpair,
2.1.1.1Eye.) (der. of r-dxiby be
frightened; fear; be afraid (of))
2.3.4Smell.)
r-dzi /dzì / v stir remover,
agitar, mover Udzi-w lo ges.
Stir the pot Mueve la olla. [com.
ù-]
r-dzi'p /dzì'áp / v pluck (feathers)
desplumar Cadzi'ap-bi bedy.
He's plucking the bird. El está
desplumando el ave.
r-dzib
r-dzib /dzíí'b / v vomit vomitar
Udzib Juany Juan vomited Juan
vomitó. (sem. domains:
2.5.2.3Stomach illness |Enfermedad
del estómago.) [com. ù-]
r-dziby1 /dzìíby / v shake, flap
(wings) sacudir, alatear, Udziby
Mari lady. Maria shook the clothes.
Maria sacudió la ropa. Rdzibyma xhiga-am It shakes its wings
Sacude sus alas. [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-dziby2 /dzìíby / v strain colar
r-dzica /dzìká / v remove quitar
[com. ù-][pot. ì- ](Related to: rbica /bìká/. )
r-dziny /dzììny / v 1) arrive
llegar Despwes ni-udziny
Juan, uzi'i-by sapat. After Juan
arrived, he bought shoes. Despues
de llegar, Juan compró
zapatos. Mes rrdziny-ni axt
tiguan. Mexico extends to Tijuana.
México se extiende hasta
Tijuana. 2)
r-dzire di'dx /dzìrè dìì'dʒ / v
contradict, answer rudely
contradecir, contestar sin
78
respecto Udzire Mari di'dx lo
Juany Maria answered Juan rudely.
Maria contestó a Juan sin
respecto. [com. ù-]
r-eby /èèby / v say decir
“Guen” repyreby” "Okay," they
said. Chi'i chiudzinyrab le'en
dany, reba loreby Then when they
arrived at the mountain, he said to
them, {This word has an optional short
form ree before the subject clitics.
Before the 1st person subject clitic, the
irregular form repy is used. The 1st
person plural is irregular riets=nu. The
form of the verb beginning with the /r-/
prefix is used in both habitual and
completive aspects. There is no distinct
completive form. } [pot. g-éè ]
r-es /èhs / v 1) wake up
levantarse Res Juany rrsily Juan
wakes up early. Juan se levanta
temprano. 2) come off, come up
levantarse Cayes gidy biz nna'
Mari. The scab is coming off Maria's
hand. Se está levantando la
costra seca en la mano de
Maria. [com. gwèjs][pot. chéés ]
r-ga /gàʰ / v 1) be cut (hair); be
shaved cortado (cabello);
afeitado Rgaj icy Juany Juan's
hair is cut Juan se corta el pelo
r-ga'ts
r-ga
79
Rgaj lo Juany Juan shaves. Juan
se afeita. (sem. domains: pairpair,
5.4.3.5Cut hair.) 2) be cut (hair, nails,
maguey) cortarse (pelo, uñas,
maguey) Rga icy Juany Juan had
his hair cut. Juan se corta el pelo.
¿Tu icy uga? Whose hair was cut?
¿A quién se le cortó el pelo?
Uga dob The maguey was cut. Se
cortó el maguey. Uga bxhug
Juany Juan cut his nails. Juan se
cortó las uñas. 3) shave afeitarse
Rga lo Juany Juan shaves himself.
Juan se afeita [com. ù-][pot. ì- or
gì- ](Related to: rgwa /gwàʰ/. )
r-ga'1 /gá' / v grow (of plants, hair,
nails) crecer (de plantas, pelo,
uñas) Rga' bxhug na-' My nails
grow. Mis uñas crecen. [com. ù-]
[pot. ì- ](Contrast: rga' /rrgá'/. )
r-ga' gich
r-ga'2 /gàà' / v take root (of plants)
pegar (de plantas)
r-ga' gich /gà' gììtʃ / v be hairy
estar peludo a-rr-ga'-du'uxh
Juany gich Juan is hairy. Juan está
peludo. (r-ga'1, gich icy hair of
the head)
r-ga'a /gà'á / v 1) be enough, rise
estar bastante, alcanzar ity rrga'a mely-gi chu'u lo-ny. The
money isn't enough to maintain it. El
dinero no alcanza para
mantenerla. Gacche' stal
comid te' i-ga'-in. Make enough
food. Preparar bastante comida
para que alcance. 2) reach
alcanzar [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]r-ga'a
yo'b
r-ga'a yo'b /gà'á+yò'b / v
hiccup hipo Ca-ga'ayo'b lasto
Mari Maria has hiccups. Maria
tiene hipo. (sem. domains:
2.2.2Cough, sneeze, 2.2.1Breathe,
breath |Respirar, respiración.) (rga'a)
r-ga'ts /gà'ts / v be buried
enterrarse a-u-ga'ts tu'gu'l. The
deceased person has been buried. Se
enterró el difunto (sem. domains:
2.6.6.5Bury |Sepultar.) [com. ù-gà'ts]
(cf: r-ca'ts /kà'ts/. )
r-gae'by
80
r-gae'by /gàè'by / v spread; smear
untar; embarrar Rgae'by Juany
bany dexh pader Juan smears mud
on the wall. Juan embarra lodo en
la pared. (var. u-dae'by be
spread; be smeared ) [com. ùdàè'by](Related to: udae'by /dàè'by/. )
Ude'z Juany Mony. Juan hugged
Ramón Juan abrazó a Ramón.
Ge'z bedy tsit bedy. The chicken
is sitting on the eggs. La gallina
está empollando los huevos.
r-gaeny /gàény / v dig escarbar
Cagaeny bni ngiw cun pal. The
man is digging with a shovel El
hombre está escarbando con la
pala. [com. ù-dàény][pot. cáèny ]nirgaeny ba'
r-gi'by1 /gì'by / v 1) wash (a part
of another person's body) lavar (un
parte del cuerpo de otra
persona) Rgi'by Mari na xi'nyni Maria washes her baby's hand.
Maria lava la mano de su bebé
(sem. domains: 5.6.2Bathe |Bañar.) 2)
wash lavar Rgi'by Mari lady
Maria washes the clothes. Maria
lava la ropa. (sem. domains:
5.6.4Wash clothes |Lavar la ropa.)
(cf: r-di'by /dì'by/. )
r-gap /gááp / v slap; hit with the
palm pegar con la palma [com. ù-]
[pot. cájp ]
r-gats /gàʰts / v be toasted
tostarse a-u-gats gi'ny The chile
has been toasted. El chile ya está
tostado. [com. ù-][pot. ì- ](Related
to: r-cuats /kwàʰts/. )
r-ge /géé / v insult, curse
maldecir, insultar [com. ù-dèè]
[pot. quéé ]
r-ge'z /gè'z / v hug; sit on (eggs),
incubate, brood abrazar; empollar
(sem. domains: 4.1.8Show affection |
Mostrar afecto.) [com. ù-dè'z][pot.
qué'z ](Related
)
to: r-de'z /dè'z/.
r-gi'by2 /gì'by / v wash lavar
Mari r-uny tocar quiby lady. It's
Maria's turn to wash the clothes. Le
toca a María a lavar la ropa.
[com. ù-dì'by][pot. quí'by ]
r-gi'dy /gíí'dy / v be stuck, be
sticky estar pegado, pegarse
Rgi'dy-dis-ni na'. It sticks to my
r-gib
r-gi'dy
81
hand. Se pega en mi mano. (sem.
domains: pairpair.) (Related to: r-
qui'dy /kí'dy/. )
r-gi'i /gì'í / v be cooked, be cooking
cocerse, asarse Ca-gi'i get The
tortilla is cooking Se está cociendo
la tortilla. (cf: r-qui'i /rrkì'í/. )
r-gi'ily /gì'íly / v 1) find; look for
buscar Reypyba lo dadgi
qui'ilba xhizi gac reyxhi'nyba
She told the man to find something to
do with his children Le dijo al
señor que busque cómo hacer
con los niños. 2) Ca-gi'ily-reby
rraxt. They are looking for the trail
Están buscando la pista (sem.
domains: pairpair.) [com. ù-dì'íly][pot.
quí'ìly ](Related to: r-
di'ily /dì'íly/; cf:
di'ily /dì'íly/. )
r-gi'ldy /gì'ldy / v be fidgety
estar inquieto [com. ù-]
r-gi'ly /gí'ly / v 1) water; irrigate
regar i-di'ly-nu yag. Let's water
the trees Vamos a regar arboles
Udi'ly Juany re-yag. Juan watered
the trees. Juan regó los arboles.
2) [com. ù-dí'ly][pot. quí'ly ](cf: di'ly
/dí'ly/. )
r-gi'ny /gì'ny / v 1) borrow tomar
prestado Udi'ny Mari get. Maria
borrowed tortillas. Maria pidio
tortillas prestado. 2) propose
marriage to pedir (a casar) Cagi'ny Juany Mari Juan is getting
engaged to Maria. Juan está
pidiendo a Maria. {This verb
needs a male as subject } [com. ù-dì'ny]
[pot. quí'ny ](Related to: r-
di'ny /dì'ny/; Contrast: r-giny
/gííny/; Contrast: gin /gíín/. )
r-gi'ts /gíí'ts / v press on, massage
asobar Gi'ts Juany Juan massages
himself (?) [com. ù-][pot. ì-quíí'ts ]
galgi'ts
r-gib /gííb / v sew coser Ca-gib
biny una The woman is sewing La
mujer está consiendo. [com. ùdííb][pot. quííb ](Related to: r-dib
/dííb/. )
r-gich
82
r-gich /gíítʃ / v have a hangover
tener crudo [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-giche' /r-gììchè' / v snap (the
fingers) tronar (los dedos)
Udiche' eby xbcweny na eby.
She snapped her fingers. Ella tronó
sus dedos. (sem. domains:
7.1.9Move a part of the body |Mover
una parte del cuerpo,
2.1.3.3Finger, toe |Dedos de la
mano/del pie.) [com. ù-dììchè'][pot.
quííchè' ]
r-gid /gííd / v perforate; puncture
perforar Udid-bi gi'ts He
punctured the paper El perforó el
papel. (sem. domains: pairpair.) [com.
ù-dííd](cf: r-ad /áád/. )
r-gidiya' /gììdìyà' / v pinch
pellizcar Udidiye'-eb na. He
pinched me. El me pellizcó. [com.
ù-dììdìyà'][pot. quíídìyà' ]
r-giny /gííny / v hit golpear
¿Xhi cun u-diny Juany be'cw?
What did Juan hit the dog with? Con
qué pegó Juan el perro? [com. ùdììny][pot. quííny; 1pl: ì-dííny ]
(Contrast:
r-gi'ny /gì'ny/. )
r-git /gííʰt / v play jugar galrgit
r-git ne /gíít+néé / v play with;
flirt with jugar con; conquetar a
Rgit-ne Mari Juany. Maria plays
with Juan; Maria flirts with Juan.
Maria juega con Juan; Maria
conqueta a Juan.
r-gixh /gììʃ / v 1) put (on a low
surface; on the ground) poner
Udixh-a' le'en lo yu'u. I put it on
the ground. Lo puse en el suelo.
Udixh sa Juany mely lo yu'u.
Juan put the coin down face up on the
ground. Juan puso la moneda
boca arriba en el suelo. 2) pay
pagar ity Juany ni-gixh na'. Juan
didn't pay me. Juan no me pagó. 3)
ity-a' quixh-a' lo-w te sop
naxi-du'uxh-ni. I won't pay because
the soup was too salty. 4) [com. ùdììxh][pot. quíìxh; 1pl ì-díìxh=nù ]
(Related
to: r-axh /ààʃ/; cf: r-
bixh3 /bììʃ3/, r-at
bixh /ààt+bììʃ/. )
r-go' /gò' / v be kneaded; be
mashed; be crushed amasarse;
aplastarse (Related to: rco' /kò'/. )
r-gu
lo
r-gob
83
r-gob /gòəb / v smoke (cigarettes)
fumar (sem. domains: 5.2.4Tobacco |
Tabaco.) [com. ù-dòàb][pot. cóàb ]
r-gob xi' /r-góəb+xí' / v inhale
(something), snort inhalar, jalar
(por la nariz), esnifar Rgob xi'
iby cocain. He snorts cocaine. El
inhala cocaina. {This can be used
for inhaling anything, such as an
asthma inhaler. |Esta palabra se usa
para todo tipo de inhalar, también con
inhalador para asma. }(sem. domains:
5.2.5Narcotic |Nartcóticos,
2.5.7.2Medicine |Medicina.)
r-gobyu /gòòbyù / v pick, pull
off jalar Cobyu Juany mansan
Juan will pick the apple. Juan va a
jalar la manzana. [com. ù-dòòbyù]
[pot. cóòbyù ](cf: rdobyu /dóóbyù/. )
r-gu che'1 /gù+tʃè' / v put
(inside) meter Uluche' Len xmel-ni' le'en x-pux-ni' Elena put
her money in her purse. Elena metió
su dinero en su bolsa (sem.
domains: pairpair.) (r-gu' put; paint;
perform) [com. ù-][pot. chú+chè' ]
(Related to: r-yu'
che' /yù'+tʃè'/. )
r-gu che'2 /gù+tʃè' / v guard,
keep safe; save guardar; ahorrar
Uluche' Juany mely. Juan saved
money Juan ahorró dinero. (sem.
domains: 4.4.4.5Protect, 6.8.1.4Store
wealth |Acumular riqueza.) (rgu' put; paint; perform) [com. ù-][pot.
cúúchè' ]
r-gu cue' /gùù+kwè' / v put to
the side; put aside poner al lado
Rgu cue'-eby get He puts the
tortillas aside. El pone las tortillas
al lado
r-gu icy /gùù+ííky / v put the
head in; stick the head in poner la
cabeza en Uluicy be'cw le'en
ges. The dog stuck his head in the pot.
El perro puso su cabeza en la
olla.
r-gu lo /gùù+lòò / v keep an eye
on; point (something); aim poner la
vista en; apuntar Rgu lo Juany
pelot Juan keeps his eye on the ball
Juan le pone la vista a la
pelota. Rgu lo Juany pistoly.
Juan points the pistol. Juan apunta
r-gu lo
con la pistola. (sem. domains: nonprojnon-proj.)
r-gu ludx /gùù+lùùdʒ / v stick
the tongue (into or onto something)
poner la lengua (en algo)
Rguludx-bi le'en nis He sticks his
tongue in the water. El pone su
lengua en el agua (sem. domains:
non-projnon-proj.)
r-gu na' /gùù+nàà' / v put the
hand in meter la mano en
Rguna'-eby le'en ges. He puts his
hand in the pot. El mete su mano
en la olla.
r-gu xbildy /gùù+ʃbííldy / v
hit with the elbox pegar con el
codo; dar codazos Rguxbildybi Juany They elbow Juan. Le da
codazos a Juan (sem. domains:
non-projnon-proj.) (xbildy elbow)
r-gu' /gù' / v 1) put; paint; perform
poner; pintar; hacer Ca-gu'reby pintur pader They are
painting the wall Están pintando la
pared ity bxhuz ni-gu' mias.
The priest didn't perform the mass. El
sacerdote no hizo la misa. 2) put
(a ring, hat, etc.) on (another person)
poner (anillo, sombrero, etc.) a
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(otra persona) Ulu' Juany
gibnil xbcweyn na' Mari Juan
put a ring on Maria's finger. Juan le
puso un anillo en el dedo de
Maria. (var. irreg. infl. , lu'
irregular stem of rrgù' 'put' )
[com. ù-lù'][pot. cú'; 1pl: ì-lúú ]
(Related
to: n-u'u1 /ù'ú1/;
Related to: r-yu' /yù'/. )r-gu
che'1 put (inside) , r-gu che'2 save ,
r-gu che'2 save
r-gu'ch1 /gù'tʃ / v wash the
hair/head (of another person) lavar el
cabello/la cabeza (de otra
persona) Rgu'ch Mari xi'ny-ni'
Maria washed the hair of her child.
Maria lavó el cabello de su
niño. (Related to: ruch2 /ùʰtʃ2/. )
r-gu'ch2 /gù'tʃ / v mix mezclar
r-gu'ld /gú'ld / v wither; shrivel
machitarse Rgu'ld gie'. The
flower withers La flor se marchita
(sem. domains: 1.5.6Growth of plants |
Crecimiento de plantas.) [com.
ù-](Related to: r-sagu'ld/. )
r-gu'uny1 /gù'úny / v comb
(another person's) hair peinar el
r-guy'
r-gu'uny
85
cabello (de otra persona) Cagu'ny Mari icy Juany Maria is
combing Juan's hair. A Juan Maria
está peinando. La'-ez-bi r-gu'nba icy-bi. She only combed her hair.
Nada mas a ella la peinaba.
(sem. domains: 5.4.3Care for hair.)
[com. ù-lù'úny][pot. cú'ny ](Related
to: ry-u'uny /ù'úny/; Related
to: r-yu'uny /yù'úny/. )
r-gu'uny2 /gù'ùny / v scratch
rascar Juany r-gu'uny nna-ni'
Juan scratches his hand. Juan se
rasca la mano. Ulu'uny Juany
te'xh-ni' Juan scratched his body.
Juan se rascó el cuerpo. (sem.
domains: 5.4.7Care for the fingernails.)
[com. ù-lù'ùny]
r-gua'd /guà'd / v give (as a gift)
regalar Uga'd xparo'-ni' liz-ni'
na'. My grandfather gave me his
house. Mi abuelo me regaló su
casa. (sem. domains: 6.8.3.1Give,
donate |Dar, donar.) [com. ù-gà'd]
[pot. ì- ]
r-guadx /gùàdʒ / v wet mojar
Chi'i rr-guadx-rab yu cun
mascal Then they wet the earth with
mescal. Entonces mojan la tierra
con mescal. [com. ùgààdx][pot.
ìguáàdx ](Related to: r-
adx /ààdʒ/. )
r-gubi /gùùbíí / v throw tirar
[com. ù-lùùbíí][pot. cúúbìì ]
r-gue /güé' / v talk platicar
Bgwe' du'uxh-bi dich He talked a
lot. El habló mucho. (sem.
domains: 3.5.1.2Talk about a subject.)
[com. b-][pot. í- ]
r-gue' dich /güè' dììtʃ / v talk
hablar Rgue'-ga' Mari dich raw-g-eby. Maria is talking and
eating. Maria está hablando y
comiendo.
r-guni' /gùù+ní' / 1) v kick
patear Uxel caj chiu-luni'
Juany le'en. The box opened when
John kicked it Se abrió la caja
cuando Juan la pateó. (sem.
domains: non-projnon-proj.) 2) [com.
ù-lùù+ní']
r-guy' /gùy' / v bake hornear,
cocer Rguy' Mari get xtily
Maria bakes the bread. Maria coce
el pan. (Related to: r-
r-guy'
ay' /ày'/. )
r-gwa /gwàʰ / v 1) cut (hair,
nails);shave (another person) cortar
(pelo, uñas); afeitar (a otra
persona) Rguaj Mariicy Juany.
Maria cuts Juan's hair Maria corta
el cabello de Juan. Rguaj
Juany lo`-ni' Juan shaves (his own
face). Juan se afeita. Rgwa
Mony lo Juany. Ramon shaves
Juan. Ramón afeita a Juan {This
verb can be used for shaving/cutting
(hair, nails of) another person. It can
also be used for cutting your own
hair/nails. Contrast this with r-ga,
which can only be used for
cutting/shaving a part of your own
body. }(sem. domains: 5.4.3.6Shave |
Rasurar, 5.4.7Care for the
fingernails, 5.4.3.5Cut hair.) 2) shave (a
part of your body) afeitar (un parte
de su proprio cuerpo) Rgwa
Mari cu'dy-ni' [com. ù-gàà][pot. ì- ]
(Related to: r-ga /gàʰ/. )
r-gwa'cw /guà'kw / v put (a shirt,
etc) on (another person) poner (una
camisa, etc.) a (otra persona)
Ca-gwa'cw Juany x-cutony
xi'ny-ni' Juan is putting the shirt on
his son. Juan está poniendo la
86
camisa a su hijo. [com. ù-gà'cw]
[pot. ì-, gí- ](Related to: racw /àʰkw/. )
r-gway /gwàày / v put (a skirt,
etc.) on (another person) poner
(falda, etc.) a (otra persona)
Ugay Mari fald xi'ny-ni' Maria
put the skirt on her daughter. María
le puso la falda a su hija.
Rgway bi zu'dy bdo' She puts the
diaper on the baby. Ella le pone el
pañal al bebé [com. ù-gàày][pot. gígwàày ](Related to: r-ay /àày/. )
r-gwaz /gwààz / v bathe (another
person) bañar (a otra persona)
Ugaz Mari xi'ny-ni' Maria bathed
her child. María bañó a su bebé.
(sem. domains: 5.6.2Bathe |Bañar.)
[com. ù-gààz][pot. ì- ](Related to:
r-az /ààhz/. )
r-gwi' /gwìì' / v see ver Rca'z
Juany igwi' la'a-reby Juan wants
to see them Juan las quiere ver.
(sem. domains: 2.3.1See |Vista,
2.1.1.1Eye.) [com. b-][pot. ì ]
r-gwi' dzits /r-gwìì'+dzìts / v
stare at mirar fijo
r-ia'ch
r-gya'n
87
r-gya'n /gyà'n / v feed
alimentar
r-i1 /íì / v 1) be piled up estar en
montoncito Ri bzya lo mes The
beans are piled up on the table. Los
frijoles están en la mesa. 2) be
put ponerse Ri bzya lo mes. [pot.
cwíì ]
r-i2 /ìì / v go ir ity-cha' Juany ni
lo gye' Maybe Juan didn't go to the
market (var. irreg. infl. cho' we
will go ; irreg. infl. chi will go
; irreg. infl. byo'n we went ;
irreg. infl. za'a) [com. güìì][pot.
chíí ](cf: byo'n /byó'n/; cf:
chi /tʃíí/. )
r-i3 /ìì / v be (of groups of things
massed together) estar Uri re-be'z
lo mes. The pumpkin seeds were on
the table. Estuvieron las semillas
de calabaza en la mesa.
r-i' /íí' / v 1) drink beber; tomar
2) nurse, suckle mamar Cayi' bdo'
dud. The baby is nursing. El bebé
está mamando. (sem. domains:
2.6.4.1.1Care for a baby |Cuidar a
un bebé.) [com. gúú'][pot. gíí' ](cf:
r-de'dy dud /dè'dy dùùd/. )
r-i'ty /íí'ty / v be folded; be
crooked; be twisted estar doblado;
estar chueco; estar torcido a-bi'ty re-x-pantlon-a' My pants are
folded Mis pantalones están
doblados. N-i'ty-ni. It is folded.
Está doblado. (sem. domains:
pairpair.) [com. b-](Related to: rsi'ty /síí'ty/; cf: r-si'ty /síí'ty/.
)
r-i'u /íí'ú / v be extinguished, go out
apagarse Ri'u candel The candle
goes out. Se apaga la vela . (sem.
domains: 5.5.3Extinguish a fire |
Apagar un fuego.) [com. b-][pot.
g- ](Related
to: r-si'u /síí'ú/. )
r-ia'ch /ià'tʃ / v 1) fail to (do
something) faltar que (haga algo)
Ria'ch quiby Mari lady Maria
failed to wash the clothes. Falta que
Maria lave la ropa. 2) lack enough
faltar Beny-du'uxh Mari dziny
te parr ity ya'ch re-xhi'ny-bi
Maria worked a lot so that her children
would lack nothing. Maria trabajó
r-ia'ch
mucho para que nada le falta a
sus hijos [pot. yá'ch ]
r-ia'xh /íà'ʃ / v be pulled out by the
roots arrancarse Bia'xh lechug
The lettuce was pulled out by its roots.
La lechuga se arrancó. [com.
bíà'xh][pot. gíà'xh ](Related to: r-
lda'axh /ldà'áʃ/. )
r-ia'zy /ìáá'zy / v be stuck,
ingrown estar puesto; estar
clavado, enterrado Ria'zy clav
The nail is stuck in. El clavo está
clavado. N-ia'zy toby bxhug
Mari. Maria has an ingrown
fingernail. Maria tiene una uña
enterrada. (sem. domains: pairpair,
5.4.7Care for the fingernails,
8.2.7.3Wedged in, stuck |Encajar,
atorar.) (Related to: r-
sia'zy /sìáá'zy/. )der. r-ia'zy
di'dx be offensive
r-ia'zy di'dx /ìáá'zy dìì'dʒ / v
be offensive ofender Ria'zy xti'dx Juany Juan's words are
offensive. (der. of r-ia'zy be stuck)
r-iab /iàʰb / v fall caer B-iab
nisgi' Rain fell. Llovió. B-iab
gey' Snow fell. Nevó. B-yab toby
88
got. A drop fell. Se cayó una
gota. [com. b-]der. r-iab nisgi rain
, der. r-iab nisgi rain , der. r-yab
la be (someone's) birthday
r-iab nisgi /iàʰb nììsgìì / v rain
llover (sem. domains: 1.1.3.3Rain |
Lluvia.) (der. of r-iab fall, der. of riab fall)
r-iac /iàʰk / v cure (oneself), heal
curarse (sem. domains: pairpair.)
[pot. yáác ](cf: r-syac /syàʰk/. )
r-iach /iàʰtʃ / v be infected, be
filled with pus estar pudriendo
Ryach lo ge'dx. The pimple is
infected. El grano está
pudriendo. (cf: r-ach1 /àʰtʃ1/. )
r-ialo /iàlòò / v 1) stop, be
complete terminarse,
completarse a-byalo estud xte
Mari Maria's studies are completed
Se completaron los estudios de
Maria. 2) finish terminar a-byalo u-ya'a Juany Juan finished
dancing Juan terminó de bailar
{Requires matching aspect on the verb
of its complement. } (var. irreg.
infl. , chalo will finish ) [com. b-]
[pot. chálòò ]
r-ine
r-ie'
89
r-ie' /iè' / v be spread on/over
untarse, embarrarse N-ie'
mantequi lo get xtily The butter is
spread on the bread. La
mantequilla está untada en el
pan. Bi'e za lady Grease is smeared
on the cloth. La tela está
embarrada. [com. b-í'`e](cf: rze' /zè'/. )
r-ie'd /iè'd / v come; return venir;
volver ity re-bin una ny-ed. The
women didn't come Los mujeres
no vinieron. La'ab itiru g-ye'dba. He's not going to come back El
no va a volver (var. irreg. infl.
, da' Come! (imperative) ; sp.
var. zì'd) [com. b-][pot. yèé'd ](cf:
zi'd /zíə'd/. )der. rie'd gedx lyu
be born
r-ie'n /ìè'n / v remain quedar
toby-ba ze; stoby-ba bya'n. One
went and one remained. Uno se fué
y el otro se quedó. Despwes
ni-guty chel Mari, bie'n-ti-by
byud. After the death of her husband,
Maria remained a widow. Despues
de la muerte del esposo de
Maria, ella quedó viuda. (var.
irreg. infl. , ye'n will remain )
[com. b-][pot. gyé'n ](cf:
ye'n /yé'n/. )
r-iel v bloom (of flowers) florecer
Biel gie' lo yag. Flowers bloomed
on the tree. El arbol floreció. (sem.
domains: 1.5.6Growth of plants |
Crecimiento de plantas.) [com.
b-][pot. yé'l ]
r-iepy /ièhpy / v 1) rise inflar
Biepy Juany lo yag. Juan went up
the tree. Juan se subió al arbol.
Biepy cob The dough rose Se
subió la masa. 2) ascend; climb; go
up subir(se) Rye'py-bi lo yag He
climbs the tree El se sube en el
arbol. Rye'py nis The water is
raised El agua se saca. Rye'py
Juany lo squilierr Juan goes up the
stairs. Juan se sube en la
escalera [com. b-][pot. yéépy ]
r-ine /ìì+néé / v 1) take 2) wear
llevar, tener puesto Rinine
Juany cutony. Juan wears a shirt.
Juan lleva una camisa. 3) carry
llevar Ruchna'-xga-reby
despues de ni-r-uchna'-reby
r-ine
zac g-ine-rab bni' dxa'p,
peroantes xte' mo'd. ‘First they
marry; after they marry, they can move
the bride, but not before.’ Primero se
casan; despues de que se
casan, se pueden llevar a la
novia, pero antes no.’ ity rine
Mari re xi'ny-ni lo gye' Maria
doesn't go to the market with her
children Maria no va al mercado
con sus niños. [pot. g- ]
r-inity /ìnííty / v be lost
perderse; estar perdido [com. güìnííty]
r-iny /ííny / v cost costar Riny
ga'i dolar It costs five dollars.
Cuesta cinco dolares. [com. gwííny][pot. ch-íìny ]
r-la'1 /là' / 1) v be saved se salvar
2) v be saved estar salvado [com.
ù-](cf: lda'2 /ldà'2/, rlda'1 /ldà'1/, r-ac
lda' /àʰk+ldà'/. )
r-la'2 /r-là'á / v 1) divorce
divorciar Ula' Juany Marii. Juan
divorced Maria. Juan y Maria se
divorciaron. (sem. domains:
2.6.1.4Divorce |Divorcio.) 2) loosen;
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set free soltar
r-la'a /là'á / v 1) break romperse
Ula'a gesgie' The piñata broke. La
piñata se rompió. 2) prepare land,
break up the soil before planting
preparar la tierra, Rla'a yu. The
soil is prepared. Se prepara la
tierra a-u-la'a lo yu. The ground is
broken. La tierra está preparada.
(Related to: r-lda'1 /ldà'1/. )
r-la'n /la'n / v steal robar
Uche'ech una ni-u-la'n Mony
x-carr-ni'. The woman was angry
that Ramón stole her car. Se enojó la
mujer que Ramón robó su
coche. [com. ù-]
r-la'z /là'z / v put in/under (into a
tight space) meter; estacar Ula'zbi peryod ru' pwerrt He stuck the
magazine in the door. El estacó el
periodico en la puerta
r-lda'1 /ldà' / v 1) break; break ears
off; plough quebrar; pizcar; arar;
romper Ulda'-eby gesgie'. He
broke the piñata. El rompió la
piñata. Ca-lda'-eby gel He's
breaking ears off the cornstalks. El
está pizcando. 2) prepare land,
r-ldis
r-lda'
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break up soil preparar la tierra
Rlda'-eby yu He ploughs. El ara.
[com. ù-](Related to: r-
la'a /là'á/; cf: lda'2 /ldà'2/, rac lda' /àʰk+ldà'/, rla'1 /là'1/; cf: r-lda'2 /ldà'2/, rac lda' /àʰk+ldà'/. )
r-lda'2 /ldà' / 1) v loose; slack 2)
loosen flojo a-u-lda' lo du'u The
rope is slack now. Ya está flojo el
mecate. Usa-lda-' lo du'u I
loosened the rope. Ya lo aflojé el
mecate. Ulda-' be'cw. I let the dog
loose. Solté el perro. (sem.
domains: non-projnon-proj.) (cf: rlda'1 /ldà'1/, r-ac
lda' /àʰk+ldà'/. )
para cocinar.) [pot. ì- ](Related
to: r-salda'by /sáldà'èby/. )rsalda'by boil (something)
r-lden v grow (of plants, children)
nacer, crecer, brotar Calden
gel. The cornfield is growing. La
milpa está brotando. (sem.
domains: 2.6.4.6Grow, get bigger |
Crecer, hacerse grande.) [com.
ù-](Related to: r-salden/. )
r-ldi'i /ldì'í / v lick lambiar (sem.
domains: 2.1.1.4Mouth.)
r-ldi'iby /ldí'íby / v tie atar;
amarrar Uldiby-a' la'am cun gi.
I tied it to a rock. Lo amarré con
una piedra. Ca-ldi'iby bni ngiw
le'eny yag. The man is tying the
firewood. El hombre está
amarrand la leña. [com. ù-][pot. ì;
1sg: gyá'- ]
r-lda'axh /ldà'áʃ / v pull out by
the roots arrancar [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
(Related to: r-ia'xh /íà'ʃ/. )
r-ldiepy v raise subir Rldipy Mari
x-tsi'-ni' Maria raises her voice.
Maria sube la voz.
r-lda'by /ldà'èby / v boil
hervirse Sensi-zi rr-lda'by nis
The water boils easily Facil se
hierve el agua (sem. domains:
5.2.1.1Cooking methods |Métodos
r-ldis1 /ldíís / v wake (someone),
pick up levantar Uldis Juany mel
Juan picked up the money Juan
levantó el dinero Guildis Mari
Juany Maria went to wake Juan up.
r-ldis
Maria fué a levantar a Juan.
r-ldis2 /ldíís / v 1) cause to get up;
get (someone) up; wake (someone) up
levantar Uldiszac dadgi la'areby stoby. The man woke them up
again Los levantó el señor otra
vez. 2) raise levantar Uldis na'-u
Raise your hand! ¡Levantate la
mano! [com. ù-]
r-ldob /ldóóəb / v sweep barrer
Caldoab-bi lolde' He's sweeping
the patio. El está barriendo en el
patio. Uldob Mari gey' lolde'
Maria swept the ice off the patio.
Maria barrió el hielo del patio
(sem. domains: 5.6.5Sweep, rake |
Barrer, rastrillar.) [com. ù-]
r-ldoby /ldooby / v breathe, blow
soplar Rldoby Juany lode'. Juan
blows on the fire. Juan sopla al
fuego. (sem. domains: 2.2.1Breathe,
breath |Respirar, respiración.)
[com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-ldu'uxh /ldù'úʃ / v finish,
complete terminar, completar
Uldu'uxh Juany secundarry,
Juan finished high school. Juan
terminó la secundaria. [com. ù-]
[pot. ì- ]
92
r-ldya' /ldyà' / v smell oler Nix
u-ldya' sop. The soup smelled good
La sopa olió rico Rldya' mew
Juany Juan smells dirty. Juan huele
sucio (sem. domains: 2.3.4Smell.)
r-ldya'n /ldyà'án / v be hungry
tener hambre Uldya''n Juany
Juan was hungry Juan tenía
hambre Beny-du'uxh Mari
dziny te parr ity ilda'n re-xi'ny
Maria worked hard so that her children
would not be hungry. Uldya'an
Juany Juan was hungry Juan tenía
hambre [pot. ì- ]galrdya'an
hunger , rldya'n
r-le't /lè't / v 1) empty; gut (an
animal) vaciar; limpiar Ule't-bi
ges He emptied the jar. El vació la
olla. Rle't le'en conew. They gut
the rabbit. Limpian el conejo.
Ule't Juany bany le'en bzye'
Juan dug out mud from the well. Juan
escarbó de lodo del pozo.
{Lè'èn in the second example turns out
to be a body part noun. See tests with a
resumptive pronoun at 14:081 } 2)
[com. ù-](Related
cf: let /lèèt/. )
to: r-let /lèʰt/;
r-nala'z
r-let
93
r-let /lèʰt / v be empty; be emptied
vaciarse Ulet le'en caj. The box
was emptied. Se vació la caja.
[com. ù-][pot. ìléét ](Related to: rle't /lè't/. )
r-li'w /lì'w / v 1) appear; look like
aparecer; mirarse Xhumbrel re'
rli'w zicy xhumbrel u' This hat
looks like yours Este sombrero se
mira como tuyo Rli'w lagi-b He
looks handsome. El se ve guapo.
Rli'w yab nisgi. It looks like it will
rain. Se mira que va a llover. 2)
show mostrar; enseñar Uliwa'
retrat lo Juany I showed the photo
to Juan Enseñé la fotografía a
Juan. Rli'w-bi coch x-miegwbi. He showed the car to his friend
[com. ù-][pot. ì- ]r-li'w na point at
r-li'w lagi /lì'w+lágìì / adj be
pretty; be handsome; be goodlooking
estar bonito; estar guapo Rli'w
lagi-b He looks handsome. El se ve
guapo.
r-li'w na /lì'w+nnáá / v point
out señalar con el dedo Rliw na
Juany ubidx Juan points at the sun.
Juan señala el sol. (r-li'w
appear; look like show, nna' hand)
r-lo' /lò' / v 1) be carried away by
water Ulo' bni' perr ity-bi ny-atbi. The boy was carried way by the
water, but he didn't drown. 2) be
flooded (with s.t.) estar inundado
Ulo' gew cun gey'. The river is
flooded with ice El río está
inundado con hielo [com. ù-]
r-lo=xga rni /lòò=ʃgáà
rrnìì / v warn, advise advertir
Lo-xgauni'-a li I warned you. Te
lo advertí. (r-ni1 say, lo face to; in;
on)
r-na' /náá' / v 1) see 2) look at ver;
mirar [com. ù-]
r-nab /nááb / v ask for pedir
Rnab Juany xhigaw-ni' Juan
asked for his food. Juan pidió su
comida [com. ù-]
r-nabdidx /náábdììdʒ / v ask
preguntar [com. ù-]
r-nala'z /nà+là'z / v remember
acordarse Rnala'z Juany Mari.
Juan remembers Maria. Juan se
r-nala'z
acuerda de Maria. (sem. domains:
3.2.6Remember |Recordar.) [com.
ù-]
r-ne'ez /nè'éz / v 1) catch; touch
agarrar; tocar; cazar; pescar
Trabagw i-ne`ez polisi ngi'w It
is hard for the police to catch the man
Es dificil para la policia en
agarrar el hombre Rne'ez bich
bziny The cat catches the mouse. El
gato caza el ratón. 2) Une'ezreby conew. They caught the rabbit
Agarraron el conejo 3) [com. ù-]
[pot. ì- ]
r-ni1 /nìì / v 1) say rye'tsnu
nirrnirab porr usos y
costumbres decimos, que
dicen por usos y costumbres 2)
speak decir; hablar [pot. ì- ]rlo=xga rni warn, advise , der. rni
guzi'w thunder , der. rni yo agree
to , id. rni lo bca'ld dream
r-ni2 /níí / v move moverse
r-ni'dx /nì'ídʒ / v give (to me, us)
dar (a mí, a nosotros) Uni'dxbi toby librr danun He gave us a
book El nos dió un libro. Toby
biny ngiw uni'dx golpy na' A
man hit me. Un hombre me dió
94
un golpe toby bxhuaz uni'dxba librr-re' na'. A priest gave me
that book. Un sacerdote me dió
ese libro. Bal quixh-u lo-a, na
i-nidx-a' carr li. If you pay me, I
will give you the car Si me pagas,
te doy el carro. Uni'dx xparo-a
liz-ni' na' My grandfather gave me
his house. Mi abuelo me regaló
su casa. [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-nibe /níbè / v make; cause
hacer Le'-eby u-nibe-eby
Juany b-e't xob. She made Juan
grind corn. Ella hizo que Juan
moliera el maíz. [com. ù-]
r-nity /nííty / v be lost; disappear
estar perdio; desaparecer
r-nitylo /níítylòò / v disappear
desaparecer ity rrnitylodin
nunca se desaparecen
r-nixca'ld /nííʃká'ld / v dream
soñar Rnixca'ld Juany Juan
dreams. Juan sueña Rnixca'ld
rrnia Juany. Juan has bad dreams.
Juan tiene pesadilla/Juan
sueña feo.
r-nixca'ld
rnia /nííʃká'ld+rrnííà / v
r-qui'ny
r-nixca'ld
rnia
95
have a nightmare tener
una
pesadilla Unixca'ld rrnia
Juany. Juan had a nightmare. Juan
tenía una pesadilla.
r-nixhi'w /nííʃí'w / v 1) tell a lie;
prevaricate mentir Rni xhi'wdu'uxh-u' You lie a lot. Eres muy
mentiroso. 2) lie der. r-nixhi'w
ne trick lie prevaricate tell a lie
r-nixhi'w ne /rrnííʃì'w+néé / v trick; trick,
deceive engañar Rnixhi'w ne
Mari Juany. Maria tricks Juan
Maria engaña a Juan. Unixhi'w
ne Juany Mari. Juany deceived
Maria. Juan engañó a Maria. (der.
of r-nixhi'w lie prevaricate tell a lie)
r-qui'dy /kí'dy / v 1) stick pegar
Uqui'dy Juany gie'ts ya'. Juan
stuck the paper up. Juan pegó el
papel arriba. 2) (sem. domains:
pairpair.) [com. ù-][pot. ì- ](Related
to: r-gi'dy /gíí'dy/. )
r-qui'i /rr-kì'í / v roast, toast
tostar Rqui'i Mari gi'ny Maria
roasts the chile Maria tuesta el
chile. (cf: r-gi'i /gì'í/. )
r-qui'ny1 /kì’ny / v eat comer
[com. ù-]
r-niya /nììyàà / v say unkind
things about; talk bad about hablar
mal de re-biny-ga rr-niya-rab
na' Those people are saying bad things
about me. Esas personas hablan
mal de mí.
r-qui'ny2 /kì'ny / v 1) need to (do
something) necesita (hacer algo)
Rqui'ny si Juany lady Juan needs
to buy clothes. Juan necesita
comprar ropa. 2) need necesitar
Rqui'nyni nis It needs water.
Necesita agua 3) eat, drink
(respectful) comer, beber, tomar
(con respecto) te rrqui'nyrab
get gu' cun nisya'b panel then
r-niya' /nìyá' / v foretell, predict,
cure advinar, curar
entonces comen los tamales
con el atole de panela
they eat tamales with atole de panela
r-ra
r-ra1 /ràʰ / v for there to be no more
of (something) acabarse Uraj
mansan There were no more apples
Se acabaron las manzanas.
[com. ù-ràj][pot. ì-ráj ](Related to:
r-sara /sàràʰ/. )r-sara finish use
up; cause there to be no more of
r-ra2 /raa / v for night to end
amanecer Ura ge'l Night ended.
Amaneció [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-raya' /ràyá' / v be grated
rasparse (sem. domains: pairpair.)
(Related to: rtyaya' /tyàyá'/. )
r-re'exh /rè'éʃ / v weigh; weigh
down on; turn over pesar; voltear
Rre'exh Juany sucrr. Juan weighs
the sugar. Juan pesa el azucar.
ire'xh-a' Juany. I'm going to weigh
Juan. Voy a pesar a Juan.
Ure'exh Mari get. Maria turned the
tortilla over. Maria volteó la
tortilla. [com. ù-][pot. ì- ](cf: rbixh2 /bìʰʃ2/. )
r-ri' /ríí' / v take off (clothes)
desvestirse Uri' xab Juany Juan
took off his clothes Juan se
96
desvistió [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-ri' reny /rì' rèèny / v bleed;
give blood sangrar Ca-ri' Juany
reny Juan is giving blood Se le está
sacando sangre a Juan.
r-rica /rìkàʰ / v 1) come in (of
teeth, grey hairs) salir (de dientes,
canos) A-carica lay bdo' The
baby's teeth are coming in. Ya viene
saliendo los dientes del bebé.
2) appear aparecer Irica fantasm
lo Juany. The ghost will appear to
John Se va a aparecer el
fantasma á Juan. Acagwi'-rab
xhizi' nezgi irica toby sentav
ellos ya están viendo como
van a encontrar dinero (sem.
domains: 2.3.1.5.1Appear |
Aparecer.) [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-ro' /ró' / v grow crecer Uro'
bdo The child grew. El niño
creció. {Used to talk about the
growth of people, not plants |Se usa
para personas, no de plantas } [com. ù-]
[pot. ì- ](Related to: r-
tyo' /tyò'/. )
r-rob /róób / v be sprinkled (on
something) estar expolvereado
r-sa
ldi
r-rob
97
Urob zedy lo get The salt is
sprinkled on the tortilla La sal está
expolvereado en la tortilla (sem.
domains: pairpair.) (cf: rtyob /tyóób/. )r-rob nis
r-rob nis /r-róób+nìjs / v be
baptised ser bautizado Urob nis
xi'ny-a' My son was baptised. Mi
hijo fué bautizado. (sem. domains:
4.9Religion |Religión.) (r-rob be
sprinkled (on something), nis1 water)
galrrob nis
r-ru' /rù' / v be cut from a tree (of
fruit) cortarse de un arbol (de
frutas) Uru' mansan The apple
was cut (from the tree). La manzana
se cortó. [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
(Related to: r-tyu' /tyù'/; cf: rtyu' /tyù'/. )
r-ru'g /rù'g / v be cut cortarse
Sensi-zi r-ru'g be'l The meat cuts
easily Facil se corta la carne [pot.
ì- ](cf: r-tyu'g /tyù'g/. )
r-ru'ld /rù'ld / 1) v slip (into);
slide (into) resbalarse Uru'ld-bi lo
nis He slipped into the water Se
resbaló en el agua. Rru'ld ni'
Juany. Juan's foot slipped. Se
resbaló el pie de Juan. 2) adj
slippery resbaloso Na-ru'ld lo pis
The floor is slippery El piso está
resbaloso. [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-ruxh1 /rúúʃ / v shuck deshojar
Ca-tyuxh Juany niz Juan is
shucking the corn. Juan está
deshojando la mazorca. [com. ùtyúúxh]
r-ruxh2 /rúùʃ / 1) v be peeled; be
skinned pelarse; estar
despellejado Rruxh naraxh The
orange is peeled. La naranja se
pela. auruxh chib The goat is
skinned. El chivo está pelado
(sem. domains: pairpair.) 2) v skin (an
animal) pelar (un animal) [com.
ù-][pot. ì- gí ](cf: rtyuxh /tyùùʃ/. )
r-sa ldi /rr-sà+ldíí / v stretch,
straighten estirar, inderecer;
Usaldi xbcwen na'-u Stretch your
fingers Estira tus dedos. (sem.
domains: 7.1.9Move a part of the body
|Mover una parte del cuerpo.)
r-sa ni
r-sa ni /rr-sà+níí / v shake,
move mover Usa ni icy-u Shake
your head Mueve tu cabeza (sem.
domains: 7.1.9Move a part of the body
|Mover una parte del cuerpo.)
r-sa' /sá' / v complete, finish
completar Usa' Mari gald get.
Maria finished making twenty tortillas.
Maria completó veinte
tortillas. (cf: r-za'1 /zà'1/. )
r-sa'n /sà'n / v 1) let; allow;
abandon dejar; abandonar Usa'n
Juany la'a-reby u-daw-reby.
Juan let them leave. Juan los dejó
comer. Usa'n-bi che'el-bi. He
abandoned his wife. Abandonó a su
esposa. 2) [com. ù-]
r-sabiz /sàbííz / v cause to dry up
secar Rsabiz Mari lady. Maria
dries the clothes. Maria seca la
ropa (r-biz dry)
r-sadoby /sàdòʰby / v use up;
consume entirely; finish acabar;
terminar Usadoby Juany
mansan Juan finished the apple Juan
terminó la manzana. (sem.
domains: pairpair.) (cf: r-
98
doby2 /dóʰby2/. )
r-sadxag /sàdʒààg / v weaken
debilitar, cansar Rsadxag
galgich Juany. Juan was made tired
by the illness Se cansa Juan con
la enfermedad (sem. domains:
2.4.2Weak |Débil.) (r-dxag)
r-saga' /rr-sàgá' / v stretch,
straighten estirar, hacerlo
derecho Usaga' na'-u Extend your
hand Estira tu mano. Usaga' na'u Stretch out your hand! ¡Estira tu
mano! (sem. domains: 7.1.9Move a
part of the body |Mover una parte
del cuerpo.) (gà') [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
(Related to: gà' /gà'/. )
r-sagu'ld v cause to wither hacer
machitar (sem. domains:
1.5.6Growth of plants |Crecimiento
de plantas.) (Related to: rgu'ld /gú'ld/. )
r-salda'by /sáldà'èby / v boil
(something) hacer hervir (sem.
domains: 5.2.1.1Cooking methods |
Métodos para cocinar.) (rlda'by boil) (Related to: r-
lda'by /ldà'èby/. )
r-se'nr-salden
morad
99
r-salden v cause to grow hacer
brotar (sem. domains: 2.6.4.6Grow,
get bigger |Crecer, hacerse
grande.) (Related to: r-lden/. )
r-sara /sàràʰ / v 1) finish
terminar a-u-saraj Mari
mandad Maria finished all the
chores. Maria terminó todo el
trabajo. 2) use up; cause there to be
no more of acabar Rsaraj Juan
get Juan eats up all the tortillas. Juan
termina las tortillas. (r-ra1 for
there to be no more of (something))
[com. ù-][pot. ì-sáràj ](Related to:
r-ra1 /ràʰ1/. )
r-saya'a /sàyà'á / v cause to dance
hacer bailar Rsaya'a Juany
xtromp Juan spins the top. Juan
hace bailar el tromp. (r-ya'a
dance) (cf: r-ya'a /yà'á/. )
r-se'dy /sè'dy / v 1) teach; learn
enseñar; aprendar Rse'dy Mari
ingles Maria is learning English.
Maria aprenda ingles. (sem.
domains: 3.2.2.1Study |Estudiar.) 2)
study estudiar Use'd-du'uxh
Mari te parr tedy-bi re-ecsam.
Maria studied a lot to pass the exams.
Maria estudio mucho para
pasar los examenes. 3) aprender
(sem. domains: 6.1.1.1Expert |
Experto.)
r-se'n /sè'án / v 1) leave
(something or someone) (somewhere);
abandon dejar; abandonar
entonces dadgi beymba
planear chise'amba la'areby
Then the man made plans to leave them
Entonces el señor hizo planes
para ir a dejarlos. Use'an nisgi
nis ge'w The rain left water in the
river. La lluvia dejó agua en el
rio. Usa'n-bi che'el-bi. He
abandoned his wife. Abandonó a su
esposa. 2) allow dejar Usa'n
Juany la'a-reby u-daw-reby.
Juan let them leave. Juan los dejó
comer. 3) Usa'n-bi drog. He
stopped taking drugs. El se quitó
las drogas. [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-se'n morad /sè'n+mòráád /
v leave a bruise on dejar un
moretón en Use'n morad golpy
na' The blow left a bruise on me. El
golpe me dejó un moretón.
r-se'w
r-se'w /sè'w / v 1) put over; cover
cubrir; tapar; cubrir Rse'w
Juany da' lo yu Juan put the mat on
the floor Juan cubrió el suelo
con el petate Rse'w nis lo yu.
Water covers the floor. Agua cubre
el piso. 2) fasten, button abrochar,
abotonar Use'w Mari bton xte
x-cutony-ni' Maria fastened the
button of her blouse. Maria
abotonó su camisa. 3) close (the
eye, mouth, hand) cerrar (el ojo, la
boca, el mano) Gul-se'w lady
icy siyon! Cover the armchair with
the cloth! Cubren el sillón con la
tela! Use'w na'-u Close your hand
Cierra tu mano! Use'w Juany
ru'-ni' Juan closed his mouth Juan
cerró su boca. (sem. domains:
2.1.1.1Eye.) (cf: r-ye'w /yè'w/. )
r-sez /sèèz / v touch; play (a drum)
tocar; tocar (un tambor) (sem.
domains: 4.2.3.2Play music |Tocar
música, 7.3.4.1Touch |Tocar.) [com.
ù-][pot. ì-séès; 1sg gyà- or ì- ]
r-si'ty /síí'ty / v twist; fold; make
crooked doblar; enchuecar;
torcer i-si'ty-bi gichicy-bi. She
will twist her hair. Ella va a torcer
100
su pelo. Usi'ty-a' re-x-pantlona' I folded my pants. Doblé mis
pantalones. Ni'ty x-cutony-a'
My shirt is folded Mi camisa está
doblada. Usi'ty toby xbcwen
na'-u Bend one finger! ¡Dobla un
dedo! (sem. domains: pairpair.) [com.
ù-][pot. ì-; 1sg: gyà-; 2sg: gyò'- ]
(Related
to: r-i'ty /íí'ty/; cf: r-
i'ty /íí'ty/. )
r-si'u /síí'ú / v extinguish, put out
apagar Rsiw Juany candil. Juan
puts out the lamp. Juan apaga el
candíl. (sem. domains:
5.5.3Extinguish a fire |Apagar un
fuego.) [com. ù-][pot. ì- ](Related
to: r-i'u /íí'ú/. )
r-sia'zy /sìáá'zy / v stick
(something) in enterrar Usia'zy
Juany clav texh pader. Juan put a
nail in the wall. Rsye'zy-reby yag
lo yu. They stick poles in the ground.
Enterraron palos en el suelo.
(sem. domains: pairpair.) (Related
to: r-ia'zy /ìáá'zy/. )
r-sigeld /sììgèld / v agree to
aceptar Rsigeld Juany r-ya'a
r-syac
r-sigeld
101
Juan agrees to dance. Juan acepta
en bailar. (sem. domains:
3.3.2.1Agree to do something |
Acceder hacer algo.)
r-sinna'a /sínnà'á / v overload;
weigh down pesar mucho
Rsinna'a librr lo mes. The books
are weighing down on the table. La
mesa tiene mucho peso. (cf:
nna'a /nnà'á/. )
r-su /sùù / v 1) cause to stand; cause
to fly hacer parar; hacer volar
Rsu ldi puts it straight poner
derecho Rsu-reb papalot. They
fly kites Vuelan papalotes. Usu
ldi cun toby-zi ni'-u Stand on one
foot. Parate con un solo pie 2)
clean (beans, by blowing away the dry
husks); winnow limpiar (frijoles,
por soplarlos) Rsu-reby bzya
lo bdun. They are cleaning the beans.
Están limpiandos los frijoles.
(sem. domains: non-projnon-proj.)
(Related
to: r-zu1 /zùù1/. )
r-su cwe' /rr-sùù+kwé' / v
stand crooked, with the hip out (sem.
domains: 7.1.9Move a part of the body
|Mover una parte del cuerpo.)
r-su xiby /sùù+ʒiìby / v kneel
(to s.o.) arrodillarse Usu xhiby
Juany lo-ab Juan bowed to her
Juan se arrodilló a la reina.
r-sya /syáá / v clean; weed
limpiar Ca-sya biny ngiw gel
cun gibe The man is weeding the
cornfield with a pole. El hombre
está limpiando la milpa con un
palo. Usya Mari reny lo
xcutonya. Maria cleaned the blood
from my shirt. Maria limpió la
sangre de mi camisa. (sem.
domains: 5.6.1Clean, dirty |Limpio,
sucio, 5.6Cleaning |Limpiar.) (cf:
r-ya'1 /yá'1/. )
r-syab icy /syàʰb / v bajar
Usyab xtsi' Lower your voice! Baja
tu voz! (sem. domains: 7.1.5Bow |
Hacer Reverencia.) [com. ù-]
(Related to: yab/. )
r-syac /syàʰk / v cure (someone
else) curar (otra persona) Usyac
doctorr na' The doctor cured me. El
doctor me curó. (sem. domains:
2.5.1.1Recover from sickness |
Recuperarse de una
r-syac
enfermedad.) [com. b-](cf: riac /iàʰk/. )
r-syeld /syèld / v cool enfriar
Usyeld-a' comied I cooled the
food Enfrié la comida. (sem.
domains: pairpair.) [com. ù]
r-syob1 /syòb / v hurry apurarse
Usyob zi'-w u-za! Walk quickly!
Camina rápido
r-syob2 /syòòb / v hurry
apurarse ity Juany nisyob
nyaw get Juan didn't hurry to eat the
tortilla. Juan no se apuró en
comer la tortilla.
r-te'dy /tè'dy / v 1) pass (an
illness) pasar (una enfermedad)
Ute'dy Mari ru lo Juany. Maria
passed a cough on to Juan. Maria le
pasó la tos a Juan. 2) string up
(between two supports); atravesar
Binngiw u-te'dy cabl ya'. The
man strung the cable up high. El
hombre atravesó el cable alto.
3) transmit (an illness) to pasar
(enfermedad) a Rte'dy Juan
galgich Mari. Juan gives an illness
to Mary. Juan le pasa
enfermedad a Maria. [com. ù-]
102
[pot. ì-té'dy ](Related
to: rdedy /dèèdy/. )r-te'dy cwe'
cross (the arms)
r-te'dy cwe' /rr-tè'dy+kwe' /
v cross (the arms) cruzar (los
brazos) Rte'dy cwe' Juany
xacw-ni. Juan crosses his arms Juan
cruza los brazos. (r-te'dy string
up (between two supports); pass
transmit (an illness) to)
r-te'e /tè'é / v pick up; gather; roll
up recoger; enrollar Ute'e
Juany cabl Juan rolled up the cable
Juan enrolló el cable. (sem.
domains: pairpair.) (cf: rde'e /dè'é/. )
r-te'ech /tè'étʃ / v splash; pour
rociar Rte'ech-bi nis lo yu'u He
splashes water on the ground. El
rocia agua en el suelo
r-tity /tííty / v 1) tremble temblar
Rtity-bi She trembles. Ella
tiembla 2) trembling temblando
Rya' tity-bi. She dances while
trembling. Ella baile temblando.
r-tiz /tíz / v cut (into small pieces);
chop up cortar (en pedazitos)
r-tya' xhug
r-tiz
103
Rtiz-bi yag. He chops the firewood.
El corta la leña.
r-to' /tò' / v sell vender Uto'
Juany refrescw Juan sold soft
drinks. Juan vendió refrescos.
[com. ù-](Related to: r-do' /dò'/.
)
r-tsi'b /tsìì'b / v put (on a raised
surface) poner Utsi'brrlo Juany
mely lo yu'u. Juan put the coin face
down on the ground. Juan puso la
moneda boca abajo en el suelo
[com. ù-][pot. gíí; 1sg: gyà'-; 2sg
gyò'- ]
r-tsica /tsìká / v take out quitar
Utsica Juany librr lo mes. Juan
took the book from the table. Juan
quitó el libro de la mesa.
Utsica-eby xab-bi. He took off his
clothes. Quitó sus ropas. [com. ù-]
(cf: r-bica /bìká/. )
r-tsildy /tsììldy / v destroy
destruir Utsildy bduhan yu'u.
The air destroyed the house. The aire
destruyó la casa. (cf: rbildy /bìʰldy/. )
r-tuy /tùy / v 1) be ashamed of
tener vergüenza de Rtuy lo
Mari cun liez-ni'. Maria is
ashamed of her house. Maria tiene
vergüenza de su casa 2) be
ashamed tener vergüenza Rtuy lo
Juany Juan is ashamed. Juan tiene
vergüenza. (sem. domains:
idiomidiom.) der. r-tuy-ne be
ashamed of
r-tuy-ne /rr-tùy-néé / v be
ashamed of tener vergüenza de
Rtuy-ne lo Mari liez-ni'. Maria
is ashamed of her house. Maria tiene
vergüenza de su casa (der. of rtuy be ashamed of be ashamed)
r-tya' /r-tyà' / v clean off
(something covered with a substance)
limpiar (algo embarrado o
lodado) (sem. domains: 5.6Cleaning |
Limpiar.)
r-tya' xhug /r-tyà'+xhùg / v
scratch with the nails rasguñar
Rtya'xhug bich Mari The cat
scratches Maria. El gato rasguña a
Maria. (sem. domains: 7.3.4.5Actions
of the hand |Actividades de la
mano, 5.4.7Care for the fingernails.)
r-tya' xhug
104
(bxhug)
r-rob /róób/. )
r-tyaya' /tyàyá' / v grate raspar
(sem. domains: pairpair.) [com. ù-]
(Related
to: r-raya' /ràyá'/. )
r-tye'py /tyè'py / v whistle
chiflar Rtye'py Juany. Juan
whistles. Juan chifla. [com. ù-][pot.
ì- ]
r-tye'sy /tyè'sy / v jump saltar
Rtye'sy bich lo Mony. The cat
jumps in front of Ramón El gato
saltó enfrent de Ramón Btiesy-du'uxh rran. The frogs
jumped a long way/many times.
Muchas ranas una gran
distancia/muchas veces [com.
b-]
r-tyu' /tyù' / v cut; pull (fruit)
cortar; jalar (fruta) (Related
to: r-ru' /rù'/; cf: r-ru' /rù'/. )
r-tyu' xen
r-tyu' xen /tyù'+ʒeèn / v spit
escupir Utyu xen Juany Juan spit.
Juan escupió. (sem. domains:
2.2.3Spit, saliva |Escupir, saliva.)
(xheny2, r-tyu') [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-tyu'g /tyù'g / v cut cortar
Rtyu'g Juany yag Juan cuts
firewood Juan corta leña (sem.
domains: 7.8.3Cut |Cortar.) [com. ù]
(cf: r-ru'g /rù'g/. )
r-tyo' /tyò' / v raise (children)
criar Utyo'-by re-xhi'ny-bi. She
raised her children Ella crió sus
niños. (sem. domains: 2.6.4.2.1Rear a
child |Criar a un niño.) [com. ù-]
[pot. ì- ](Related to: r-ro' /ró' /. )
r-tyuga' /tyùùgà' / v break
(string, cord) romper, revantar
Rtyuga' Juany amac Juan breaks
the hammock (strings). Juan
revienta la hamaca. (Related
to: ruga' /rùùgà'/. )
r-tyob /tyóób / v sprinkle
expolveriar Rtyob Juany zedy
lo get. Juan sprinkles salt on the
tortilla Juan expolveria sal en la
tortilla (sem. domains: pairpair.) (cf:
r-tyuxh /tyùùʃ / v peel pelar
(sem. domains: pairpair.) [com. ù-][pot.
ì- ](cf:
r-ruxh2 /rúùʃ 2/. )
r-uch
r-u'
105
r-u' /ùù' / v 1) carry 2) load cargar
Bi' Juany trast Juan loaded the
dishes Juan cargó las trastes. Ru'
burr xob The burro carries corn. El
burro carga maíz. [com. bìì'][pot.
gúú' ]
r-u'ban /ù'ú+báán / n be sad
estar triste N-u'uban Juany Juan
is sad. Juan está triste. (cf: r-ban
/báàn/. )
r-u'dx /ù'dʒ / v rot; become moldy
enlamarse; podrirse Ugyu'dx
dzit beydy The egg rotted El
huevo se pudrió. [com. ù-yù'dx]
[pot. gúúdx ]
r-u'ld /ù'ld / v sing; play (an
instrument); read; tell cantar; tocar
(un instrumento); leer; contar
Rca'z Juany gu-'ld-bi gitarry.
Juan wants to play guitar. Juan
quiere tocar la guitarra. Fasil
g-u'ld biny liebrr-re It is easy for
people to read this book. Es facil de
leer este libro. Bi'ld-bi toby
xcuent re-nimal He told a story
about animals Contó un cuento de
animales. [com. bì-'ld][pot. gú-'ld ]
r-u'n /ù'n / v cry llorar (sem.
domains: 3.5.6.5Cry, tear, 2.1.1.1Eye.)
[com. bì'n][pot. gú'n ](Related to:
r-cu'n /kù'n/. )
r-u't /ù't / v grind moler Cay-e't
Juany xob. Juan is grinding the corn.
Juan muele el maíz. (sem.
domains: pairpair.) (var. bè't) [com.
bè't](cf: ri-e't /è't/. )
r-u'ty /u'ty / v kill matar Juany
ity-bi nyu'ty-bi rate bziny. Juan
didn't kill all the mice Juan no mató
todos las ratas. (sem. domains:
2.6.6.1Kill |Matar.) [com. bè'ty]
(Related to: r-aty /aʰty/. )
r-uch1 /ùʰtʃ / v be turned over, be
kneaded revolverse Ruch xcob
Mari Maria's dough was kneaded Se
revuelve la masa de Maria.
r-uch2 /ùʰtʃ / v wash one's hair or
head lavar el pelo o cabeza
Ruch Juany Juan washes his
head/hair. Juan se lava el
cabello/la cabeza. (sem. domains:
5.6.2Bathe |Bañar.) [com. bìjch][pot.
gúúch ](Related to: r-
r-uch
gu'ch1 /gù'tʃ1/. )
r-uchna' /ùtʃnà' / v marry
casarse Ruchna'-xga-reby
despues de ni-ruchna'-reby zac
giney-rab bni' dxa'p, pero
antes xte' mo'd. ‘First they marry;
after they marry, they can move the
bride, but not before.’ Primero se
casan; despues de que se
casan, se pueden llevar a la
novia, pero antes no.’ (sem.
domains: 2.6.1Marriage |
Matrimonio.) [com. bìchnàà]
r-uny /ùùny / v 1) do 2) make
hacer (var. irreg. infl. , beny
did ) [com. bèèny][pot. g- ](cf:
eny /éèny/; cf: r-uny
bni /ùùny+bníí/; cf: r-uny
be' /ùùny+bè'/; cf: r-uny
lde' /ùùny+ldè'/. )r-uny bni
broadcast (seeds) scatter (seeds) plant
(seeds) , r-uny loc , r-uny
xhigab think
r-uny be' /ùùny+bè' / v 1)
recognize reconocer Runybe'
Juany xi'ny-ni' Juan recognizes his
son. Juan reconoce a su hijo.
(sem. domains: non-projnon-proj,
106
3.2.6.2Recognize |Reconocer.) 2)
know conocer Guiyunbe' Juany
le'n siuda Juan got to know the city.
Juan fué a conocer en la
ciudad (sem. domains: 3.2.3Know |
Saber.) (cf: r-uny /ùùny/. )
r-uny bni /ùùny+bníí / v
broadcast (seeds); plant (seeds); scatter
(seeds) sembrar B-enybni-bý
be'z gi't He scattered pumpkin seeds.
El sembró semillas de
calabaza. (sem. domains: nonprojnon-proj.) (r-uny do make) (cf:
r-uny /ùùny/. )
r-uny che' /ùùny+tʃè' / v
prepare; make preparar; hacer Caya' Mari r-unche'(-eby)
xhrobginyyaxh ‘Maria is
accustomed to prepare guacamole.
Maria se acostumbre a hacer
guacamole
r-uny crew /ùùny krèw / v
believe in (something religious) creer
en (algo religioso) Runy Mari
crew Dyos. Maria believes in God.
Maria cree en Dios.
r-uny cuent /ùùny kwèènt / v
take account of tomar en cuento
r-uny
pur
r-uny
cuent
107
ity runy-rab cuent They ignore it.
No lo toman en cuento.
r-uny gan /ùùny gáàn / v 1) be
able; can poder Runy-a gan ru'ld-a gitarry. I can play the guitar.
Puedo tocar la guitarra. 2)
succeed (in doing something); occur
lograr
r-uny guant /ùùny guáànt / v
endure; survive sobrevivir
r-uny gust /ùùny+gúúst / v
like gustarle Runygust Juany
cafe. Juan likes coffee. A Juan le
gusta el cafe.
r-uny gyud /ùùny gyúùd / v
help ayudar Rca'z-bi g-un-bi
gyud x-miegw-bi. He wants to
help his friend El quiere ayudar a
su amigo.
r-uny lac /ùùny+láʰk / v boast
(about something) presumir Runy
lac Juany cun x-carr-bi Juan
boasts about his car Juan presume
con su carro.
r-uny lde' /ùùny+ldè' / v bless
bendecir (sem. domains: non-
projnon-proj.) (cf:
r-uny /ùùny/. )
r-uny lo /ùùny+lòò / v remove
kernels from (corn) desgranar
Cayunylo Juany xob Juan is
removing kernels from the corn. Juan
está desgranando el maíz
r-uny loc /r-ùùny+lòòk / v
make crazy, make high hacer loco,
volver loco Cayuny loc
marijuan le'by The marijuana is
making him high. La marijuana le
está volviendo loco. (sem.
domains: 5.2.5Narcotic |
Nartcóticos.) (r-uny do make)
r-uny promes /ùùny
pròméès / v promise prometer
Runy Juany promes i-de'dy
liebrr lo Mari. Juan promises to
give the book to Maria Juan
promete dar el libro a Maria.
r-uny pur /ùùny pùùrr / v try
tratar Runy Mari purr g-u'ld
gitarry Mary tries to play the guitar
Maria trata de tocar la guitarra
B-eny Juany purr ny-u'ld(-bi).
Juan tried to sing. Juan trató de
cantar.
r-uny pwest
r-uny pwest /ùùny pwèèst / v
bet apostar Runy Juany pwest
ga'i dolar. Juan bets five dollars.
Juan apuesta cinco dolares.
r-uny riz /ùùny rrííz / v risk
arriesgar Runy Juany rriez
xmel-ni' Juan risks his money. Juan
arriesga su dinero (riz risk, runy do make) (cf: riz /rrííz/. )
r-uny tucar /ùùny tùkáàʰrr /
v have it be (someone's) turn to (do
something) tocar a (alguien) a
(hacer algo) Juany r-uny tocar
g-u'ld(-bi). It's Juan's turn to sing.
‘A Juan le toca cantar.’
r-uny xhigab /ùùny ʃígààb /
v think pensar Juany cayuny
xhigab Juan is thinking Juan está
pensando. Caby-bi guny-za'cbi xhigab calo gye'n-bi. He still
hasn't thought carefully about where he
will stay. Todavía no ha pensado
bien a donde se va a quedar. (runy do make, xhigab think) (cf:
xhigab /ʃígààb/. )
r-uny ya'n /ùùny+yá'n / v
take care of mantener Beny-
108
du'uxh Mari te parr gunyya'nbi re-xi'ny-bi Maria worked hard to
take care of her children. Maria
trabajó mucho para mantener a
sus hijos.
r-uny yach /ùùny+yáátʃ / v
be boastful; be pretentious presumir
Runy yach-bi He is boastful. El
presume. (cf: yach /yáátʃ/. )
der. r-unyyachne be proud of be
boastful about
r-uny zi /ùùny+zíí / v pretend
to (do something) fingir Runyzi
Juany r-uny(-bi) dziny. Juan
pretends to work. Juan finge en
trabajar (cf: zi /zíí/. )
runyyachne
/ùùny+yáátʃ+néé / v 1) be
proud of 2) be boastful about
presumir con Runyyachney-by
xhi'ny-bi. He is boastful about his
son. El presume con su hijo.
(sem. domains: non-projnon-proj.) (der.
of r-uny yach be boastful be
pretentious)
r-xa't /ʒa't / v 1) give work dar
trabajo 2) drive (animals) hacer
r-xhi'
r-xa't
109
andar (animales)
r-xecy /ʒeèky / v 1) become untied
desamarrarse Rxecy lo du'u.
The rope comes untied Se
desamarra el mecate. a-u-xecy
be'cw. The dog is untied now. Ya el
perro esta desamarrado. (sem.
domains: pairpair.) 2) untied; untangled
desamarrado; desenredado
Rbe'xecy-bi du'u. He untangles the
rope El desenreda el mecate [pot.
ì-; gìì- ](Related to: r-xhecy
/ʃeeky/. )
r-xel /ʒeél / v open (intr.) abrirse
Uxel caj chiu-luni' Juany le'en.
The box opened when John kicked it
Se abrió la caja cuando Juan la
pateó. (sem. domains: 7.3.6Open |
Abrir.) (cf: r-xhel /ʃéél/. )
r-xha' /ʃá' / v be open (of the
mouth) estar abierta (de la boca)
Rxha'-tis ru' Juany. Juan's mouth
is always open. La boca de Juan
está abierta toda el tiempo.
r-xhaxy /ʃááʒy / v sneeze
estornudar (sem. domains:
2.1.1.3Nose, 2.2.2Cough, sneeze,
2.5.6Symptom of disease.) [com. ù-]
[pot. ì- ]
r-xhe'ld /ʃè'ld / v 1) send
mandar Uxhe'ld Juany carrt lo
Mari Juan sent a card to Maria 2)
order mandar Uxheld-a Juany
gu-isi be'l. I ordered Juan to go buy
meat. [com. ù-]
r-xhecy /ʃeeky / v untie
desamarrar; desatar;
desamarrar Uxhecy Juany du'
Juan untied the rope Juan desató el
mecate Uxhecy-a' be'cw. I untied
the dog. Desamarré el perro.
(sem. domains: pairpair.) [com. ù-]
(Related
to: r-xecy /ʒeèky/. )
r-xhel /ʃéél / v open (something)
abrir Uxhel Mari ru' pwerrt.
Maria opened the door Maria abrió
la puerta (sem. domains: pairpair,
7.3.6Open |Abrir.) [com. ù-](cf: rxel /ʒeél/. )
r-xhi' /ʃìì' / v pour (liquid) out tirar
(liquido) Uxhi'-a nis ni-da'
le'en bas I poured out the water that
was in the glass. Tiré el agua que
estaba al bajo el vaso.
r-xhi'i
r-xhi'i /ʃí'ì / v wring out exprimir
Uxhi'-a lady. I wrung out my
clothes. Exprimí mis ropas.
r-xhoby /ʃóóby / v 1) twist 2)
make (s.t.) crooked torcer;
enchuecer Uxhoiby-a' xchamarr-a' I twisted my jacket
Torcí mi chamarra. (sem.
domains: pairpair.) (Related to: rxoby /ʒoóiby/. )der. r-xhoby
duld confess
r-xhoby duld /ʃóóby dùld / v
confess confesar Rxhoby duld
Juany lo bxhuz Juan confesses to
the priest Juan se confiesa con el
sacerdote. (der. of r-xhoby twist
make (s.t.) crooked)
r-xhu'ny /ʃù'ny / v drive
manejar Uxhu'ny Mari carr ru'
yu' scuel te guica-eby xhi'nybi Maria drove the car to school to pick
up her daughter. Maria manejó a
la escuela para recoger a su
hija. (sem. domains: pairpair.) [com.
ù-](cf: r-xu'ny1 /ʒu'ny1/; cf: rxu'ny2 /ʒuù'ny2/. )
110
r-xi'ny /ʒi'ny / v fail to work
properly decomponerse, no
servir Uxi' ny x-carr-a' My car
doesn't work Mi carro no sirve.
r-xiw /ʒiw / v work properly; be
good servir a-rr-xiw x-rrelo-a'
Now my watch works. Ya sirve mi
reloj Chag get rr-xiw; s-chagni' ity rr-xiw. One tortilla is good;
the other is no good. Una tortilla
sirve; el otra no sirve.
r-xiz /ʒiəz / v smile; laugh; smile
reirse; carcajear; rier Uxiz
Mari Maria smiled. Maria se rió
Dip rr-xiz Mari Maria laughs.
Maria carcajea. Caxiz-bi He's
smiling. El está riendo. (sem.
domains: 3.5.6.3Facial expression |
Expresiones faciales,
3.5.6.4Laugh |Reír, 2.1.1.4Mouth.)
[com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-xoby /ʒoóiby / 1) v be twisted;
be mismatched; be crooked estar
torcido; estar disparejo; estar
chueco Uxoby x-chamarr-a' My
jacket got twisted. Mi chamarra se
enchuecó. Xoby yag xhily The
chair is crooked La silla está
chueco. 2) adj^ crooked chueco
r-ya'a
r-xoby
111
Uzu xoby-a' yag. I made the pole
crooked Yo puse el palo chueco.
Beyn xoby-a' xchamar-a' I made
my jacket crooked. Enchuequé mi
chamarra. (sem. domains: pairpair,
non-projnon-proj.) (xoby) (Related
to: r-xhoby /ʃóóby/. )
r-xopy /ʒoópy / v suck chupar
Rxopy bdo' xbcweyn na-an The
baby sucks its finger. El bebé chupa
su dedo. (sem. domains: 5.2.2Eat |
Comer, 2.1.1.4Mouth.)
r-xu'ny1 /ʒu'ny / v 1) shrink
encogerse Uxu'ny cutony. The
shirt shrank. Se encogió la
camisa 2) wrinkle, be wrinkled estar
arrugado cutony xu'ny wrinkled
shirt camisa arrugada 3) roll up
enrollar; encoger 4) rolled up
enrollado; arrugado; encogido
Rat ga' xu'ny bich. The cat is lying
down rolled up. El gato se acuesta
enrollado. [com. u-, b-](cf: rxhu'ny /ʃù'ny/. )
r-xu'ny2 /ʒuù'ny / v run correr
Uxu'ny Juany gui-ne'z be'cw
Juan ran to catch the dog. Juan
corrió para agarrar el perro.
(sem. domains: pairpair.) [com. ù-][pot.
ì- ](cf:
r-xhu'ny /ʃù'ny/. )
r-xu'x /ʒu'ʒ / v cut cortar Uxu'x
Juany get xtily. Juan cut the bread.
Juan cortó el pan. (sem. domains:
7.8.3Cut |Cortar.) [com. ù-]
r-ya /yààʰ / v be watery (of an egg)
ser aguado [com. b-]
r-ya'1 /yá' / v be cleaned
limpiarse a-b-ya' dzin le'en
bas. The honey has been cleaned out
of the glass. El vaso ya se limpió
de miel. [com. b-](cf: rsya /syáá/. )
r-ya'2 /yà' / v be accustomed to; be
used to acostumbrarse Ca-ya'
Mari r-unche'(-eby)
xhobginyyaxh Maria is accustomed
to preparing guacamole. Maria se
acostumbre a hacer guacamole
[com. b-]
r-ya'a /yà'á / v dance bailar
Rya'tity-bi She dances while
trembling Ella baile temblando
Ca-bez Juany chi-ya'a Juan is
r-ya'a
waiting to go to dance Juan
112
está
esperando a ir a bailar
Ladxaity Mari gi-ya'a. Maria
won't dance. Maria no va a bailar
[com. ù-][pot. gì-, ì- ](cf: rsaya'a /sàyà'á/. )r-saya'a cause
to dance
r-ya'ld /yà'ld / 1) aux have it be
one's turn to do something tocar a
alguien a hacer algo Rya'ld
gu'ld Juany It's Juan's turn to sing.
A Juan le toca cantar. 2) v have it
be one's turn tocar [com. b-]
r-ya'zy /yà'zy / v be stuck into
enterrarse B-ya'zy gux na' The
needle is stuck in my hand. La aguja
picó mi mano. B-ya'zy plum
le'en bzya. The pen is stuck in the
beans. La pluma se enterró
adentro de los frijoles. [com. b-]
r-yab la /yàʰb làà / v be
(someone's) birthday cumplir años
Ryab la Juany It is Juan's birthday.
Juan cumple años. Na dxi ryab
la Juany Today is Juan's birthday
Hoy es el cumpleaños de Juan.
(der. of r-iab fall)
r-ye' ne /yé'-néé / v call to
attention llamarles a atención
r-ye'd bca'ld /yè'd+fkà'ld / v
get tired estar cansado (sem.
domains: 2.4.4Tired |Cansado.)
(zi'd come (irreg. stem), bca'ld)
r-ye'dchaglo v come to meet venir
a alcanzar
r-ye'dnab /yè'dnááb / v come to
ask for venir a pedir B-ye'dnab
Juany perrdon Juan came to ask for
forgiveness. Juan vino a
disculparse Zye'dnab Juany
comid. Juan will come to ask for
food. Juan va venir a pedir de
comer.
r-ye'dne v bring traer
r-ye'la'z /yè'là'z / v forget
olvidarse B-ye'laz-a Bed u-zi'iby comied. I forgot that Juan bought
food. Me olvidé que Juan comió
carne. A-bye'la'z-ba tula-ba He
has forgotten his name. Se le está
olvidando como se llama. (sem.
domains: 3.2.6.1Forget |Olvidar.)
r-ye'ld1 /yè'ld / v become ill with
susto enfermarse de susto
ri'iniityru bye'lda' that was where I
r-yet
r-ye'ld
113
got fright-sickness alli fue donde
me asusté [com. b-][pot. yé'ld ]
r-ye'ld2 /yè'ld / v be forgotten
olvidarse Rye'ld xcutony
Juany Juan's shirt is forgotten. Se
olvida la camisa de Juan [com.
b-][pot. g- ]
r-ye'ts /yè'ts / v call, tell decir Bye'ts-nu lo Juany. We told Juan Le
dijimos a Juan. [com. b-][pot. gí- ]
r-ye'tya' /yè'tyá' / v be twisted;
be sprained estar torcido Bye'tya' ni' Juany Juan's ankle was
sprained El tobillo de Juan
estaba torcido.
r-ye'w /yè'w / v cover cubrir
Cloth covers the table La tela cubre
la mesa. Ye'w lo bdo. Cover the
baby! Tapa al niño! B-ye'w
loubidx The sun was covered up (by
clouds) Se tapó el sol. [pot. yé'w ]
(cf: r-se'w /sè'w/. )
r-yech /yèʰtʃ / v suffer from (a
disease); have (a disease) sufrir (una
enfermedad) Ca-yech-bi
birgwel He has chickenpox El tiene
viruela
r-yel /yèèl / v burp erutar Ryel
Juany despues de ni-ri'iby
refrescw Juan burps after drinking a
soda. Juan eruta despues de
tomar refresco. [com. b-][pot.
yéèl ]
r-yeld /yààld / v 1) be cold (of the
weather) Ryeld nisyab The atole
gets cold. Se enfria el atole Nald
dets juerr It's cold outside. Hace
frio afuera 2) cool estar frio;
enfriarse Ryeld comied The food
cools Se enfria la comida (sem.
domains: pairpair.) [com. byèèld][pot.
yéèld ]
r-yendi'la'z /yèndí'là'z / v
believe in (a person); have faith in (a
person) creer en (sem. domains:
3.2.5.1Believe |Creer, 3.2.5.1.1Trust.)
r-yeny /yèèny / v hear oir Laryeny-u'? Cani-a'. Are you
listening? I'm talking. Me
escuchas? Estoy hablando.
(sem. domains: 2.1.1.2Ear, 2.3.2Hear |
Escuchar.) [com. b-][pot. yéèny ]
r-yet /yèʰt / v go down; descend
bajar [com. b-][pot. gyéét ]
r-yo'
r-yo' /yò' / v be bought, be
purchased comprarse Yo' toby
lda'a su lary A piece of land will be
purchased. Se va a comprar un
pedazo de terreno. [com. b-][pot.
yó' ](Related to: r-zi /zíí'/. )
r-yo'b /yò'b / v hurt tener
dolor ; doler Ryo'b icy Mari
Maria has a headache Maria tiene
dolor de cabeza Ryo'b
ni'Juany. Juan's leg hurts A Juan le
duele la pierna.
r-yu bye'cy /yù+byè'ky / v
turn oneself around; turn one's head to
look back darse la vuelta Ryu'
bye'cy Juan chi'i rrcha'gbi
Mari Juan turns around when he
meets Maria. Juan se voltea
cuando encuentra a Maria. (ryu' put oneself; be put; be placed
enter, bye'cy secondary root found in
verbs that deal with turning)
r-yu' /yù' / v 1) put oneself; be put;
be placed meterse; ponerse Ryu'
get le'en rob The tortillas are placed
in the tenate. Se ponen tortillas en
el tenate. (sem. domains: 7.3.2.6Put
in |Meter.) 2) put on, use ponerse,
114
usar Ca-yu' faj le'eny Juany.
Juan is putting on the support belt.
Juan se está poniendo la faja.
Ryu' yag na-b He uses a walking
stick. El usa bastón. (sem. domains:
5.3.7Wear clothing |Usar prendas
de vestir.) 3) enter entrar Ryu'
Juany le'en yu'u Juan enters the
house. Juan entra en la casa. 4) be
invested in invertierse Ryu' mely
lo-ny The money is invested in it. Se
le invierte dinero. Rutsa mely
b-yu' lo carr Lots of money is
invested in the car. Mucho dinero
se invierte en el carro. [com. b-]
[pot. yú' ](Related to: r-gu' /gù'/.
)r-yu bye'cy turn oneself around;
turn one's head to look back , r-yu'
bi make noise , r-yu' che' be
guarded , r-yu' crud have a
hangover , r-yu' dxe'ch be angry ,
r-yu' icy understand , r-yu' legr
be happy , r-yu' trist be sad , r-yu'
xlia' have a fever , r-yu' xpixh be
disgusted by , r-yu' xtieny be rusty
, r-yu' za'c give birth
r-yu' ban /yù'+báán / v be sad
estar triste Udob iz byu'ban
Juany. Last year, Juan was very sad.
El año pasado, Juan estaba
r-yu'
xpixh
r-yu'
ban
115
muy triste. (der. of r-yu' put
oneself; be put; be placed enter, r-ban
miss sadness; grief sad) (cf: rban /báàn/. )
r-yu' bi /yù'+bìì / v make noise
hacer ruido Ca-yu bi re-bldag
The leaves are rustling. Las hojas
están haciendo ruido. (r-yu' put
oneself; be put; be placed enter)
r-yu' che' /yù'+tʃè' / v be
guarded guardarse (sem. domains:
4.4.4.5Protect.) (r-yu' put oneself; be
put; be placed enter) (Related to: rgu che'1 /gù+tʃè'1/. )
r-yu' crud /yù' krúùd / v have a
hangover tener la cruda Ryu'u
Juany crud Juan has hangover Juan
tiene la cruda. (r-yu' put oneself;
be put; be placed enter)
r-yu' dxe'ch /yù'+dʒè'tʃ / v be
angry estar enojado Rgu' dxe'ch
Mari Juany Maria puts Juan in a bad
mood. Maria pone a Juan de
mal humor. (r-yu' put oneself; be
put; be placed enter, r-dxe'ech get
angry impatient; irritable)
r-yu' icy /yù'+ííky / v
understand entender Ryu' icy
Juany na'. Juan understands me.
Juan me entiende. (sem. domains:
3.2.4Understand |Entender.) (r-yu'
put oneself; be put; be placed enter,
icy head on on top of) (cf:
icy /ííky/. )
r-yu' legr /yù'+lègrr / adj be
happy estar alegre (r-yu' put
oneself; be put; be placed enter)
r-yu' trist /yù'+trììst / v be sad
estar triste ity Juany nyu'trist
Juan wasn't sad. Juan no estaba
triste (r-yu' put oneself; be put; be
placed enter)
r-yu' xlia' /yù' ʃlíà' / v have a
fever tener fiebre Ca-yu' Juany
xlia' Juan has a fever Juan tiene
fiebre (r-yu' put oneself; be put; be
placed enter)
r-yu' xpixh /yù'+ʃpìʃ / v be
disgusted by tener asco de Ryu'
xpixh Juany comihed Juan is
disgusted by the food. A Juan le da
asco de la comida. (xpixh
nausea, disgust, r-yu' put oneself; be
r-yu' xpixh
put; be placed enter)
r-yu' xtieny /yù'+ʃtìèny / v be
rusty tener óxido; oxidarse La'a
x-coch Juany ca-yu' xtieny.
Juan's car is rusting El coche de
Juan se está oxidando. (r-yu'
put oneself; be put; be placed enter)
[pot. g-yú'xh ]
r-yu' za'c /yù'+zà'k / v give
birth dar luz a-byu' za'c Mari
Maria gave birth. Maria dió luz (ryu' put oneself; be put; be placed
enter, za'c good) [com. b-]
r-yu'bxhity /yù'+bʃííty / v to
tangle enredarse Ryu'bxhity lo
du' The rope gets tangled El mecate
se enreda (bxhi'ty, r-yu' put
oneself; be put; be placed enter)
116
r-yubi /yùùbìì / v 1) snore
roncar Ryubiicy Juany Juan
snores Juan ronca 2) growl, rumble
(of the stomach), rustle rugir (del
estomago), crujir Ryubi lasto
Juany Juan's stomach growls. Ruge
el estómago de Juan. Ryubi
bldag. The leaves rustle. Las hojas
crucen.
r-yula'z /yùlà'z / v 1) like gustar
B-yu'la'z-bi (ni-)u-rop
cansyon. He liked the second song.
Le gustó la segunda canción. 2)
like to (do something) Ryula'z
Juany r-aw(-bi) guxhrady. Juan
likes to eat grasshoppers. A Juan le
gusta comer chapulines. [com.
b-]
r-yu'uny /yù'úny / v comb (your
own hair) peinar (el proprio
pelo) B-yu'uny icy-bi He combed
his hair. El peinó su cabello.
r-za /záá / v walk caminar
Nganga' u-za-eby He walked
quickly Caminó rápido [com. ù-]
(sem. domains: 5.4.3Care for hair.)
[com. b-][pot. yú'ùny ](Related to:
r-za'1 /zà' / v be complete; to be
finished completarse Rza' x-ga'
ubidx Juany Juan's nine days (of
mourning) are complete. Se
completa los nueve días de
llevar luto para Juan i-za' gald
get The twenty tortillas will be
r-gu'uny1 /gù'úny1/. )
r-yu'xi' /yù'ʒi' / v smell oler Byu'xi'-iby sop He smelled the soup
El olió la sopa. [com. b-][pot.
chú'xì' ]
[pot. sáà ]
r-zalo
r-za'
117
completed. Se
va a completar las
veinte tortillas. [pot. ì- ](cf: r-sa'
/sá'/. )
r-za'2 /zàà' / v smear untar Uza'
Juany mantequi lo get xtily
Juan spread the butter on the bread.
Juan untó la mantequilla en el
pan (ze'2)
r-za'by /záá'by / v 1) hang
colgar Za'byrrdets cutony. The
shirt is hanging up inside out. La
camisa está colgada al revés.
Za'bylo' pelot lo nis The ball is
floating on the water. La pelota está
flotando en el agua. 2) hang
colgar Rza'by-reby conew ya'.
They hang the rabbit up. Cuelgan el
conejo arriba. r-za'by nald
hang, be hanging , der. r-za'eby owe
r-za'by lo /záá'by+lóó / v float
flotar Rza'bylo xhumbrel
Juany lo nis Juan's hat is floating on
the water El sombrero de Juan
está flotando en el agua.
r-za'by nald /záá'by+nááld /
v hang, be hanging colgarse
Rza'bynald gesgye' The piñata is
hanging (from a cord) La
piñata se
cuelga (de una cuerda) (rza'by hang hang, r-ald hang)
r-za'eby /rr-záá'éby / v owe
deber Za'eby-bi mel lo Juany.
He owes money to Juan El debe
dinero a Juan. Na-za'eby-a
galgez lo Mari I owe guelaguetza
to Maria. Debo guelaguetza a
Maria. (der. of r-za'by hang hang)
r-zagi /zàʰgíí / v swell hinchar
Rzagi nna' Juany Juan's hand is
swollen Juan tiene la mano
hinchada. (sem. domains:
2.5.6.3Swell |Hincharse.) [pot. sájgìì
]
r-zala'z /zàlà'z / v believe creer
Rzala'z Juany ity be'cw
nyawya' nna-eby Juan believes
that the dog won't bite his hand. Juan
cree que el perro no va a
morder su mano. (sem. domains:
3.2.5.1Believe |Creer.)
r-zalo1 /záálóó / 1) v begin
empezar Chii-bire Mari salo
Juany g-u'ld. When Maria returns,
Juan will begin to sing. Cuando
r-zalo
regresa Maria, Juan va a
empezar a cantar. 2)
r-zalo2 /záálòó / v believe creer;
tener el presentimiento Rzaloeby zuny-bi gan He believes he is
going to win. El cree que va a
ganar. (sem. domains: 3.2.5.1Believe |
Creer.)
r-ze' /zè' / v spread (something)
on/over untar (algo) en Uze'
Juany mantequi lo get xtily.
Juan spread the butter on the bread.
Juan untó la mantequilla en el
pan. (cf: r-ie' /iè'/. )
r-ze' ... lo /r-zè'é ... lòò / v
cross oneself persinar Uze' eby lo
eby He crossed himself; he made the
sign of the cross El se persinó [com.
ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-ze'ld /zè'ld / v spread; throw
tirar; echar; regar Uze'ld-nu
nis ni' yag. We poured water on the
tree. Echamos agua en el arbol.
Rze'ld Mari yaxh lo bzya. Maria
puts garlic on the beans. Maria le
echa ajo al frijol. [com. ù-][pot. ìzé'ld ]
118
r-zeza /zézàà / 1) v go (along);
walk ir caminando Za'aza lo cay
I went walking down the road. Yo iba
caminando en la calle. 2) aux
continue continuar Zeza rr-goab
Juany ges. Juan keeps smoking
cigarettes. Juan continua
fumando cigarillos. [com. güìzáá
güììzàà][pot. chízàà ]
r-zi /zíí' / v buy comprar [com. ù-]
[pot. síì' ](Related
)
to: r-yo' /yò'/.
r-zi bni /zìì+bnìì / v to plant (a
seed) sembrar Uzibni Juany be'z
gi't. Juan planted pumpkin seeds.
Juan sembró semillas de
calabaza. (sem. domains: nonprojnon-proj.) [pot. ì-zíí ](cf: rbe'cy2 /bè'ky2/; cf: rbe'cy1 /bè'ky 1/. )
r-zilaz /r-zìlàʰz / v rest
descansar (sem. domains: 2.4.5Rest |
Descanso.) [com. ù-][pot. ì- ]
r-ziny /zììny / v 1) close the eyes
cerrar los ojos R-ziny lo Juany
Juan closes his eyes. Juan cierra los
ojos. (sem. domains: 2.1.1.1Eye.) 2)
r-zob
xel
r-ziny
119
blink, wink, close the eyes
papardear, cerrar el ojo Rziny
bdo The baby blinks. El bebé
papardea Rziny Juany lo Mari.
Juan winks at Maria. Juan papardea
el ojo a Maria. (sem. domains:
2.1.1.1Eye.) [com. ù- ù- ù-][pot. síìny ì]
r-zo'b /zò'b / v set; place poner
Uzo'b re-bin una ri' lo yag. The
women put the jug in the tree. Las
mujeres pusieron el cántaro en
el árbol. [com. ù-][pot. sóòb ](cf: rzob /zòòb/. )
r-zo'b cuidad /zò'b kwìdáàd /
v be careful cuidarse, poner
atención Rzo'b-du'uxh Juany
cuidad. Juan is very careful. Juan
pone mucha atención. Cuidaddu'uxh Juany cun bdo. Juan cares
for the child a lot/Juan is very careful
with the baby. Juan cuida mucho
al bebé/Juan pone mucha
atención con el bebé.
r-zo'b icy /zò'b+ììky / v carry
on the head cargar en la cabeza
Rzo'b icy Mari ges. Maria carries
the pot on her head. Maria carga la
olla en la cabeza. (sem. domains:
7.3.1Carry |Acarrear.)
r-zob /zòòb / v sit estar sentado
Zobrrdets Juany. Juan is seated
backwards. Juan está sentado al
revés. Rzob ri' lo yag The jug is
placed in a tree Se pone el cántaro
en el árbol [pot. sóób ](cf: rzo'b /zò'b/. )r-zob ga'
r-zob ga' /zòòb+gà' / v sit
down sentarse Zobga' bdo' lo
yagxily The baby is sitting on the
chair. El niño está sentado en la
silla. Zobga' Juany blda. Juan is
sitting in the shade. Juan está
sentado en la sombra (r-zob sit,
ga'1 down)
r-zob xel /zòòb+ʒel / v be
bowlegged, knock-kneed tener
pierna de vaquero R-zob xel
xiby Juany. Juan is knock-kneed.
Juan tiene pierna de vaquero.
{The subject is a body part like an arm
or knee. |El sujeto es una parte del
cuerpo como brazo o rodilla. }(sem.
domains: 2.5.4.5Birth defect |
Defecto/Problema de
nacimiento.)
r-zobylaz
r-zobylaz /zòbylàʰz / v 1) want
(food, drink) desear (comida,
bebida) Rzobylaz Juany toby
lda'a be'l. J Juan se le antoja un
pedazo de carne. 2) desire desear
ninazniity parewtini nany
zi'icy nu'uni rrxa'trurab dziny
axta zi'idini quisierr la'arab
chirab nizi'idini rrzobylazni
per chi'iitysa runy tucarni
la'arab nada mas es no es
parejo, como hay les dan man
trabajo hasta es como
quisieran que los elijan (que
los escogen) lo desean pero no
que no les toca a ellos [com. ù-]
[pot. ì- ]
r-zu1 /zùù / 1) v stand parar Zu
ldi liebrr. The book is standing up.
El libro es parado. La'a be'cw
zu dets yu'u. The dog is behind the
house. El perro está atrás de la
casa. 2) v cause to wait hacer
esperar Uzu-reby lo-a' They
made me wait. Me hicieron
eperar. Usu chi Juany carr. Juan
stopped the car. Juan paró el carro.
3) v set (a trap) poner (una
trampa) Rzu-reby tramp They
set a trap Ellos ponen una
120
trampa 4) v fly volar Uzu many.
The bird flew. Voló el pajaro. 5) lean
recargar, inclinarse Uzu ca
Juany x-liebrr-ni' Juan leaned his
book. Juan recargó su libro.
(Related to: r-su /sùù/; cf:
bi1 /bìì1/, r-cha' /tʃáá'/. )r-zu
list , r-zu rlo bend over , der. r-zu
ca cause to stand
r-zu2 /zúú / v 1) plant; cause to
stand poner arboles en la tierra
i-zu-by yag. (He is) going to plant
the tree. Va a {sembrar,
transplantar} el arbol en la
tierra. 2) exist
r-zu ca /rr-zùù+káá / v cause
to stand reclinar Uzuca Juany xliebrr-ni' Juan leaned (?) his book.
Juan recargó su libro. (der. of rzu1 stand cause to wait set (a trap) fly
lean)
r-zu cwe' /zúú+kwé' / v stand
leaning, stand crooked pararse
chueco
r-zu dxi /zùù+dʒíí / 1) v stop
pararse Uzudxi-by He stopped. El
se quedó parado. 2)
r-zu ral
ldi
121
r-zu ldi /zùù+ldíí / v stand
straight up pararse derecho Zu
ldi-a' cun icy ni-a' I'm standing on
tiptoes. Estoy parado con la
punta del pie
r-zu list /zùù+lííst / v prepare,
get ready prepararse Uzulist
Juany Juan got ready. Juan se
preparó. (r-zu1 stand cause to wait
set (a trap) fly lean, list smart )
r-zu nald /zùù+nááld / 1) v
follow seguir Zu nald-reby rraxt
They are following the tracks. Ellos
están siguiendo la pista. 2)
r-zu ni' /zùù+nì' / v stomp (on);
step (on) pisotear Uzuni' Juany
icy xa'cw. Juan stepped on the
roaches. Juan pisoteó en las
cucarachas.
Juan's nose bled. Sangró
la nariz
de Juan
r-zu rlo /rr-zùù+rrlòò / v bend
over inclinarse, agacharse
Rzurrlo Juany Juan bends over
Juan se inclina. (sem. domains:
7.1.5Bow |Hacer Reverencia.)
(rlo face-down, r-zu1 stand cause to
wait set (a trap) fly lean)
r-zube'ld /zùbè'ld / v drop
(things) down in a line; get into line
tirar en filas; formar en fila
Gul-zube'ld Get into line!
Formense (en fila!)
r-zubi /zùù+bíì / v to crack (s.t.)
rajar Uzubi Mari bentan. Maria
cracked the window. Maria rajó la
ventana. (cf: bi2 /bíí2/; cf: zu
bi /zúú+bíì/. )
r-zu pen /zúú péèn / v pregnant
embarazada Zu bni dxa'p pen
The woman is pregnant La mujer
está embarasada. (sem. domains:
2.6.3.1Pregnancy |Embarazo.)
r-zuz /zùúz / v be drunk, get drunk
estar borracho, emborracharse
Rzuz Juany Juan is drunk. Juan
está borracho. [com. ù-][pot. gìì;
r-zu reny /zùù+rèèny / v
bleed sangrar Uzureny xi' Juany.
ral /rráàl / adj thin, sparsely
covered ralo Ral nu'u gel The
1sg gyà-; 1pl gyò- ]
ral
milpa is thin. La
milpa está rala.
Ral gich icy Juany Juan's hair is
thin.
rald /rààld / q each cada
ran /rráàn / n frog rana (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.4Amphibian |
Anfibio.)
ranquin /rrànkíín / n somersault
marometa Runy Juany
rranquin Juan does somersaults
Juan hace marometa.
ràsóón /ràsóón / n reason razón
rate /ráʰtè / q all todo rate rebziny all the mice todos los
ratones (var. dial. var. , sp. var.
rátè; dial. var. ráté)
raxt /rràʃt / n trail; track pista
Zunald-reby rraxt They are
following the tracks. Ellos están
siguiendo la pista.
ray /ráày / v be grated, scraped
rasparse
rbèjs n left hand mano izquierda
Runy Juany dziny cun rbes.
Juan works with his left hand. Juan
trabaja con la mano izquierda.
(sem. domains: 8.5.2.3Right, left |
122
Derecha, izquierda, 2.1.3.1Arm |
Brazo.)
rbgà'ts /rbgà'ts / adj stained,
yellow (of teeth) amarillo (de
dientes)
rcaldy /rrkààldy / n mayor
alcalde (sem. domains: 4.1.4.1Social
class |Clase social.)
rdaniz /rrdaaniʰz / n spring of
water manantiel (sem. domains:
1.3.1.4Spring, well |Manantial,
pozo.)
rdets /rrdèts / 1) adj^ facing
backwards 2) inside out al revés
Zob rrdets Juany. Juan is seated
facing backwards. Juan está
sentado al revés. Be'b rrdets
cachuch lo mes. The cap is sitting
inside out on the table. La cachucha
está puesto al revés en la
mesa. Zae'by rrdets cutony. The
shirt is hanging up inside out. La
camisa está colgada al revés.
Nat rrdets cutony. The shirt is
lying inside out. La camisa se está
puesto al revés. Rdets cutony.
The shirt is inside out. La camisa
está al revés. Utsure Juany
rexh
rdets
123
xhumbrel rrdets. Juan turned the
hat inside out. Juan voltió el
sombrero al revés.
rdinya n lightning relámpago (sem.
domains: 1.1.3.6Lightning, thunder |
Relámpago / rayo, trueno.)
re-biny dob /réébííny dòòb /
maguey workers magueyeros
(venden, sembran, etc) (sem.
domains: 6.1.1.1Expert |Experto.)
re-biny ni-runyche'
da' /réébííny nírùùnytʃè' dá'
/ carpet-makers petateros (sem.
domains: 6.1.1Worker |Trabajador.)
re' /ré' / dem this; here este; esta
re'exh /rè'éʃ / v measure medir
reforestacion /reforestakión /
n reforestation reforestación
reforestar /reforestar / v
reforest reforestar
refrééscw /refrééskw / n *soft
drink *refresco
regal /rrègáàl / 1) n present 2) gift
regalo
regal xte' dxa'pgift given by the
bride's family regalo de la novia
(sem. domains: 2.6.1.1Arrange a
marriage.)
renca /réénkà / adj different
diferente
reny1 /rèèny / n 1) blood sangre
(sem. domains: 2.2.5Bleed, blood |
Sangrar, sangre.) 2) vein vena
(sem. domains: 2.1.8.1Heart.)
(Contrast:
reny2 /réény2/. )
reny2 /réény / adj 1) different
diferente 2) apart, in a different place
aparte Reny nu'u Juany. Juan
lives apart. Juan vive aparte.
(Contrast: reny1 /rèèny1/. )
rèspèty /rèspèty / n *respect
*respecto
rexh /rèèʃ / adj dirty; unwashed
sucio bni' rexh dirty children
niños sucios {Describes people or
body parts |Se usa para gente o partes
del cuerpo }(sem. domains: 5.6.1Clean,
dirty |Limpio, sucio, 5.6.2Bathe |
Bañar.) (Contrast:
mew /mèw/. )
rga'
124
rga' /rrgá' / adj raw crudo ity
raw-`ti' biny be'l rrga' Raw meat
is not eaten. No se come carne
crudo. (Contrast: r-ga'1 /gá'1/. )
ri-e't /è't / v be ground molerse
abie't cafe. The coffee is ground. El
café está molido. (sem. domains:
pairpair.) [com. by-è't][pot. y-è't gíè't ]
(cf:
r-u't /ù't/. )
ri-etsu /ètsùù / v drip down
chorrear [com. bì-][pot. y-étsùù ]
ri' /rì' / n jug cántaro Rzob ri' lo
yag The jug is placed in a tree Se
pone el cántaro en el árbol [A
curer speaks into a water jug as part of
a ceremony to cure illnesses like susto.]
ri'ay v go around (something) dar
vuelta (a una cosa) Ri'ay Mari
yu' Maria walks around the house.
Maria camina alrededor de la
casa (cf: r-ay /àày/. )
ri'ca /rì'kà / v have scabies tener
sarna Ca-ri'ca-' geych. I have the
skin disease called geych. Tengo
sarna
ri'i /rì'í / adv there allí
ric /ríík / dem there allá (var. sp.
var. rì'íqui)
ridxa' /ríídʒá'+néé / v irregular
stem of rrbííchá'+néé (cf: r-bidxa'
ne /bíídʒà'+néé/. )
rie'd gedx lyu /riè'd gèèdʒ
lyùù / v be born nacer Gye'd
bdo geych lyu. The baby will be
born El bebé va a nacer. (der. of
r-ie'd come; return)
rin /ríín / n flour harina
riy /rríìy / n skunk zorrillo (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.1.2Carnivore |
Carnívoro.)
riz /rrííz / n risk riesgo (cf: runy riz /ùùny rrííz/. )r-uny
riz risk
rldya'n /rrldyà'án / n hunger
hambre (r-ldya'n be hungry)
rlo /rrlòò / adj^ face-down boca
abajo N-atrrlo ges. The pot is
lying face down. La olla está boca
abajo. Utsibrrlo Juany mely lo
yu'u. Juan put the coin face down on
the ground. Juan puso la moneda
125
boca abajo en el suelo. Rlo
munyec. The doll is face down La
muñeca está boca abajo. (sem.
domains: non-projnon-proj.) r-zu rlo
bend over
rmedy /rrmèèdy / n cure
curación; remedio
rni guzi'w /nìì gùzì'w / v
thunder tronar (sem. domains:
1.1.3.6Lightning, thunder |
Relámpago / rayo, trueno.) (der.
of r-ni1 say, guzi'w)
rni lo bca'ld /rrníí lòò
bkà'ld / v dream soñar Rnidu'uxh-bi lo bca'ld He is
dreaming. El está soñando (id. of
r-ni1 say) (cf: bca'ld /bkà'ld/,
n-u'u bca'ld /ù'ú bkà'ld/. )
rni yo /rrníí yòò / v agree to
aceptar Yo uni' Juany b-eny-bi
xhi-tis mandad. Juan agreed to do
any kind of word. Juan aceptó
hacer cualquier trabajo. (sem.
domains: 3.3.2.1Agree to do something
|Acceder hacer algo.) (der. of rni1 say)
rr-gu'z
rlo
rnia /rrníàà / adj ugly feo Rnia
ngiw zyu'l The tall man is ugly. El
hombre alto es feo. der. rnia runy lo look unhappy
rnia r-uny lo /rrníàà r-ùùny
lòò / adj look unhappy poner
cara fea Rnia r-uny lo-eby He
looks unhappy El pone una cara
fea. (der. of rnia ugly)
ro' /ró' / adj large; big grande
bcweny ro'
rob /ròʰb / n tortilla container
tenate
roby /róòby / adj disrespectful
grosero
rop1 /róóp / q two dos i-rop-tu
chi-at You two will go. Ustedes
dos van a ir.
rop2 /rróʰp / q second segundo
rr-gu'z /gú'z / adj smooth; be
smooth suave; ser suave Nagu'az
bdo The baby is smooth El bebé es
suave.
rráám
rráám /rráám / n *palm frond
*ramo
rrñùùny n kidney riñón (sem.
domains: 2.1.8Internal organs |
Órganos internos.)
rsary /rrsáàry / n 1) rosary
(prayer) rosario (oración) 2) wake
(observance after a death) vela,
velorio ge'l rsary
rsily /rrsìíly / adv early
temprano
ru' xi' /rù' ʒi' / n nostril ventana
de la nariz (ru'u2 mouth, xi' nose)
ru'ld ge'l /rù'ld gè'l / n midnight
medianoche
ru'u1 /rù'ù / prep in; in front of
adentro; enfrente Ru'u yu'u zu
beydy The chicken is in front of the
house. El pollo está enfrente de
la casa. (der. of ru'u2 mouth)
ru'u2 /rù'ù / n mouth boca Ro'
ru'u Juany. Juan's mouth is big. La
boca de Juan es grande. ru' xi'
, der. ru'u1 in; in front of
ruald /rúàld / q half mitad
ruald get half a tortilla la mitad de
126
una tortilla
rubi'ch /rùbí'tʃ / n little portion
(of something) poco; poquito (de
algo) toby rubi'ch-si be'el raw
Juany Juan eats only a little piece of
meat Juan come solo un poquito
de carne.
ruga' /rùùgà' / v be broken (of
string) romperse, revantarse
Uruga' amac The hammock
(strings) broke Se revantó la
hamaca. (Related to: rtyuga' /tyùùgà'/. )
ruid /rruid / n noise ruido
runy falt /ùùny fáált / v be
lacking for (someone) faltar á
(alguien) Runy mel falt Juany
Juan lacks money. A Juan le falta
dinero
rut /rúʰt / q much mucho
rute' /rùtè' / neg no one; anyone
nadie
rute'ca /rútè'kà / pro anyone
nadie Ru-te-cha' tu bin gui lo
gye'. Maybe no one went to the
market
sant
rutsa
127
Juan combed his (own) hair. Juan
peinó su (proprio) cabello [com.
by-][pot. tú'ny ](Related to: r-
rutsa /rúʰtsà / q much mucho
ry-u'uny /ù'úny / v comb (one's
own hair) peinar (su proprio
cabello) By-u'uny icy Juany
gu'uny1 /gù'úny1/. )
Ss
sa /sàà / adj^ face up boca arriba
N-atsa ges The pot is lying face up.
La olla está boca arriba.
Udixhsa Juany mely lo
yu'u.24/Dec/2006 Juan put the
coin down face up on the ground.
Juan puso la moneda boca
arriba en el suelo.
sa'1 /sà' / 1) n family, brother, sister
familiar, hermano, hermana re
sa'-a my brothers mis hermanos 2)
n each other uno a otro Riginy
Juany cun Mony sa'-ni'. ‘Juan
and Ramon hit each other.' Juan y
Ramón se pegarón Juany cun
Mari rr-za'loj-reby liest-sa'reby Juan and Maria each believe that
the other is intelligent. Juany cun
Mony rr-ba'n-reby x-pedy-sa'reby Juan and Ramon stole each
other's chickens. 3)
sa'2 /sà' / n wedding festival fiesta
de boda (sem. domains:
4.2.2.1Ceremony |Ceremonia.)
sabd /sáàbd / n *Saturday
*sabado
sagul /sàgúùl / n in-law
consuegro (sem. domains:
4.1.9.2.2In-law |Familia política.)
saldi /sàldíí / v stretch out,
straighten out, extend estirar Usaldi
xbcwen na'-u Stretch out your
fingers! ¡Estira tus dedos! (ldi
straight; upright)
sani /sàníí / v move, shake mover
Usani icy-u Shake your head!
¡Mueve tu cabeza! [com. ù-]
sant /sáánt / adj holy santa
se'ld
se'ld /sé'èld / v lose perder
Rse'ld Mari xob ni'ly Maria
cooks nixtamal. Maria cocina el
nixtamal
se't xte ido' /séé't ʃté ìdò' / n
holy oil aceite sagrado (sem.
domains: 4.9Religion |Religión.)
(xte of, ido' church)
seccion /sekkion / n *section
*sección
sèccióny /sèkkióny / n *section
*sección
128
sentav /sèntààv / n *centavo
*centavo
serc /sèèrrk / prep near cerca
sèrvès /sèrvès / n *beer
*cerveza
sesy /sèʰsy / adj light ligero
si' /sì' / prep like; approximately
como Naeby si'-ti ruald biny
gui lo gye'. He told me
approximately half the people went to
the market. Me dijo que como la
mitad de la gente fueron al
mercado.
secsiuny /sèksiùùny / n section
sección
sien /síéèn / q hundred ciento
segid /segíìd / adv *constantly
*seguido
sòbre /sòbre / prep *about
*sobre (var. sp. var. sòbrè)
segundo /segundo / adj *second
*segundo
sorpresa /sorpresa / n *surprise
*sorpresa
seis /seis / *six *seis
spirit /spìríít / n spirit espiritu
sen /sèèn / n 1) scar cicatriz (sem.
sro'ro' /srò'ró' / n large piece (of
something) pedazo grande (de
algo)
domains: 2.5.2.2Skin disease |
Enfermedades de la piel.) 2)
track; footprint huella; señal
sensiy /sènsííy / adj easy facil
stal /stáál / 1) q many; more; much
mucho; más Stal-ru get u-daw
Juany que Mari. Juan ate more
tatwa
stal
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tortillas than Maria Juan
comí mas
tortillas que Maria Stal be'el
raw Juany. Juan eats a lot of meat.
Juan come mucha carne 2) (cf:
zi'il /zì'íl/. )
sublac /sùùbláák / q (at least)
something, some small thing,
something or other aunque sea
algo Mas sublac guny Juany
gan. Juan earned something, at least
Aunque sea un poco que gana
Juan. Ze Juany dziny opa
gye'd-ne-by mas su sublac. Juan
sto' /stò' / a little more otro poco
stoby /stòby / adv 1) again otra
vez 2) another (one) otro toby-ba
ze; s-toby-ba b-ya'n. One went
and one stayed. Uno se fué y el
otro se quedó (toby1 one indef)
went to work; hopefully he will bring
something or other back. Juan se fué
a trabajar; ojalá que el traiga
aunque sea algo.
syempr /syéémprr / adv always
siempre
su'cr /sú'krr / n sugar azucar
Tt
ta'mb /tà'mb / adj dull sin filo;
liso Ta'mb icy yag The point of the
stick is dull. La punta del palo
está liso.
ta'ny /tà'ny / adj (part of word for
'flat-nosed') (parte de la palabra
'con nariz chato') (cf: xi'
ta'ny /ʒi' tà'ny/. )
tabl n story cuento
tàjs /tàʰs / n *cup *taza
tap1 /táʰp / n lid tapadera
tap2 /tàʰp / q four cuatro [com.
ùdàjp][pot. ìdááp ]
tarimb /tárìmb / n stool
tarimba
tatwa /tátwàʰʰ / n tattoo tatuaje
Ca toby tatwaj xa'cw-bi He has a
tattoo on his arm. El tiene un
tatuaje en el brazo.
te
te1 /té / comp in order that; because
para que
te2 /tèè / conj in order to
teblo adj flat, even parejo, plana
Teblo na lo mes. The table is even.
La mesa está pareja.
130
tiby /tíìby / adj lukewarm tibio
tiger /tìgéèr / n scissors tijeras
tim /tíəm / n palo de arado
tercera /terkera / adj *third
*tercera
tip /tììp / 1) adj^ tight apretado
Uzutip lo du'u Tighten the rope.
Aprieta el mecate Rcuatip-bi
lo du'u He ties the rope tightly. El
amarra fuerte el mecate.
Li'ibytip du'u. The rope is tied
tightly. El mecate está amarrado
fuerte. (sem. domains: non-projnonproj.) 2) adj be tight estar apretado
Tip r-yu' Juany le'en cutony
Juan's shirt is tight. La camisa de
Juan es muy apretado.
teru /tèrú / adv as soon as
apenas teru gaw-bi as soon as he
eats apenas va a comer
tiw /tììw / n uncle tío (sem.
domains: 4.1.9.1.6Uncle, aunt |Tío,
tía.)
texh1 /tééʰʃ / 1) n chest 2) breast
pecho
to'p /tò'p / n white hair cana Nu'u
to'p icy Juany. Juan has white hair
Juan tiene canas. (sem. domains:
2.1.5Hair |Pelo.)
teca /té'kà / neg negative
negativo
ten /téén / 1) conj so that, in order
that para que 2) comp in order that
para que (var. dial. var. téé;
dial. var. tin)
texh2 /teʰʃ / n body cuerpo
ti'p /tí'p / adj blind ciego Bye'n
tie'p dad The man is blind. El
señor es ciego (sem. domains:
2.3.1See |Vista, 2.5.4.1Blind |
Ciego.)
toby2 /tóóby / v roll up enrollar
Rtoby Juany get sobrryet. Juan
rolled the tortilla up in a paper napkin.
Juan enrolló la tortilla en una
servilleta (cf: r-
tyop
toby
131
doby1 /dòòby1/. )
tocar /tòkáàr / be the turn
tont /tòònt / adj developmentally
disabled, retarded retrasado,
tarado, atrasado (sem. domains:
3.2.1.4Stupid |Estúpido.)
trabagw /tràbàgw / 1) n trouble,
difficulty trabajo Trabagw r-yu'
lo-ny It's a lot of trouble. Cuesta
mucho trabajo. 2) adj difficult
dificil Rutsa trabagw rr-ni biny
dya' xtil. It is very difficult to speak
Spanish.
tsa'n /tsà'n / q thirteen trece
tsa'ny /tsáá'ny / q fifteen quince
tsa'nybitoby /tsáá'nybìtòby /
q sixteen dieciseis
tsi' /tsìì' / q ten diez [com. ù-dzùù']
tsida /tsììdàʰ / q fourteen catorce
tsiptoby /tsììptóby / q eleven
once
tsiptyop /tsììptyóp / q twelve
doce
tsit /tsíít / adj skin and bones, very
thin flaco; puro hueso Tsit
Juany. Juan is skin and bones. Juan
es muy flaco (cf:
chiny /tʃííny/. )
tu /túú / inter who; which quién;
cuál
tu' /tù' / departed, late difunto tu'
xhupa-' my late father mi difunto
padre
tu'gu'l /tù'gù'l / n dead person;
deceased person; corpse difunto;
cadáver Uca'ats-reby tu'gul.
They buried the deceased person.
Enterraron el difunto (sem.
domains: 4.9Religion |Religión,
2.6.6.2Corpse |Cuerpo.) míís xté
túgù'l
tucar /tùkáàr / v (part of rùùny
tùcáàr 'be one's turn')
tyemp /tyéémp / n time
tyend /tyèènd / n store tienda
tyop /tyóóp / q two dos Tyop-tu
chi-at. Two of you will go (implying
that the group is larger than two.) Dos
tyop
132
de ustedes van a ir. i-rop-tu
chi-at. You two will go. Ustedes
dos van a ir.
tyu' /tyùù' / q forty cuarenta
Uu
ub /úb / n grape uva
uba /ùbàà / n vapor, steam,
humidity vapor, humedad Ri uba.
It's humid Está humedo. ubado'
uba'n /ùbá'n / n thief ladrón
(cf:
r-ba'n /bà'n/. )
ubado' n fog neblina (sem. domains:
1.1.3.2Cloud |Nube, 1.1.3Weather |
Clima.) (uba vapor, steam, humidity,
do' little)
ubidx /ùbídʒ / n sun sol (sem.
domains: 1.1.1Sun |Sol.)
udxily /ùdʒíìly / n sunset puesta
del sol
una' /ùnàà' / n woman mujer
Uche'ech una' ni-ula'n Mony
xcarr-ni'. The woman was angry that
Ramón stole her car. Se enojó la
mujer que Ramón robó su
coche. (sem. domains: 4.1.2Types of
people |Clases de gente,
2.6.5.2Woman |Mujer.)
us /ùùs / n use uso
ùsòs y còstúúmbrès /ùsòs y
kòstúúmbrès / n *customary
practices *usos y costumbres
udaw /ùdàw / v Irregular stem of
ràw 'eat' comer
ùùny ùùs /ùùny ùùs /
udxi /ùdʒìì / adv late tarde audxi bye'd Juany Juan arrived late
Juan llegó tarde.
uxhiny /ùʃííny / n night noche
Vv
xa'n
valory
133
valory /vàlóórry / adj 1)
valuable valuable 2) fearless, valiant
sin miedo
vèlàdóórr /vèlàdóórr / n
*candle *velador
venticuatro /ventikwatro / q
*twenty-four *venticuatro
vèrdùùr /vèrdùùr / n
*vegetables *verduras
viern /vìèrrn / n Friday viernes
venen /vènéèn / n poison
venéno
Xx
xa' /ʒa' / behind; at the bottom of; at
the back of xa' yu'u behind the house,
outside the house atrás de la casa,
afuera de la casa xa' lay
xa' geny /ʒa' gény / n throat
garganta
xa' lay /ʒa' lààʰy / n gum (of the
mouth) encia (xa' behind; at the
bottom of; at the back of, lay1 tooth)
xà' nàà n heel of the hand (part above
the wrist) (sem. domains: 2.1.3.1Arm |
Brazo.)
xa' xi' /ʒa' ʒi' / n back of the neck;
nape nuca
xa'cw1 /ʒá'kw / n roach;
cockroach cucaracha Uzuni'
Juany icy xa'cw. Juan stepped on
the roaches. Juan pisoteó en las
cucarachas. (sem. domains:
1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.) (Contrast:
xa'cw2 /ʒà'kw2/. )
xa'cw2 /ʒà'kw / n arm; shoulder
brazo; hombro (sem. domains:
2.1.2Torso |Torso/Tronco del
cuerpo, 2.1.3.1Arm |Brazo.)
(Contrast: xa'cw1 /ʒá'kw1/. )
le'n xa'cw
xa'n1 /ʒa'n / prep under abajo de
xa'n
xa'n2 /ʒa'n / 1) n buttocks nalgas
(sem. domains: 2.1Body |Cuerpo.) 2)
xa'n le'en /ʒa'n lè'èn / n belly
vientre (sem. domains: 2.1Body |
Cuerpo.)
xa'n ni' /ʒa'n nì' / n heel talón
(sem. domains: 2.1.3.2Leg |Pierna.)
xa'n ru' /ʒa'n rù' / n chin
barbilla; mentón (sem. domains:
2.1.1Head |Cabeza.)
xa't /ʒa't / v be on top of estar
sobre Xa't yag icy ye' The tree is
over the flowers. El arbol está
sobre las flores.
xab /ʒààb / n clothes ropa (sem.
domains: 5.3Clothing |Ropa.) (cf:
lady /lààdy/. )
xag /ʒaʰg / n grandchild; grandson;
granddaughter nieto; nieta (sem.
domains: 4.1.9.1.5Grandson,
granddaughter |Nieto, nieta.)
Xagye' /ʒàgyè' / n Teotitlán del
Valle Teotitlán del Valle (sem.
domains: 9.7.2.3Names of cities |
Nombres de ciudades.)
134
xaiba' /ʒaìbà' / n sky; heaven
cielo (sem. domains: 4.9.6Heaven,
hell |Cielo, infierno.)
Xandan /ʒandáàn / n Santa Ana
del Valle Santa Ana del Valle
xàndíì n watermelon sandia (sem.
domains: 5.2.3.1.2Food from fruit |
Alimentos procedentes de
frutas.)
Xandya'w /ʒandyâ'w / n
Matatlan Matatlan
xba'n /ʃba'n / n tail cola (sem.
domains: 1.6.2Parts of an animal |
Partes de un animal.)
xbildy /ʃbííldy / n elbow codo rgu xbildy hit with the elbox
xcabay bindxab /ʃkàbáày
bììndʒààb / n horsefly caballo
de diablo; tábano (sem. domains:
1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
xcay /ʃkááy / n cloud nube
Rsew xcay lo ubidx. The cloud is
blocking the sun. La nube le tapa
al sol. Ri xcay. The sky is cloudy.
Está nublado. (sem. domains:
1.1.3.2Cloud |Nube.)
xhidxi
ri
xchi
135
xchi /ʃtʃíí / n dinner cena Runy
Juany xchi Juan eats dinner Juan
cena.
xchiru /ʃtʃììrù / adv a long time
much tiempo
xcuch /xcuʰch / adj pointy, sharp
puntiagudo Rutsa xcuch mes.
The edge of the table is very sharp. La
punta de la mesa está muy
puntiaguda.
xga'tssecretly en secreto R-gwe'
Mari dich xga'ts cun Juany.
Maria talks secretly to Juan. Maria
habla en secreto a Juan. (sem.
domains: 3.2.3.3Secret.)
xhag /ʃáʰg / n cheek mejilla (sem.
domains: 2.1Body |Cuerpo,
2.1.1Head |Cabeza.)
tyu' xen
xhi /ʃíí / inter what; which qué;
cuál
xhi cuent /ʃíí kwéént / inter
why pórque ¿Xhi cuent be'ty
Juany bziny? Why did Juan kill the
mouse? ¿Pórque mató Juan el
ratón?
xhi'ly bdzi /ʃì'ly bdzìì / n
spiderweb telaraña (sem. domains:
1.6.1.8Spider |Araña.)
xhi'nga'n /ʃì'ngà'n / n son hijo
(sem. domains: 4.1.9.1.4Son, daughter |
Hijo, hija.)
xhi'ny toby /ʃì'ny tòòby / n
child of an unmarried woman hijo o
hija de una soltera (xi'ny child;
son; daughter)
Xhaly /ʃáʰly / n San Baltazar
Guelavila San Baltazar Guelavila
xhi=tiz /ʃíí=tìz / pro anything
cualquier cosa
xheny1 /ʃèèny / adj stupid; foolish
tonto (Contrast:
xheny2 /ʃéény2/. )
xhi=zi' /ʃíí=zì' / inter how
cómo ¿Xhi-zi' beny Mari sop?
xheny2 /ʃéény / n saliva saliva
(Contrast:
xheny1 /ʃèèny1/. )r-
How did Maria make the soup?
¿Cómo hizo Maria la sopa?
xhidxi ri /ʃíídʒíí rìì / adv
recently hace poco
xhiga
136
xhiga /ʃìgàà / n wing ala
xhíìc n pile montón
xhiga' /ʃìgà' / n necklace collar
xhiga' bez frog eggs
xhindxa'p lagul /ʃíndʒà'p
xhiga' bez /ʃìgà' bèèz / n frog
eggs huevitos de rana (sem.
domains: 1.6.1.4Amphibian |Anfibio,
1.6.3Animal life cycle |Ciclo de
vida animal, 1.6.3.1Egg |Huevo.)
(xhiga' necklace, bez toad)
xhigab /ʃígààb / v (part of the
verb 'think') (parte del verbo
'pensar') (cf: r-uny
xhigab /ùùny ʃígààb/. )
xhigeg /ʃìgèèg / 1) n type of
squash 2) type of gourd pompa;
bule [This was used by old people in
curing rituals, instead of the water jug
that is now used.] (sem. domains: food;
plantfood; plant.)
xhiguld /ʃìgúld / n small chile
chile piquín (sem. domains:
làgúúl / n older daughter hija
mayor (sem. domains: 4.1.9.1.4Son,
daughter |Hijo, hija, 4.1.9.1.9Birth
order |Orden de nacimiento.)
(xi'ny child; son; daughter, dxa'p
girl; woman, lagul older sibling)
xhindxa'p lagwelt /ʃíndʒà'p
làgwéélt / n younger daughter
hija menor (sem. domains:
4.1.9.1.4Son, daughter |Hijo, hija,
4.1.9.1.9Birth order |Orden de
nacimiento.) (xi'ny child; son;
daughter, dxa'p girl; woman,
lagwelt younger sibling)
xhiriny /ʃìrííny / n higadito stew
higadito (sem. domains: 5.2Food |
Comida.)
xhity /ʃìʰty / n onion cebolla
5.2.3.1.3Food from vegetables |
xho'p /ʃò'p / q six seis [com. ù-
Alimentos procedentes de
vegetales, 5.2.3.3.3Spice |
Especia/Condimiento,
xhobgi'ny /ʃòbgì'ny / n salsa
salsa xhobgi'ny yaxh guacamole
1.5.3Grass, herb, vine |
Césped/pasto, hierba,
enredadera.)
xò'p][pot. ì-xó’p ]
xhobgi'ny yaxh /ʃòb gíí'ny
yàʰʃ / n guacamole guacamole
xi'ny lagwelt
xhobgi'ny
yaxh
137
(sem. domains: 5.2Food |Comida.)
(yaxh1 avocado, xhobgi'ny)
xhua' /ʃua' / n tail cola
xhuma /ʃùmáà / n mother of
madre de (cf: ma /màà/. )
xhun /ʃùn / q eight ocho [com. ùxùhàn][pot. ìxúhán ]
xhupa /ʃùpáà / n father of padre
de Xhupa-ca Cristian ca-ya'a
Christina's father is dancing. (sem.
domains: 4.1.9.1.2Father, mother |
Padre, madre.) (cf: pa /pàà/. )
xi1 /ʒií / adj^ salty salado
xi2 /ʒiì / adv tomorrow mañana
xi' /ʒi' / n nose nariz (sem.
domains: 2.1.1.3Nose.) dets xi' , xi'
ta'ny
xi' ta'ny /ʒi' tà'ny / adj flatnosed con nariz chato (xi' nose,
ta'ny) (cf: ta'ny /tà'ny/. )
xi'ix /ʒi'ìʒ / n chepil (an herb)
chepil (sem. domains: 1.5Plant |
Planta, 1.5.3Grass, herb, vine |
Césped/pasto, hierba,
enredadera.)
xi'ly1 /ʒi'ly / n sheep borrego
xi'ly2 /ʒi'ly / n cotton algodón
du' xi'ly , gich xi'ly
xi'ny /ʒi'ny / n child; son; daughter
niño; hijo; hija Che'el-baity ryulaz-ti'-ni' re-xhi'iny-ba. His
wife didn't like his children A su
esposa no le gustaron sus hijos
(sem. domains: 4.1.9.1.4Son, daughter |
Hijo, hija.) xhi'ny toby ,
xhindxa'p lagul , xhindxa'p
lagwelt , xi'ny lagwelt
xi'ny baly /ʒi'ny+bààly / n
godson; goddaughter ahijado;
ahijada
xi'ny gul /ʒi'ny gúùl / n firstborn son primero hijo (sem.
domains: 4.1.9.1.4Son, daughter |
Hijo, hija, 4.1.9.1.9Birth order |
Orden de nacimiento.)
xi'ny lagwelt /ʒi'ny làgwèèlt /
n youngest son último hijo (sem.
domains: 4.1.9.1.4Son, daughter |
Hijo, hija, 4.1.9.1.9Birth order |
Orden de nacimiento.) (xi'ny
child; son; daughter, lagwelt younger
xi'ny lagwelt
sibling)
xibe'lni' /ʒií+bè'l+nì' / adj
be barefoot estar descalzo e,
xibe'lni'-ca' Juany Yes, Juan is
barefoot. Sí, Juan es descalzo.
xiby /ʒiíby / n knee rodilla ¿Tu
xiby r-yan? Whose knee hurts? La
rodilla de quién le duele? (sem.
domains: 2.1Body |Cuerpo,
2.1.3.2Leg |Pierna.)
xich /ʒiìtʃ / n pineapple piña (sem.
domains: 5.2.3.1.2Food from fruit |
Alimentos procedentes de
frutas.)
xid /ʒií@d / n cat gato xid bi his
cat su gato (sem. domains:
1.6.1.1.2Carnivore |Carnívoro.) (cf:
bich2 /bíítʃ2/. )
xig /ʒiíg / n jícara gourd bowl
xig gie' /ʒiíg gìe' / n painted
gourd jícaro de flores
xipur /ʃíípùrr / n reason porque
xixan /ʒiíʒaàn / adj naked
desnudo Xixan bdo The baby is
naked. El bebé está desnudo.
138
xlag /ʃláág / adj wide ancho
xlia'sy /ʃlìá'sy / adv in vain en
balde; en vano
xliw /ʃlìw / n land, property
terreno Cwa'a deerrens xliw tu'
xmaro-a'. I inherited my
grandmother's property. (sem. domains:
1.2.1Land |Tierra.)
xman /ʃmáàn / n week semana
Xmax /ʒmààʒ / n Santo Tomas de
Arriba Santo Tomás de Arriba
xnan ne'e /ʃnààn nè'é / n aunt
tia (sem. domains: 4.1.9.1.6Uncle,
aunt |Tío, tía.)
xnax /ʒnááʒ / q only solo xnax
get only tortillas
xnes /ʃnèès / front enfrente
Zuxnes liebrr The book is standing
in front. El libro está de frente.
xnia /ʃníà / adj red rojo
xob /ʒoòb / n corn (kernels) maíz
(sem. domains: 1.5Plant |Planta,
1.5.3Grass, herb, vine |
Césped/pasto, hierba,
enredadera.)
xtromp
xob
ni'ly
139
xob ni'ly /ʒòòb ní'ly / n corn
kernels which have been softened for
grinding nixtamal
xob ye'ld /ʒoòb byè'ld / n
sweet corn stew pozole dulce
xoby v crooked chueco r-xoby be
twisted; be mismatched; be crooked
crooked
xpixh /ʃpìʃ / n nausea, disgust
asco Ryu' xpixh-a' I am disgusted;
I am nauseated. Me da asco (sem.
domains: 2.5.2.3Stomach illness |
Enfermedad del estómago.) ryu' xpixh be disgusted by
xques /ʃkèʰs / n fontanelle
fontanel
xquet /ʃkèʰt / n nest (of wasps)
panal (de avispa) (sem. domains:
1.6.1.7Insect |Insecto.)
xquixh /ʃkììʃ / n urine orina Ri
Juany xquixh Juan is urinating
Juan orina. (sem. domains:
2.2.7Urinate, urine |Orinar, orina.)
xta'mb be'cw /ʃtà'mb bè'kw /
n sty (sore on the eyelid) perrilla
(sem. domains: 2.1.1.1Eye,
2.5.2Disease |Enfermedad.)
xte /ʃtè / prep of de many xte
Juany Juan's bird el pajaro de
Juan míís xté túgù'l , se't xte
ido'
xte' /ʃté' / neg not no
xte' bca'ld n illness caused by injury
to one's nagual enfermedad
causada por malos del nagual
(sem. domains: 2.5.2Disease |
Enfermedad.) (bca'ld) (cf:
yag
maduc/; cf: ladxa' /làdʒà'/. )
xte' rxhi'w /ʃté' rrʃì'w / be bad
at no servir Xte' rrxi'w Juany
parr gu'ld librr Juan isn't good at
reading books. Juan no sirve para
leer libros. (sem. domains:
6.1.2.1Try, attempt.)
xte'ca /ʃtè'kà / neg not no
xteny /ʃtèèny / n of de
xtieny /ʃtííény / n rust óxido Byu' xtieny x-bisiclet Juany.
Juan's bicycle got rusty. La bicicleta
de Juan se oxidó.
xtromp /ʃtrròòmp / n top
(children's toy) trompo Rya'a
xtrromp El trompo baile. The top
xtromp
140
spins.
xtsi' /ʃtsì' / n voice voz Usyab
xtsi-w Your voice is low. Tu voz es
baja. Diap nu'u xtsi' Juany
Juan's voice is loud. La voz de
Juan es muy fuerte.
xumbrer /ʒumbrèʰrr / n hat
sombrero
xun /ʒun / adj torn roto Uxun
xab Juany Juan's clothes are torn.
La ropa de Juan está roto. [com.
ù-]
xtyug /ʃtyùùg / n beak pico
(sem. domains: 1.6.1.2Bird |Ave,
1.6.2.1Parts of a bird |Partes de un
ave.) r-cua' xtyug peck at
xung /ʒuùng / adj 1) hard; stale;
stiff duro; tieso Cazauxung get
xtily How stale the bread is! Qué
duro está el pan! 2) [com. ù-]
xu /ʒuú / n earthquake terremoto
xut /ʒut / adj paralized; crippled
paralítico Xuhat Mari Mary is
paralyzed. María es paralítico
Yy
y /y / *and *y
ya1 /ya / *now *ya
ya2 /yàà / adj clean limpio Naya xab-a'. My clothes are clean.
Mis ropas estan limpias. (sem.
domains: 5.6.1Clean, dirty |Limpio,
sucio.)
ya3 /yàà / n steam bath temescal
ya4 /yá / adv now Ya ben Juany
decidir. Juan ya decidió
ya' /yáà' / high alto Ya' ca
mansan The apple is high up. La
manzana está alto.
ya'l /yà'l / n copal incense copal
(sem. domains: 1.5.5Parts of a plant |
Partes de una planta,
4.9.8Religious things |Objetos
religiosos, 2.3.4Smell.)
ya'n /yá'n / n corncob olote (sem.
domains: 1.5.5Parts of a plant |Partes
de una planta.)
yagu'ts
ya'n
ze'
141
ya'n ze' /yà'n zè' / n green corn
Árbol.) (yag tree, belgwi nanche )
jilote
yabbe low estar bajo (Related to:
r-syab icy /syàʰb /. )
yag bgwi /yààg bgwìì / n
guayaba tree guayabal (sem.
domains: 1.5.1Tree |Árbol.) (yag
tree, bgwi guava)
yabdzi /yabdzï / n organo cactus
órgano (sem. domains: 1.5.3Grass,
herb, vine |Césped/pasto, hierba,
enredadera.) (yag tree, bdzi fruit
yag dyul /yààg dyúl / n
slingshot tirachinas (sem. domains:
4.8.3.7Weapon, shoot |Arma,
disparo.)
before the kernels have appeared
of the organo cactus)
yach /yáátʃ / adj 1) stingy 2)
unwilling to share 3) selfish tacaño;
avaro (cf: r-uny
yach /ùùny+yáátʃ/. )
yag /yààg / n 1) tree árbol (sem.
domains: 1.5.1Tree |Árbol.) yag
ge'dy pine 2) stick, pole vara, palo
3) wood madero (sem. domains:
1.5Plant |Planta, 5.5.6Fuel |
Combustible.) (cf: rcua' /kwà'/, di'dx /dìì'dʒ/, rca1 /káá1/. )yabdzi , yag
belgwi , yag bgwi guayaba tree ,
yag gits
yag belgwi n nance tree arbol de
nanche (sem. domains: 1.5.1Tree |
yag ge'dy /yààg gè'dy / n pine
pino, ocote (sem. domains:
1.5.1Tree |Árbol.) (yag 1 tree,
ge'dy hole)
yag gits /yààg gììts / n type of
pine tree tule, tipo de ocotal (sem.
domains: 1.5.1Tree |Árbol.) (yag
tree)
yag le /yààg lèè / n type of tree
tipo de arbol
yag maduc n white zapote tree árbol
de sapote blanco {Leaves from
this plant are medicine for the kind of
soul illness called xté' bcà'ld }(sem.
domains: 1.5.1Tree |Árbol.) (cf:
xte' bca'ld/. )
yagu'ts /yàgú'ts / n edible portion
of the stalk of a maguey plant quiote
yagxhil
yagxhil /yàgʃììl / n chair silla
xhaxhil-bi his chair su silla (sem.
domains: 5.1.1.2Chair |Silla.)
yagziny /yàgzììny / n palm tree
palmero (sem. domains: 1.5Plant |
Planta.)
yan /yààn / adj 1) spicy 2) hot
picoso
yaxh1 /yʰʃ / n avocado aguacate
xhobgi'ny yaxh guacamole
yaxh2 /yáàʃ / n garlic ajo
yaxtil /yààʃtíìl / n bamboo
carrizo
ye' /yèè' / n 1) flower flor 2)
multicolored pinto, moteado bedy
gi' multicolored hen gallina de
diferentes colores. (var. dial.
var. gyèè')
yebtu /yébtú / pro you (plural;
respectful) Ustedes
yebu /yèbù / pro you (polite)
usted
yet /yéét / adv low bajo Yet
zae'by ges ye'. The piñata is
hanging low. La piñata está
142
colgada bajo.
yew /yééw / n mare yegua
yo'b /yò'b / n diarrhea diarrea
Cay-ac-a' yo'b I have diarrhea.
Tengo diarrea (sem. domains:
2.5.2.3Stomach illness |Enfermedad
del estómago, 2.2.8Defecate, feces |
Defecar, heces.)
yo'b dzit n marrow tuétanos (sem.
domains: 2.1.6Bone, joint |Hueso,
articulación.)
yo'b icy /yò'b ììky / n brain
cerebro (sem. domains: 2.1.1Head |
Cabeza.)
yo'b lasto /yòò'b làstòò / n
hiccup hipo
yobia /yòbíá / pro I yo
yoby /yò'ɛby / pro [emphatic
pronoun]
yobyba /yò'ɛby-bà / pro he, she
(respected) él, ella (con respecto)
yobybi /yò'ɛby-bí / pro he, she
él, ella
yobyu /yò'ɛby-ù / pro you tú
ze
yon
143
yon /yóón / q three tres yon
xi'nya' my three sons mis tres
hijos
yu' /yù' / n house casa (var.
irreg. infl. liz1) (cf: liz2 /lììz2/. )
icy yu' roof , yu' bany house
yu /yùù / 1) n earth 2) soil tierra
yu dxa' , yu lda , yu nald
yu dxa' n hot region, hot country
tierra caliente syn: yu lda. (yu
made of mud and bamboo
earth soil)
yu lda n hot region, hot country tierra
caliente syn: yu dxa'. (yu earth
soil, lda'1 hot)
yu nald n cold region, cold country
tierra fria (yu earth soil)
yu teblo n flat land tierra plana
yu ya'n n cultivated land tierra
cultivada
yu' bany /yù' bààny / n house
made of mud and bamboo casa de
lodo (sem. domains: 6.5.1.1House.)
(yu' house, bany mud)
yù' gììx n house made of straw jacal
(sem. domains: 6.5.1.1House.)
yu'l /yú'l / n maguey flower flor
de maguey
yud /yúùd / n help ayuda
yuxy /yùùʒy / n sand arena
Zz
za /zàʰ / n lard manteca Udae'by
Mari zaj lo get. Maria spread lard
on the tortilla Maria untó manteca
en la tortilla. (sem. domains:
1.2.3.2Oil |Aceite.)
za be'n n cooking grease, smeared on
tortillas to make memelas asiento
(sem. domains: 5.2.3.2.1Meat |Carne,
1.2.3.2Oil |Aceite.)
za candel n tallow candle vela de
sebo
za'c /zà'k / adj good bueno
ze /zéé / v go (irregular stem) ir
{This is the continuative aspect. }
ze ne
ze ne /zèè+néé / v carry llevar
Zene Juany Mari lo doctorr
Juan Juan se llevo Maria al
doctor [com. güììnéé][pot. chíínèè ]
ze nity /zéé+nììty / v disappear,
be lost desaparecer, perderse
¿Tu xten telefono ze nity?
Whose telephone was lost? ¿El
teléfono de quien se perdió?
ze'1 /zè' / n corn; fresh corn elote
(sem. domains: 1.5Plant |Planta,
1.5.3Grass, herb, vine |
Césped/pasto, hierba,
enredadera.) ze' bgi'
ze' bgi' n roasted ear of corn elote
asado (sem. domains: 5.2.3.1.1Food
from seeds |Alimentos
procedentes de semillas,
1.5.3Grass, herb, vine |
Césped/pasto, hierba,
enredadera.) (ze'1 corn; fresh corn)
ze' quernad /zè' kèrnáàd / n
pomegranate granada (sem. domains:
5.2.3.1.2Food from fruit |Alimentos
procedentes de frutas.)
ze'dam /zé'dààm / n corn fungus
huitlacoche
144
zedy /zèdy / n salt sal (sem.
domains: 5.2.3.3.2Salt |Sal.)
zi /zíí / SecRoot (cf: r-uny
zi /ùùny+zíí/. )
zi' be'cw n a bitter herb hierba
amarga
zi'cy /zì'ky / prep like como
zi'd /zíə'd / v come (irreg. stem)
[pot. zìé'd ](cf:
r-ie'd /iè'd /. )r-
ye'd bca'ld
zi'di /zì'ídí / prep like como
Rliw-bi zi'idi Juany He looks like
Juan. El se mira como Juan
zi'il /zì'íl / q much; lots (of liquids)
mucho zi'il nis lots of water
mucha agua (cf: stal /stáál/. )
ziny /zììny / n palm frond palma
(sem. domains: 1.5Plant |Planta.)
zit /zíət / prep far from lejos de
zu bi /zúú+bíì / adj be cracked
estar descuartizado Zu bi ge's
The pot is cracked La olla está
descuartizado. (cf: rzubi /zùù+bíì/. )
145
zu'dy /zù'údy / n diaper pañal
(sem. domains: 2.6.4.1Baby |Bebé,
2.6.4.1.1Care for a baby |Cuidar a
un bebé.)
zuny /zùùny / n Tlacochahuaya
Tlacochahuaya
zyu'l
zu'dy
zyu'l /zyú'l / adj tall; long alto;
largo Rnia ngiw zyu'l The tall
man is ugly. El hombre alto es
feo. Caza bzyu'l Juany! How tall
Juan is! Qué alto es Juan!
zyu'l
146
Reverse Index
Aa
abandon r-be'cy1 1 cf: r-zi bni;
Related to: r-cue'cy; cf: *bni,
be'z1. v; r-sa'n 1 v
able gan1
able, be r-ac3 2 cf: guc3.
able, be; can r-ac gan v; r-uny
gan 1 v
about masu1 adv
accustomed to, be; used to, be
r-ya'2 v
Adam's apple bal geny n
adobe bsu' n
affecting someone else's
possession r-di'n 3 v
affirmative =ca enclit
after déspwéés dè comp
again =zac 1 enclit; =zac 2
enclit; stoby 1 (s-, toby1) adv
agave dob n
agree to r-sigeld v; rni yo (der.
of r-ni1) v
aim r-gu lo v
air bdun n; bi1 2 cf: r-zu1, rcha'. n^
alcohol, mescal nopy n
all doby q; irate q; rate (dial. var.,
sp. var. rátè; dial. var. ráté) q
All Saints Day dusant n
allow r-sa'n 1 v; r-se'n 2 v
already che'2 adv
also =za (=z) enclit
also, and =na 2
altar bcug n
always syempr adv
and chi'i 2; cun1 (cun2) conj
angry, get r-dxe'ech 1 v
animate ru-- neg
ankle geny ni' (geny, ni') n
another (one) stoby 2 (s-, toby1)
adv
ant bdi n; bio'b n
ant hill liz bdi (liz2, bdi) n
ant, red be' n
anyone rute' neg; rute'ca pro
anything xhi=tiz pro
anywhere calo1 inter; calo2 adv
of theplace
neck
apart, in back
a different
147
apart, in a different place
reny2 2 Contrast: reny1. adj
appear r-li'w 1 v r-li'w na ; rrica 2 v
approach r-big v
approximately si' prep
apron delantary n; mandi n
arm xa'cw2 Contrast: xa'cw1. n
le'n xa'cw
armadillo bigopy n
armpit le'n xa'cw (le'en,
xa'cw2) n
arrive r-dziny 1 v
as soon as teru adv
ascend r-iepy 2 v
ash cobde n; de1 1 n
ashamed of, be r-tuy 1 v der. rtuy-ne ; r-tuy-ne (der. of r-tuy)
v
ashamed, be r-tuy 2 v {The
subject of this verb is the possessor of
the noun loo 'face'.} der. r-tuy-ne
ask gan2 v; r-nabdidx v
ask for r-nab v
assign asignar v
assign??
at nez 1 prep nez ya' nez yet
at least mas pur adv
at night ge'l 2 adv ge'l rsary r-bi
ge'l
at once =te enclit
at the back of xa' xa' lay
at the base of nez ru' prep
at the bottom of xa' xa' lay
at the edge of nez ru' prep
atole nisyab n
attention, pay; pay attention;
ovey r-cua dya'g di'dx (der. of
r-cua dya'g) v
aunt xnan ne'e n
authority guxtis n
avocado yaxh1 n xhobgi'ny
yaxh
avocado leaves bldagaxh n
axe gibyag n
Bb
back dets1 (der. of dets2) n dets
xi' dzit dets
back of the hand dets nna n
back of the neck xa' xi' n
badger
badger bxich n
bad-tasting nilazy adj
bag buxh n
bake r-guy' Related to: r-ay'. v
bald pelon adj
balloon begig 1 n
bamboo yaxtil n
baptism galrrob nis (gal, r-rob
nis) n
bark r-duxh v
bark of a tree bldady n
bark used to make a beverage
yag le n
bark used to make a beverage,
type of tree
basket cànáást n; dximy n {This
is for tall storage baskets.}
bat gidy bziny n
bath, steam ya3 n
bathe (another person) r-gwaz
Related to: r-az. v
bathe oneself r-az Related to: rgwaz. v
be na 1 v der. na que
be (a certain hour) r-ca2 7
Related to: r-cua. v r-ca ...
mam r-ca di'n r-ca gi
148
be (of groups of things massed
together) r-i3 v
be (respectful) r-bez 3 cf: cuez.
v
be (someone's) birthday r-yab
la (der. of r-iab) v {The subject of
this idiom is the possessor of laa
'name'}
be able r-ac3 1 cf: guc3. aux
be angry r-yu' dxe'ch (r-yu', rdxe'ech) v
be asleep naxasy v
be bad at xte' rxhi'w
be baked r-ay' Related to: rguy'. v
be baptised r-rob nis (r-rob,
nis1) v galrrob nis
be barefoot xibe'lni' adj
be boastful about r-unyyachne
2 (der. of r-uny yach) v
be bought, be purchased r-yo'
Related to: r-zi. v
be broken (of string) ruga'
Related to: r-tyuga'. v
be called r-ac redx 1 v
be cleaned r-ya'1 cf: r-sya. v
be complete r-za'1 cf: r-sa'. v
be cooked r-ay' Related to: rguy'. v
149
be on (a part of the body)be
(ofcooked,
bruisesbe
orcooking
marks)
be cooked, be cooking r-gi'i cf:
r-qui'i. v
be covered in r-doby1 1 [rrdòòyby] cf: toby2. v
be cracked zu bi cf: r-zubi. adj
be cured r-ac redx 2 v
be cut (hair, nails, maguey) rga 2 Related to: r-gwa. v
be cut from a tree (of fruit) rru' cf: r-tyu'; Related to: rtyu'. v
be engaged to r-di'ny Related
to: r-gi'ny. v
be enough, rise r-ga'a 1 v r-ga'a
yo'b
be extinguished, go out r-i'u
Related to: r-si'u. v
be found r-dxel 2 [rr-dʒεəl] v
be hairy r-ga' gich (r-ga'1, gich
icy) v
be happy r-yu' legr (r-yu') adj
be hidden n-u'u2 v
be hugged r-de'z 1 Related to:
r-ge'z. v
be hung out, stretched out rbi'ildy Related to: r-dzi'ildy. v
be in bad health jodid adj
be in eclipse (of the sun,
moon) r-ac xhu 2
be in, lie in r-da'2 2 v
be infected, be filled with pus
r-iach cf: r-ach1. v
be invested in r-yu' 4 Related
to: r-gu'. v r-yu bye'cy r-yu' bi
r-yu' che' r-yu' crud r-yu'
dxe'ch r-yu' icy r-yu' legr r-yu'
trist r-yu' xlia' r-yu' xpixh r-yu'
xtieny r-yu' za'c
be joined, combined r-dxa'ag
Related to: r-cha'ag; cf: rcha'ag. v
be lacking for (someone) runy
falt v
be located in a high place r-ca2
3 Related to: r-cua. v r-ca ...
mam r-ca di'n r-ca gi
be lost r-nity v
be low yab Related to: r-syab
icy.
be mended, darned, repaired
r-dxa'g dib Related to: rcha'ag dib; cf: r-cha'ag dib.
(r-dib, r-dxa'ag) v
be on (a part of the body) (of
bruises or marks) r-doby1 2
be on (a part of the body) (of bruises or marks)
150
[rr-dòòyby] cf: toby2. v
be on (of fruit) r-ca2 2 Related
to: r-cua. v r-ca ... mam r-ca
di'n r-ca gi
be on top of xa't v
be open (of the mouth) r-xha'
v
be picked, pulled off r-dobyu
cf: r-gobyu. v
be pregnant (of an animal) nu'u bdo' (n-u'u1) v
be proud of r-unyyachne 1
(der. of r-uny yach) v
be put r-i1 2 v
be rolled up r-doby1 1 [rrdòòyby] cf: toby2. v
be sad r-u'ban cf: r-ban. n; ryu' ban cf: r-ban. (der. of ryu', r-ban) v; r-yu' trist (r-yu')
v
be sat upon (of eggs), be
brooded, be incubated r-de'z
2 Related to: r-ge'z. v
be saved r-la'1 1 cf: lda'2, rlda'1, r-ac lda'. v
be sewn r-dib [rr-dííəb] Related
to: r-gib. v
be sold r-do' Related to: r-to'. v
be spread on/over r-ie' cf: rze'. v
be stretched gà' Related to: rsaga'. v r-saga'
be stuck into r-ya'zy v
be surprised by r-dxiga' v
be the turn tocar
be tight tip 2 adj
be toasted r-gats Related to: rcuats. v
be washed r-di'by 2 cf: r-gi'by1.
v
be weighed r-bixh2 cf: r-re'exh.
v der. r-bixh la
beaded necklace bga' n
beak xtyug n r-cua' xtyug
bean bzia' n
bean, green bziya' n
beard gich lux n; gidx lux n
beat (something) r-ca bye'cy 2
v
beautiful lagi adj
because te1 comp
because of por prep; pur1 prep
become r-ac2 2 (irreg. infl., gac)
cf: ge'y; cf: guc1. v r-ac
binygul
151
become engaged to r-gi'ny 2
Related to: r-di'ny; Contrast:
gin; Contrast: r-giny. v
become ill with susto r-ye'ld1 v
bed lu'n n
bed made of wood (an older
style of bed) lu'n n
bee bes2 n; beser n
bee species bez bizi'u n
begin r-zalo1 1 v
behind dets2 prep der. dets1 ; xa'
xa' lay
believe r-zala'z v; r-zalo2 v {Rrzaaloo is used for believing a
proposition. Rr-yèndí’+là’z means
'believe in (a person); have faith in (a
person)'. R-ùùny crèw means 'believe
in (something holy)' and is used in
religious contexts.}
believe in (something
religious) r-uny crew v {This
verb is used only for religious belief.
For faith in a person, r-yendi'la'z is
used. For belief in a proposition,
rrzaaloo is used.}
believe in; faith in, have ryendi'la'z v {For faith in religious
things, ruuny crew is used instead. For
belief in a proposition, rrzaaloo is
used.}
bell, small bxuz1 n
sapote
becomeblack
engaged
to
belly le'en 1 n le'n tant le'n
xa'cw ; xa'n le'en n
bellybutton ge'py n
below nez le'en 1 prep
belt cader n
bend over r-zu rlo (rlo, r-zu1) v
bent pencw adj
beside nez cue' prep
bet r-uny pwest v
better, get r-ac1 v
beverage made from maize
and cacao cob gye' n
beverage made of maize and
other ingredients nisyab n
biceps be'z nna n
big ro' adj bcweny ro'
bird many cf: bedy. n {This word
is used for wild birds. Domesticated
birds are called beyjdy}
bird pepper gi'ny bes n
birth, give r-yu' za'c (r-yu',
za'c) v
birthmark belgito n
bite r-awya' v
bitter lda cf: lda'1. adj^
black ngas adj
black sapote bliw' n
blanket
blanket ladich n
bleed r-ri' reny v; r-zu reny v
bless r-uny lde' cf: r-uny. v
blight plaga n
blind ti'p adj
blink r-dxiby lo (der. of rdxiby) v
blister bti' n
blonde mex adj
blood reny1 1 Contrast: reny2. n
boast (about something) r-uny
lac v
boastful, be r-uny yach cf:
yach. v der. r-unyyachne
boil r-lda'by Related to: rsalda'by. v r-salda'by
boil (something) r-salda'by
Related to: r-lda'by. (sa-, rlda'by) v
bone dzit n dzit dets
book liebr n
born, be r-al v; rie'd gedx lyu
(der. of r-ie'd) v
borrow r-di'n 1 v; r-gi'ny 1
Related to: r-di'ny; Contrast:
gin; Contrast: r-giny. v
borrowed r-di'n 2 v
152
boundary marker, border
marker bz'a n
bowl for water used in tortillamaking cha' ri' n
bowl, gourd xig n
box caj n caj xte biny guty
boy bni' ngiu n
braid bi'cu n
brain yo'b icy n
bread get xtily n
break r-ach2 v; r-la'a 1 Related
to: r-lda'1. v; r-lda'1 1 cf: rlda'2, r-ac lda'; Related to: rla'a; cf: lda'2, r-ac lda', r-la'1.
v
break (string, cord) r-tyuga'
Related to: ruga'. v
break ears off r-lda'1 1 cf: rlda'2, r-ac lda'; Related to: rla'a; cf: lda'2, r-ac lda', r-la'1.
v
breast dud n r-de'dy dud ; texh1
2
breathe r-ldoby [rr-ldòòəby] v
bridge of the nose dets xi'
(dets1, xi') n
bring r-ye'dne v
broadcast (seeds) r-uny bni cf:
r-uny. (r-uny, *bni) v
broken (ofcareful
teeth)
153
broken (of teeth)
brood r-ge'z Related to: r-de'z.
v
broom gobziny n
broom, whisk; whisk broom
go'b n
brother (of a male) bets n
brother (of a woman) bzya'n 1
n
brow ilag n
bruise morad n
bubble btsi'ny 2 n
bud, flower; flower bud
gibtony n
bull gu'n1 n
bullet bal2 n
burn gwe'cy 1 v; r-ca gi (irreg.
infl. ca gi) (r-ca2) v
burn down gwe'cy 1 v
burned gwe'cy 2 adj
burp r-yel v
burr gich xi'ly (gich, xi'ly2) n
bury r-ca'ts cf: r-ga'ts. v; rcua'ts v; r-ga'ts cf: r-ca'ts. v
but nica conj; per conj
buttocks dzit xa'n n; xa'n2 1 n
buy r-zi Related to: r-yo'. v
buy on credit r-ca di'n (r-ca2, rdi'n) v
buzzard bech cf: r-bedx. n
by nez 1 prep nez ya' nez yet
Cc
cactus bia'a n; gex n
cactus sp. bia'rel n der. bru'ny
bya'rel
cactus thorn gich de' n
cage gi'cy n
cake pastel1 n; pastel2 n
calf (of the leg) bez ni' n
call r-bedx cf: bech. v; r-ye'ts v
call to attention r-ye' ne v
calm dolaz adj
candle candel n
cane nit n
cape; coat, rain; palm cape
bquix n
careful cuidad 1 adj; di'dx ro'2
2n
careful with, be
careful with, be r-zo'b cuidad
v
caress r-dae'by na' v
cargo rank of topil; topil
mayor n
carried away by water, be r-lo'
1v
carry r-ine 3 v; r-u' 1 v; ze ne v
casket, coffin caj xte biny guty
(caj) n
cat bich2 cf: xid. n; xid cf: bich2.
n {This is an older word used by some
people. The more common word is
biich}
catch r-ne'ez 1 v
catch with a rope r-cua' du'u v
caus sa- cf: r-doby2, r-sadoby. v
> v r-sabiz r-saga' r-salda'by rsara r-saya'a
cause r-nibe v
cause there to be no more of rsara 2 Related to: r-ra1. (sa-,
r-ra1) v
cause to dance r-saya'a cf: rya'a. (sa-, r-ya'a) v
cause to fly r-su 1 Related to: rzu1. v
cause to get up r-ldis2 1 v
154
cause to stand r-su 1 Related
to: r-zu1. v; r-zu ca (der. of rzu1) v
cavity (in the tooth) dxuc 2
[dxùùəc] adj r-awdxuc
cavity, have a r-awdxuc (r-aw,
dxuc) v
centipede ni' gald (ni', gald) n
certain, be guldi adj
certainly =pac2 1
chair yagxhil n
change r-bixhlo v; r-cha' 2 cf:
bi1, r-zu1; cf: dxa1. v der. r-cha
bi
charcoal bu'u n
chayote gidyap n
cheek xhag n
chepiche (an herb) lagyu'z n
chepil (an herb) xi'ix n
chest gin Contrast: r-gi'ny. n;
texh1 1 n
chew r-as v
chicatana ant mbru'xh n
chicken bedy cf: many. n bedy
ngul
chicken coop liz bedy (liz2,
bedy) n
comb
child
155
child bni' n; xi'ny n xhi'ny toby
xhindxa'p lagul xhindxa'p
lagwelt xi'ny lagwelt
child of an unmarried woman
xhi'ny toby (xi'ny) n
chile gi'ny n
chile, green gi'ny ya' n
chill bi2 1 cf: r-zubi. n
chills galnald 2 n
chin xa'n ru' n
chocolate naxh 1 n; naxh 4 n
chop up r-tiz v
Christ child bdo' nin n; nin n
church ido' n se't xte ido'
cigarette gez n
cilantro curand n
civil authorities gula'b n
civil obligation cargw n
clean r-sya cf: r-ya'1. v; ya2 adj
clean (beans, by blowing away
the dry husks) r-su 2 Related
to: r-zu1. v
clean off (something covered
with a substance) r-tya' v
cleansing-ceremony limpies n
clear up (of liquid) r-bi xa (der.
of r-bi) v
climb r-iepy 2 v
close (the eye, mouth, hand) rse'w 3 cf: r-ye'w. v
close the eyes r-ziny 1 v
close the eyes; eyes, close the rziny 2 v
closely serc1 1 adv^
clothes lady 1 cf: xab. n {The
possessed form is xrààb}; xab cf:
lady. n {The possessed form of
lààdy}
cloud xcay n
cob, dried corn; corncob,
dried niz n
cockroach xa'cw1 Contrast:
xa'cw2. n
cold bi2 2 cf: r-zubi. n; nald adj
cold region, cold country yu
nald (yu) n
cold, be r-ac nald (r-ac2 1) v {Ràjc+nààld requires an animate
subject.}; r-yeld 1 v
com bi-; uandat
1sg gùà'- v
and gwìì- v
comb beu2 n; r-yu'uny Related
to: r-gu'uny1. v
comb (hair of another)
comb (hair of another) rgu'uny1 Related to: r-yu'uny;
Related to: ry-u'uny. v
comb (one's own hair) ryu'uny Related to: r-gu'uny1. v
combine r-cha'ag 1 Related to:
r-dxa'ag; cf: r-dxa'ag. v der. rcha'ag di'dx
come r-ie'd (irreg. infl., da'; sp. var.
zì'd) cf: zi'd. v der. rie'd gedx
lyu
come (irreg. stem) zi'd cf: rie'd. v r-ye'd bca'ld
come (of night) r-bi ge'l 2 (r-bi,
ge'l) v
come in (of teeth) r-rica 1 v
come out, flow out r-di' v r-di'
xnez
come to an agreement r-bi de
acuerd (der. of r-bi) v
come to ask for r-ye'dnab v
come to meet r-ye'dchaglo v
Come! (imperative) da' (irreg.
infl. of, r-ie'd) v
come?
complete, finish r-sa' cf: r-za'1.
v
conceited lag1 2 Contrast: lag2.
adj
156
confess r-xhoby duld (der. of rxhoby) v
confirm (in a religious
ceremony) r-bixh la (der. of rbixh2, la1) v
consume entirely r-sadoby cf:
sa-, r-doby2. v
content with, be r-ba' v
continuative cacontinue r-zeza 2 aux
contradict, answer rudely rdzire di'dx v
cooking grease, smeared on
tortillas to make memelas za
be'n n
cool r-syeld v; r-yeld 2 v {This
verb is used with an inanimate subject.
For an animate subject, r-àjc nààld is
used.}
copal incense ya'l n
copula =na 1 v
coral snake beld sbyob (be'ld)
n
corn ze'1 n ze' bgi'
corn (kernels) xob n {This word is
used to describe dried corn kernels
which have been detached from the
cob.}
corn before the kernels
appear, green ya'n ze' n
157
corn flower do n
corn fungus; fungus, corn
nizdam n
corn kernels which have been
softened for grinding xob
ni'ly n
corncob ya'n n
cornfield gel n
cornhusk bcwel ze' n
cornhusk, dried bcwel n
cornsilk gich icy ze' n
cornstalks stripped of leaves
nitgi n
corpse tu'gu'l n míís xté túgù'l
corral gurraly 2 n
cost r-iny v
cotton xi'ly2 n du' xi'ly gich
xi'ly
cough r-ac ru v
cough, have r-ac ... ru v
cover r-acw 3 Related to: rgwa'cw; cf: n-acw. v; r-se'w 1
cf: r-ye'w. v; r-ye'w cf: r-se'w.
v
cow bac n
coyote beu1 n
cradle swing for a baby gixh1 n
cut
corn flower
crawl r-da'1 v
crippled xut adj
crooked r-xoby 2 Related to: rxhoby. (r-, xoby) adj^; xoby v
r-xoby
crooked, make r-xhoby 2
Related to: r-xoby. v der. rxhoby duld
cross (the arms) r-te'dy cwe'
(r-te'dy) v
cross-eyed
crow dul n
crown (of the head) bto icy2
(irreg. infl. lobtoicy2) n
crush r-co' Related to: r-go'. v
cry r-u'n Related to: r-cu'n. v
cultivated land yu ya'n n
cup cop1 n
cure r-iac cf: r-syac. v; rmedy n
cure (another) r-syac cf: r-iac.
v
cured, be r-ac1 v
curing, calling galracredx (gal,
r-ac redx) n
curly chin adj
cut r-tyu' cf: r-ru'; Related to:
r-ru'. v r-tyu' xen ; r-tyu'g cf:
cut
158
r-ru'g. v; r-xu'x v
cut (hair, nails) r-gwa 1
Related to: r-ga. v
cut (into small pieces) r-tiz v
cut, be r-ru'g cf: r-tyu'g. v
cut, be; shaved, be r-ga 1
Related to: r-gwa. v
Dd
dance r-ya'a cf: r-saya'a. v rsaya'a
dandruff gix btye'ty n
daughter xi'ny n xhi'ny toby
xhindxa'p lagul xhindxa'p
lagwelt xi'ny lagwelt
daughter-in-law gu liz (liz1) n
day dxi2 n
deacon(?) adorador n
dead ngul2 adj
dead person biny gu'ty n;
galgu'ty 2 n; tu'gu'l n míís xté
túgù'l
deaf gue't adj; r-cue't 1 v
deaf (in compounds) r-cue't 2
adj^
death galgu'ty 1 n
deceased ngul2 adj
deceased person tu'gu'l n míís
xté túgù'l
deer bdzin n
def s- 1 v; s- 2 num
delicate (in health) nala'z cf:
ladxa'. v
delicious che'1 1 adj; nix adj
departed, late tu'
dependency? dèpèndèns n
descend r-yet v
desire r-zobylaz 2 v
destroy r-tsildy cf: r-bildy. v
destroyed, be r-bildy cf: rtsildy. v
detain cues2 2 v
devil bindxab n
devil, demon ldíàb n
dew gop2 n
diaper zu'dy n
diarrhea yo'b n
did beny (irreg. infl. of, r-uny) v
die r-aty Related to: r-u'ty. v; rca'a 3 (sp. var. cà') v r-ca be'
159
different renca adj; reny2 1
Contrast: reny1. adj
difficult trabagw 2 adj
dig r-gaeny v ni-rgaeny ba'
dimin -si n
dinner xchi n
dirty mew Contrast: rexh. adj;
rexh Contrast: mew. adj
disappear r-nity v; r-nitylo v
disappear, be lost ze nity v
disease, a kind of gedxy n
disease, have a r-yech v
disgusted by, be r-yu' xpixh
(xpixh, r-yu') v
disgusting cochin adj; dxu'dx 2
dish, bowl cha' n
disrespectful roby adj
do r-uny 1 (irreg. infl., beny) cf: runy be'; cf: r-uny lde'; cf:
eny; cf: r-uny bni. v r-uny bni
r-uny loc r-uny xhigab
do (irreg com) guc1 cf: r-ac2. v
do(irreg. stem) eny cf: r-uny. v
dog be'cw n
doll mony n mony lady
domesticated bird bedy cf:
many. n bedy ngul
dull
different
dough cob n
dove be'x n
down ga'3 adv^; ga'1 1
dream r-nixca'ld v; rni lo
bca'ld cf: bca'ld, n-u'u
bca'ld. (id. of r-ni1) v
dress r-acw 1 Related to: rgwa'cw; cf: n-acw. v
drink r-i' 1 cf: r-de'dy dud. v
drip down ri-etsu v
drive r-xhu'ny cf: r-xu'ny2; cf:
r-xu'ny1. v
drive (animals) r-xa't 2 v
drop (things) down in a line rzube'ld v
drunk, be r-zuz v
drunk, get r-zuz v
drunkenness galrzuz n
dry r-biz 1 adj^ r-sabiz ; r-biz 2
v r-sabiz
dry river ge'u biz (ge'u, r-biz)
n
dry season curexm n
dry up, cause to r-sabiz (sa-, rbiz) v
duck bad1 n
dull ta'mb adj
dust
160
dust de1 2 n; de2 n
Ee
each cad q; gazob2 q; rald q
each other sa'1 2 n
eagle bsi n
eagle (large variety) biuc n
ear dyag n
ear canal ge'dy dyag n
early rsily adv
earth yu 1 n yu dxa' yu lda yu
nald
earthquake xu n
easy fasil adj; sensiy adj
eat r-aw cf: r-chag ru'1; cf: rdaw. v der. r-aw... ru' r-awdxuc
r-awlay ; r-qui'ny1 v {More polite
than r-àw}
eat (irreg. stem) udaw v
eat a meal (with rr-qui'ny or
r-aw) chaget n
eat, drink (respectful) rqui'ny2 3 v
edible leaf, herb gùlà's n
educated di'dx ro'2 1 n
egg dzit bedy n
eight xhun q
elbow xbildy n r-gu xbildy
elbow, hit with the r-gu xbildy
(xbildy) v
eleven tsiptoby [tsììptóyby] q
empty let cf: r-le't. adj; r-le't 1
cf: let; Related to: r-let. v
empty, be; emptied, be r-let
Related to: r-le't. v
endure guant n; r-uny guant v
engaged, become r-bi di'dx
(der. of r-bi) v {This idiom requires
a plural possessor of the subject dìì'dx.}
enter r-yu' 3 Related to: r-gu'. v
r-yu bye'cy r-yu' bi r-yu' che' ryu' crud r-yu' dxe'ch r-yu' icy ryu' legr r-yu' trist r-yu' xlia' ryu' xpixh r-yu' xtieny r-yu'
za'c
epazote btia' [ftjá'] n
equally, in the same way =gag
2 prt
esperar cues2 2 v
every gazob1 q
excrement gi' n; pe' n
fearless, valiant
exist
161
exist n-u'u1 1 (irreg. infl. ryu'; irreg.
infl., zyu'; irreg. infl., chu') cf:
chu'; Related to: r-gu'. v n-u'u
bca'ld n-u'u bdo' ; r-zu2 2 v
exit r-bica Related to: r-dzica;
cf: r-tsica. v
expense gáást n
experience r-ac2 1 (irreg. infl., gac)
cf: ge'y; cf: guc1. v r-ac
binygul r-ac nald
explode, burst r-acha' v
extinguish, put out r-si'u
Related to: r-i'u. v
eye bzyalo n
eyebrow gich ilag2 n
eyelash gich ru' bzyalo n
eyelid gidy ru' bzyalo (gidy2,
ru'u1, bzyalo) n
Ff
face lo 1 n r-lo=xga rni
face up sa adj^
face-down rlo adj^ r-zu rlo
facing backwards rdets 1 adj^
fail to (do something) r-ia'ch 1
v
fall r-iab v der. r-iab nisgi der. riab nisgi der. r-yab la
fall (of night) r-bi ge'l 2 (r-bi,
ge'l) v
fall down r-bixh2 cf: r-re'exh. v
der. r-bixh la ; r-bixh3 3 cf: rgixh, r-at bixh. v
fall on, occur on (of a date) rald 2 v r-za'by nald
fall out r-bixh3 4 cf: r-gixh, r-at
bixh. v
falling r-bixh3 1 cf: r-gixh, r-at
bixh. adv^
family, brother, sister sa'1 1 n
far from zit prep
fart do'p n
fasten, button r-se'w 2 cf: rye'w. v
father pa cf: xhupa. n {The
possessed form is xhùpáà}
father of xhupa cf: pa. n {This is
the possessed form of pàà}
fatten r-cha cf: dxa1. v
fault duld n
fearless, valiant valory 2 adj
feather
feather do'by n
feed r-gya'n v
fence gurraly 1 n
festival lani n
festival, wedding; wedding
festival sa'2 n
fiber, maguey; maguey fiber
gedx1 n
fidgety, be r-gi'ldy v
field inya' n
field (like a baseball field, or
football field) la'ts 2 n
fifteen tsa'ny q
fight batayar v; r-be'cy2 cf:
*bni, r-zi bni. v r-be'cy bni ; rdi'ldy v
fight (a bull) r-be'cy1 2 cf: r-zi
bni; Related to: r-cue'cy; cf:
*bni, be'z1. v
figure of a saint dxan n
fill r-cha' 3 cf: bi1, r-zu1; cf:
dxa1. v der. r-cha bi cha bi; rda'2 1 v
filled, be dxa1 cf: r-cha; cf: rcha'. v
filthy dxu'dx 1 adj
find r-dxel 1 [rr-dʒεəl] v; r-gi'ily
1 Related to: r-di'ily; cf: di'ily.
162
v
find (irreg. stem) di'ily cf: rgi'ily. v
finger bcweny n bcweni lay
bcweny ro' ; bcweny nna n
fingernail bxug nna' n
fingernail, toenail bxhug n rtya' xhug
finish r-ialo 2 (irreg. infl., chalo) v;
r-sadoby cf: sa-, r-doby2. v; rsara 1 Related to: r-ra1. (sa-,
r-ra1) v
finish, complete r-ldu'uxh v
fire, campfire lode1 n
first =xga enclit r-lo=xga rni ;
primer adj
first-born son xi'ny gul n
fiscal (person in charge of the
church for a year) bixcaly n
fish beld 2 n beld bi'ch
fish sp. beld bi'ch (beld 2, bi'ch)
n
five ga'y q
flat la'ts 1 adj
flat land yu teblo n
flat, even teblo adj
flat-nosed xi' ta'ny cf: ta'ny.
(xi', ta'ny) adj
163
flea be'u1 n
flirt with r-git ne v
float r-za'by lo v
flooded, be r-lo' 2 v
flour rin n
flower ye' 1 (dial. var. gyèè') n
fly blyazy n; r-zu1 4 Related to:
r-su; cf: bi1, r-cha'. v der. r-zu
ca r-zu list r-zu rlo
foam btsi'ny 1 n
fog ubado' (uba, do') n
fold r-si'ty cf: r-i'ty; Related to:
r-i'ty. v
folded, be; crooked, be;
twisted, be r-i'ty cf: r-si'ty;
Related to: r-si'ty. v
follow r-zu nald 1 v
fontanelle xques n
food comid n; liment n
foolish xheny1 Contrast:
xheny2. adj
foot ni' 1 n geny ni' ni' gald ni'
ge'ts
foot, top of dets ni' n
footprint sen 2 n
for por prep
friend
flea
for (clothes) to go well with
(someone) r-cha'ag 2 Related
to: r-dxa'ag; cf: r-dxa'ag. v der.
r-cha'ag di'dx
for free diga adv
for night to end r-ra2 v
for night to fall r-bi ge'l 1 (r-bi,
ge'l) v
for there to be no more of
(something) r-ra1 Related to:
r-sara. v r-sara
forehead cues1 n; locua (sp. var. lo
cua) n
foretell, predict, cure r-niya' v
forget r-ye'la'z v; r-ye'ld2 v
forgetful nayeldla'z adj
forgetfulness galrye'ld 1 (gal,
r-ye'ld2) n
form forma n
forty tyu' q
four idap q; tap2 q
fourteen tsida q
freeze r-ac ge' 1 v
fresh che'1 1 adj
fresh corn ze'1 n ze' bgi'
Friday viern n
friend miegw n
frighten
164
frighten r-chiby cf: r-dxiby. v
frightened, be; fear; afraid
(of), be r-dxiby 1 cf: r-chiby.
v der. r-dxiby lo
fright-sickness dxiby n;
galrye'ld 2 (gal, r-ye'ld2) n
fright-sickness, suffer from rac ... dxiby v
frog ran n {Spanish loan}
frog eggs xhiga' bez (xhiga',
bez) n
frog eggs, fish eggs blduld
[bldúəld] n
front xnes
frozen ge'y 1 cf: r-ac2. adj
fruit of a cactus sp. bru'ny
bya'rel (der. of bia'rel) n
fruit of the nopal cactus;
nopal cactus fruit; cactus
fruit bru'ny n
fruit of the organo cactus bdzi
n yabdzi
fruta naxh 2 n
fuego bel1 1 Contrast: bel2. n
full dxa2 adj
full of air cha bi (r-cha' 3, bi1)
adj
full, be dxa1 cf: r-cha; cf: rcha'. v
funeral mass míís xté túgù'l
(mis, xte, tu'gu'l) n
fungus, corn; corn fungus
ze'dam n
Gg
gallbladder cula n
garambulla bdzi xob n
garden jardin n
garlic yaxh2 n
gather r-te'e cf: r-de'e. v
gathered (com. of ?) cwe'1 v
get (someone) up r-ldis2 1 v
get dark r-cay 1 v
get into line r-zube'ld v
get out r-bica Related to: rdzica; cf: r-tsica. v
get tired r-ye'd bca'ld (zi'd,
bca'ld) v
get, collect r-ca'a 2 (sp. var. cà') v
r-ca be'
gift regal 2
girdle; belt faj n
165
girl bni' dxa'p n; dxa'p n
give r-de'dy 1 v r-de'dy dud ; rni'dx v
give (as a gift) r-gua'd v
give (to me, us) r-ni'dx v
give work r-xa't 1 v
gizzard ge'ts 2 [çeə'ts] n ni'
ge'ts
glory gulory n
gnat bgedx n
go r-i2 (irreg. infl. cho'; irreg. infl. chi;
irreg. infl. byo'n; irreg. infl. za'a)
cf: chi; cf: byo'n. v; ze v
toward
home
1sg zi'a v
go (along) r-zeza 1 v
go around (something) ri'ay
cf: r-ay. v
go away from home
1sg za'a (irreg. infl. of r-i2) v
go down r-yet v
go up r-iepy 2 v
go& chi-; zegod dyos1 n
God, saint dyos2 n
goddaughter xi'ny baly n
grave-digger
girl
godson xi'ny baly n
gold orr n
good dolaz adj; guen 1 adj; za'c
adj
gourd la'1 n
gourd, type of xhigeg 2
government gobiern n
grandchild xag n
granddaughter xag n
grandfather bingul n r-ac
binygul ; dadmam 2 n; paro' n
grandmother bingul n r-ac
binygul ; mam1 n; mam2 2 n;
maro' n
grandson xag n
grape ub n
grasshopper guxhady n
grate r-tyaya' Related to: rraya'. v
grated, be r-raya' Related to: rtyaya'. v
grated, be; scraped, be ray v
grave ba' n {LM says this refers to an
empty grave. The grave with a body in
it is ru' ba'.} ni-rgaeny ba'
grave-digger ni-rgaeny ba'
(ni=, r-gaeny, ba' ) n
great-grandchild
166
great-grandchild gich ilag1 n
greedy (for food) nala adj
greedy person galnala n
grey bich1 adj
griddle dzily n
grind r-u't (bè't) cf: ri-e't. v
grind the teeth r-awlay (r-aw,
lay1) v
ground, be ri-e't cf: r-u't. v
grow r-ro' Related to: r-tyo'. v
grow (of plants, children) rlden Related to: r-salden. v
grow (of plants, hair, nails) rga'1 Contrast: rga'. v r-ga'
gich
growl, rumble (of the
stomach), rustle r-yubi 2 v
grub many xob 2
guacamole xhobgi'ny yaxh
(yaxh1, xhobgi'ny) n
guaje la'2 n
guard against r-cua lo v
guarded, be r-yu' che' Related
to: r-gu che'1. (r-yu') v
guava bgwi n yag bgwi
guayaba tree yag bgwi (yag,
bgwi) n
guelaguetza galgez n
gum (of the mouth) xa' lay
(xa', lay1) n
gun gi'b 1 [gííə'b] [gííə'b] n la'ts
gi'b
gut (an animal) r-le't 1 cf: let;
Related to: r-let. v
Hh
habit
andat rihabitual r- v r-xoby
hail gìì xòòb n
hair gidx 1 cf: gich. n
hair (of the head) ichicy n
hair of the head gich icy n r-ga'
gich
hair, white to'p n {Only used in this
idiom. Possibly nù'ú+tò'p is the right
analysis, with ììcy Juáàny as the
subject.}
half ruald q
hammer marti n
hand nna' n r-li'w na
handkerchief, neckerchief
panit n
167
hang r-ald 1 v r-za'by nald ; rca2 1 Related to: r-cua. v rca ... mam r-ca di'n r-ca gi ; rza'by 1 v r-za'by nald der. rza'eby ; r-za'by 2 v r-za'by nald
der. r-za'eby
hang from (of fruit) r-ca2 2
Related to: r-cua. v r-ca ...
mam r-ca di'n r-ca gi
hang, be hanging r-za'by nald
(r-za'by, r-ald) v
hangover, have a r-yu' crud (ryu') v
hard masis adj; xung 1 adj
hare blyan n
harm dany2 n
harvest cosech n
has to na que (der. of na) v
hat xumbrer n
hatch r-ach1 2 cf: r-iach. v
have n-u'u1 2 (irreg. infl. ryu'; irreg.
infl., zyu'; irreg. infl., chu') cf:
chu'; Related to: r-gu'. v n-u'u
bca'ld n-u'u bdo' ; r-ap v
have (a mark) on the body rca2 4 Related to: r-cua. v rca ... mam r-ca di'n r-ca gi
have a cold r-ac...xi' v
hell
hang
have a fever r-yu' xlia' (r-yu') v
have as its source (of water),
come from (of water) r-da v
have it be (someone's) turn to
(do something) r-uny tucar v
have it be one's turn to do
something r-ya'ld 1 aux
have the evil eye du'uxh v
hay gix4 n
he (said by a man speaking to
other men) la'xa pro
he, she yobybi pro
he, she (respected) yobyba pro
he, she, it (referring to God or
the saints) la'ani' pro
head icy 1 cf: r-yu' icy. n icy
yu'
hear r-yeny v
heart lasto n
heaven gew yuba' n; xaiba' n
heavy nna'a cf: r-sinna'a. adj
hectare ectary n
heel xa'n ni' n
heel of the hand (part above
the wrist) xà' nàà n
hell gabldi n
help
help r-ac ne v; r-uny gyud v;
yud n
hen gallina n; gidy1 n
herb sp. ge'b n
herb, a bitter zi' be'cw n
here re' dem
hiccup r-ga'a yo'b (r-ga'a) v;
yo'b lasto n
hide r-ca'ts cf: r-ga'ts. v
high ya' nez ya'
hill dany1 2 n; lom n
hip dzit cwe' n
hit r-giny Contrast: r-gi'ny. v
hit with the palm r-gap v
hole ge'dy n
holy sant adj
holy oil se't xte ido' (xte, ido') n
holy, respected da adj
homesickness, melancholy
garza' n
honey dzin 1 n
hoof, front bxug nna' n
hoof, rear bxug ni' n
hopefully opa' adv
horrible nadxab 1 adj
horse cabay n
horsefly xcabay bindxab n
168
hot lda'1 cf: lda. adj^ yu lda ;
yan 2 adj
hot region, hot country yu
dxa' (yu) n; yu lda (yu, lda'1) n
house yu' (irreg. infl. liz1) cf: liz2. n
icy yu' yu' bany
house made of mud and
bamboo yu' bany (yu', bany)
n
house made of straw yù' gììx n
house of liz1 (irreg. infl. of yu')
n gu liz ; liz2 cf: yu'. n liz bdi
liz bedy
how xhi=zi' inter
how many blac inter
hug r-ge'z Related to: r-de'z. v
humidity uba n ubado'
hummingbird bedund n
hundred gayu' n; sien q
hunger galrdya'an (gal, rldya'n) n; rldya'n (r-ldya'n) n
hungry, be r-ldya'n v
galrdya'an rldya'n
hunting gu'z 1 [gùə'z] n
hurry r-syob2 v
hurry up! durr v
hurt r-ac2 4 (irreg. infl., gac) cf:
ge'y; cf: guc1. v r-ac binygul ; r-
inside
hurt
169
yo'b v
husband che'l n
husk gix1 n
husk, scale gix lady n
husk; cornstalk, dried gix2 n
Ii
I na'1 pro; yobia pro
ice ge'y 2 cf: r-ac2. n {Also as a
secondary root with r-àjc.}
if bal1 conj; bal3 conj
if not, it would be better if
balit comp
iguana gutyats n
illness galgich (gal) n
illness caused by injury to
one's nagual xte' bca'ld cf:
ladxa'; cf: yag maduc.
(bca'ld) n
illness, contagious galrdedy n
impatient r-dxe'ech 2 adj
in le'eny prep; lo 2 prep r-lo=xga
rni ; ru'u1 (der. of ru'u2) prep
in front of ru'u1 (der. of ru'u2)
prep
in order that par comp; te1
comp; ten 2 (dial. var. téé; dial. var.
tin) comp
in order to te2 conj
in vain =xlia' enclit
incisor lay ru' yu' n
inclined to eat other people's
food without permission nala
adj
increase in number r-dal v
incubate r-ge'z Related to: rde'z. v
indeed =pac2 2
indef toby1 2 [tòyby] (sp. var.
toby1) (sp. var. of toby1) q
stoby
infected, be; pus, be filled with
r-ach1 1 cf: r-iach. v
inflate r-cha bi (der. of r-cha') v
injured, be; hurt, be r-ac na v
in-law sagul n
insect sp bcha'n n
insect species bes1 n; bez bizi'u
n
inside nez le'en 2 prep
inside out
170
inside out rdets 2
insult indirectly r-cua' di'dx
(der. of r-cua') v {This sense of the
verb requires the idiomatic object
dìì'dx}
insult, curse r-ge v
interior le'en 2 n le'n tant le'n
xa'cw
internal organ of a chicken
(liver?) qui'xh n
internal organs lasto n
intestines gizi' n
iron gi'b 2 [gííə'b] [gííə'b] n la'ts
gi'b
irregular stem of rrgù' 'put'
lu' (irreg. infl. of, r-gu') v
irrigate r-gi'ly 1 cf: di'ly. v
irrigate (irreg) di'ly cf: r-gi'ly.
v
irritable r-dxe'ech 2 adj
it (anim) la'am2 pro
it (animal) la'am1 pro
it (inan) la'en pro
itch r-bab v
Jj
jaguar be'z1 1 cf: bez; cf: be'z2;
cf: *bni, r-be'cy1. n
jail la'ts gi'b (gi'b, la'ts) n
jaw dzit ru' n
jicama gu n
John Juáàny n
join r-cha'ag 1 Related to: rdxa'ag; cf: r-dxa'ag. v der. rcha'ag di'dx
jug plory n; ri' n
jump r-tye'sy v
just after niya'btis adv
just now nenzi adv
Kk
keep an eye on r-gu lo v
key ldiay n
kick r-cua' ni' v; r-guni' 1 v
kidney rrñùùny n
kill r-u'ty Related to: r-aty. v
kiss r-aw... ru' (der. of r-aw) v
{This is the normal word for 'kiss'. To
learn
kiss
171
kiss a saint is rrchàjg+rù'}; r-chag
ru'2 v {This verb is used for kissing
something religious, like a statue or a
rosary. The ordinary word for kiss is ràw rù'}
kiss (a statue of a saint) r-chag
ru'1 cf: r-aw. v
knead r-co' Related to: r-go'. v
kneaded, be; mashed, be;
crushed, be r-go' Related to:
r-co'. v
knee xiby n
kneel (to s.o.) r-su xiby v
knot bgu n r-cabgu ; r-cabgu
(bgu, r-ca2) v
know n-an v; r-ac be (irreg. infl.,
guc be) v; r-uny be' 2 cf: runy. v
Ll
lack enough r-ia'ch 2 v
lady nan1 n
lame coj adj
lamp candil n
lard za n
large ro' adj bcweny ro'
large piece (of something)
sro'ro' n
lasso r-cua' du'u v
last night nuchi n
late lda'2 3 cf: r-lda'1, r-ac lda',
r-la'1. {Used as part of several verbs};
udxi adv
late, be r-ac lda' cf: r-lda'2, rlda'1; cf: lda'2, r-lda'1, r-la'1. v
lay (eggs) r-be'cy1 1 cf: r-zi bni;
Related to: r-cue'cy; cf: *bni,
be'z1. v
lazy plo adj
leader caw n
leaf bldag n
leaf of the sapote blanco bldag
gi'e n
lean r-zu1 5 Related to: r-su; cf:
bi1, r-cha'. der. r-zu ca r-zu list
r-zu rlo
leaning (supported by
something) r-ca2 6 Related to:
r-cua. v r-ca ... mam r-ca di'n rca gi
learn r-se'dy 1 v
leave
leave r-se'n 1 v
leave a bruise on r-se'n morad
v
left hand rbèjs n
leg cu'dy n
legged, one- ni' rung adj
lend r-be'di'ny v
let r-sa'n 1 v
lick r-ldi'i v
lid tap1 n
lie dixhi'w 1 n; r-at v der. r-at
bixh der. r-at ga' ; r-nixhi'w 2 v
der. r-nixhi'w ne
lie (on the ground or on a low
place) r-at ga' (der. of r-at) v
light lode2 n; r-cua gi (der. of rcua') v; sesy adj
lightning guzi'w n; rdinya n
like masu2 prep; r-uny gust v; ryula'z 1 v; si' prep; zi'cy prep;
zi'di prep
like to (do something) r-yula'z
2v
lime (the mineral) gi'u n
lion bque's n
lip gidy ru' n
liquor guardint n
172
listen to r-cua dya'g v der. r-cua
dya'g di'dx
little =e'; =e'es enclit {Used as a
diminutive or to express affection.};
bi'ch adj; do' adv ubado'
little by little doga adv
little portion (of something)
rubi'ch n
live n-u'u1 1 (irreg. infl. ryu'; irreg.
infl., zyu'; irreg. infl., chu') cf:
chu'; Related to: r-gu'. v n-u'u
bca'ld n-u'u bdo' ; r-bany cf: rcua'ny. v
liver lasto n
lizard guraw n
load r-u' 2 v
locative cá- neg
long zyu'l adj
look at r-na' 2 v
look for r-gi'ily 1 Related to: rdi'ily; cf: di'ily. v
look good in/with (clothes) rcha'ag 2 Related to: r-dxa'ag;
cf: r-dxa'ag. v der. r-cha'ag
di'dx
look like r-li'w 1 v r-li'w na
look unhappy rnia r-uny lo
(der. of rnia) adj
make (tortillas)
loose
173
loose lda'2 2 cf: r-lda'1, r-ac
lda', r-la'1.; r-lda'2 1 cf: r-lda'1,
r-ac lda'. v
loosen r-lda'2 2 cf: r-lda'1, r-ac
lda'. {Used as part of several verbs}
loosen; free r-la'2 2 v
lose se'ld v
lost, be r-inity v
lots (of liquids) zi'il cf: stal. q
loud noise, make a; explode rca1 1 cf: r-cua', di'dx, yag. v
loudly diap adv
louse be'ts n
love r-ca'z 1 v {If the verb 'want' is in
the completive, its complement is in the
negative. If the verb 'want' is in some
other aspect, its complement is in the
potential.}
love; devoted to, be; take care
of r-andzi' v
low yet adv nez yet
lower r-syab icy Related to:
yab. v
lukewarm tiby adj
lumbre bel1 2 Contrast: bel2. n
lung (of a person) pulmony
Contrast: lasto quixh. n
lung (of an animal) lasto quixh
Contrast: pulmony. n
lying dixhi'w 2 adj
Mm
machete madxed n
maguey flower yu'l n
maguey leaf btob n
maguey sap nopit n
maguey, edible portion of the
stalk of yagu'ts n
make r-ac2 3 (irreg. infl., gac) cf:
ge'y; cf: guc1. v r-ac binygul ; rnibe v; r-uny 2 (irreg. infl., beny)
cf: r-uny be'; cf: r-uny lde';
cf: eny; cf: r-uny bni. v {Used in
a wide number of compounds, with
idiomatic objects, and as host to many
non-projecting words.} r-uny bni runy loc r-uny xhigab ; r-uny
che' v
make (com) guc3 cf: r-ac3. v
make (tortillas) r-cua' 3 cf:
di'dx, yag, r-ca1. v der. cua' der.
r-cua gi der. r-cua' di'dx der. rcua' lo r-cua' xtyug der. r-cua'
make (tortillas)
yag
make noise r-yu' bi (r-yu') v
male mach 2 adj; ngiw n
male (of animals) ngul1 adj
mallet mar n
mallet (of wood) mas n
mamey galdxun n
man ngiw n
man, respected; man, older
dad n
mange be'd n
many stal 1 cf: zi'il. q
mare yew n
market gie' n
marrow yo'b dzit n
marry r-uchna' v
mash down r-co' Related to: rgo'. v
mass mis n míís xté túgù'l
massage galgi'ts (gal, r-gi'ts) n
mat da'a n
Matatlan Xandya'w n
maybe =cha' enclit; pad adv;
padriez adv
mayor rcaldy n
me na'1 pro
measure re'exh v
174
meat be'l n
meet r-chel1 v; r-dxaglo v
meeting gunt n
metal gi'b 2 [gííə'b] [gííə'b] n
la'ts gi'b
metate ge'ts 1 [çeə'ts] n ni' ge'ts
metate, front feet of nna'
gea'ts n
metate, rear foot of a ni' ge'ts
(ni', ge'ts) n
Mexican mej 1 adj
Mexican hawthorne mansanit
n
Mexico mej 2 adj
mezcal mascal n
middle lay2 n lay dxi
middle finger bcweni lay
(bcweny, lay2) n
midnight ru'ld ge'l n
milk lech n
millipede ni' gald (ni', gald) n
miss r-ban 1 cf: r-yu' ban; cf: ru'ban. v du' ban
mix r-gu'ch2 v
Mixe (indian) mi'ixh n
moist cop2 adj
moisten r-ca gop v
molar lay be'z n
naked
moldy, become
175
moldy, become r-u'dx v
moldy, get r-ca be' (be'e, r-ca'a
)v
mole, portwine stain belgito n
molinillo (small stick used for
beating chocolate) murnil n
money mely n
monkey changw n; micw n
moon be'w (sp. var. be'u3) n
more =ru enclit; =ti's enclit; stal
1 cf: zi'il. q
more, a little sto'
morning (before dawn) cay n
mba cay
mortar plat be'x n
mosquito blyaty n
moth bgidy n
mother ma cf: xhuma. n
{Possessed form is xhùmáà}
mother of xhuma cf: ma. n
{Possessed form of màà}
mouse bziny 1 n
moustache gich lux n
mouth ru'u2 n ru' xi' der. ru'u1
move r-ni2 v {Minimal pair with rr-níí'
'speak'}
move, shake sani v
Mrs nan1 n
much =du'uxh enclit; rut q;
rutsa q; stal 1 cf: zi'il. q; zi'il
cf: stal. q
mud bany n yu' bany
mule mach 1 n; mul n
multicolored bind adj; ye' 2
(dial. var. gyèè') n
multiply r-dal v
muscle be'z2 cf: be'z1. n
mushroom be' yag (be'e, yag)
n; be'e n be' yag r-ca be'
mute gop1 adj
muzzle gixh2 n {Used to keep
livestock from feeding}
mountain dany1 1 n; gi'xh n
Nn
nagual (spirit companion in
the form of an animal)
ladxa' cf: nala'z; cf: xte'
bca'ld. n
nail clav n
naked xixan adj
name
name la1 n; nombrar v
name (someone) (something)
r-be' la v
nance tree yag belgwi (yag,
belgwi) n
nance, nanche (a type of fruit)
belgwi n yag belgwi
nape xa' xi' n
narrow de' adj
nausea, disgust xpixh n r-yu'
xpixh
navel ge'py n
near gaxh prep {This preposition is
followed by the independent pronouns,
rather than the clitic forms.}; serc2
prep
neck geny 1 n geny ni' ; geny 2
n geny ni'
neck, back of the
necklace xhiga' n xhiga' bez
need r-qui'ny2 2 v
need to (do something) rqui'ny2 1 v
needle gux [gúəʒ] n
neg =ti enclit; ninegative teca neg
nest btyez n
nest (of wasps) xquet n
176
neutral aspect nnew coby adj
nice che'1 1 adj
night ge'l 1 n ge'l rsary r-bi ge'l ;
uxhiny n
nightmare, have a r-nixca'ld
rnia v
nine ga'2 q
nine day mourning period ga'
ubidx n
nit bquii [fkìì] n
no one rute' neg
noise ruid n
nominalizer gal galgi'ts galgich
galproby galracredx galrdya'an
galrgit galrrob nis galrye'ld
noon la'ichi n; lay dxi (lay2,
dxi2) n
nose xi' n dets xi' xi' ta'ny
nostril ru' xi' (ru'u2, xi') n
not ity v; xte' neg; xte'ca neg
not a one niza neg
not any niza neg
notice r-ac be (irreg. infl., guc be)
v
now a= proclit; a== proclit; nna
adv; nnaga adv; ya4 adv
owl
nurse, breast-feed
177
nurse, breast-feed r-de'dy dud
cf: r-i'. (r-de'dy, dud) v
nurse, suckle r-i' 2 cf: r-de'dy
dud. v
Oo
Oaxaca Ldua' n
occur r-uny gan 2 v
ocean nisdo' n
of di prep; xte prep míís xté
túgù'l se't xte ido' ; xteny n
offensive, to be r-ia'zy di'dx
(der. of r-ia'zy) v {This verb is
used with a possessed form of the
idiomatic subject dìì'dx 'word'.}
old woman nan biny gul n; nan
mam n
older daughter xhindxa'p
lagul (xi'ny, dxa'p, lagul) n
older woman mam1 n
on icy 2 cf: r-yu' icy. n icy yu' ;
lo 2 prep r-lo=xga rni
on the ground) r-gixh 1 cf: rbixh3, r-at bixh; Related to: raxh. v
on the side of nez ru' prep
Pp
one chag q {Used only when talking
about kinds of bread}; toby1 1
[tòyby] (sp. var. toby1) (sp. var.
of toby1) q stoby
one's own =gag 1 prt
onion xhity n
only =pac1 1 enclit; pur2 adj;
xnax q
only(?) =zi enclit
open r-xel cf: r-xhel. v; r-xhel
cf: r-xel. v
opossum ngulbez n
orange narax n
order r-xhe'ld 2 v
organize organisar v
organo cactus yabdzi (yag,
bdzi) n
oven gorn neg
overload r-sinna'a cf: nna'a. v
owe r-za'eby (der. of r-za'by) v
owl bxe n; dam n
paid, be
paid, be r-axh Related to: rgixh. v
paint r-gu' 1 (irreg. infl., lu')
Related to: r-yu'; Related to:
n-u'u1. v r-gu che'1 r-gu che'2 rgu che'2
painted gourd xig gie' n
palate dzi n
pale quitsya' adj
palm lona n
palm frond ziny n
palm tree; tree, palm yagziny
n
paper gi'ts n
paralized xut adj
part (one's own hair) r-di'
xnez Related to: r-be'e xnez.
(r-di') v
part (the hair of another
person) r-be'e xnez Related
to: r-di' xnez. (r-be'e) v
party, have a festear v
pass (a location) r-de'dy 2 v rde'dy dud
pass (an illness) r-te'dy 1
Related to: r-dedy. v r-te'dy
cwe'
pass (of time) r-de'dy 3 v rde'dy dud
178
patio lolde' n
pay r-gixh 2 cf: r-bixh3, r-at
bixh; Related to: r-axh. v
peaceful dolaz adj
peck at r-cua' xtyug (r-cua',
xtyug) v
peel gix1 n; r-tyuxh cf: r-ruxh2.
v
peeled, be r-ruxh2 1 cf: rtyuxh. v
people biny 1 n; bnity n
perforate r-gid cf: r-ad. v
perform r-gu' 1 (irreg. infl., lu')
Related to: r-yu'; Related to:
n-u'u1. v r-gu che'1 r-gu che'2 rgu che'2
perhaps pad adv; padriez adv
person biny 2 n
person from the city gix3 n
person who eats the food of
other people without
permission galnala n
person who is connected to
you through the
compadrazgo system mbaly1
(sp. var. mbaly2) n
peso pes n
pest plaga n
179
pestle bzyab Contrast: bzyaby.
n
pick up r-te'e cf: r-de'e. v
pick, pull off r-gobyu cf: rdobyu. v
piece lda'a n; lday n
pierced, be; punctured, be rad cf: r-gid. v
pig cuch n
pile xhíìc n
piled up, be r-i1 1 v
pimple ge'dx n
piñata ges gye' n {Literally 'pot' +
'flower'.}
pinch r-gidiya' v
pine yag ge'dy (yag 1, ge'dy) n
pineapple xich n
pinky finger bcweny bi'ch n
pistol gi'b 1 [gííə'b] [gííə'b] n
la'ts gi'b
pitiona (an herb) btyun
[ftyùən] n
place r-zo'b cf: r-zob. v
plant cwà'n n
plant (seeds) r-uny bni cf: runy. (r-uny, *bni) v
plant; stand, cause to r-zu2 1 v
polished, smooth
pestle
plantain bdu' n
plate plat n
play r-git v galrgit
play (a drum) r-sez v
play (an instrument) r-u'ld v
play with r-git ne v
plough r-lda'1 1 cf: r-lda'2, r-ac
lda'; Related to: r-la'a; cf:
lda'2, r-ac lda', r-la'1. v
plow garad n; r-a'n 1 (irreg. infl.,
gu'n2) cf: gu'n2. v
plowed gu'n2 cf: r-a'n. (irreg.
infl. of, r-a'n) v
pluck (feathers) r-dzi'p v
plur re= 2 (dial. var. raa=)
plural re= 1 (dial. var. raa=)
proclit
plural imperative gul= proclit
point (something) r-gu lo v
point out r-li'w na (r-li'w, nna')
v
pointy, sharp xcuch adj
poison venen n
pole gibe n; yag 2 cf: r-cua',
di'dx, r-ca1. n yabdzi yag
belgwi yag bgwi yag gits
polished, smooth nniw adj
pomegranate
pomegranate ze' quernad n
poncho orong n
poop pe' n
poor proby [próóəby] adj
porcupine cuch gi'ch n
pork rinds chirony n
posada pòsáàd n
poss xpot ges n gesyu
and chí- v
pot +H ipot, clay gesyu (ges, yu) n
potato pap1 n; pap2 n
pot-bellied le'n tant (le'en) adj
pour r-te'ech v
pour (liquid) out r-xhi' v
poverty galproby (gal, proby) n
pregnant r-zu pen v
prepare prormid v; r-ac che' v;
r-uny che' v
prepare land r-a'n 1 (irreg. infl.,
gu'n2) cf: gu'n2. v; r-a'n 2 (irreg.
infl., gu'n2) cf: gu'n2. v
prepare land, break up soil rlda'1 2 cf: r-lda'2, r-ac lda';
Related to: r-la'a; cf: lda'2, rac lda', r-la'1. v
180
prepare land, break up the soil
before planting r-la'a 2
Related to: r-lda'1. v
prepare, get ready r-zu list (rzu1, list) v
present regal 1 n
press on, massage r-gi'ts v
galgi'ts
pretend to (do something) runy zi cf: zi. v
pretentious r-uny yach cf:
yach. v der. r-unyyachne
pretty lagi adj
pretty; handsome;
goodlooking r-li'w lagi adj
prevaricate r-nixhi'w 1 v der. rnixhi'w ne
prevarication dixhi'w 1 n
price cuent n
priest bxuz2 n
primary tooth lay bdo' n
promise r-uny promes v
property xliw n
pull (fruit) r-tyu' cf: r-ru';
Related to: r-ru'. v r-tyu' xen
pull out by the roots r-lda'axh
Related to: r-ia'xh. v
181
pulled out by the roots, be ria'xh Related to: r-lda'axh. v
pumpkin gi't n
pumpkin seed be'z gi't n
puncture r-gid cf: r-ad. v
push with the hand r-cua' na'
v
put r-bi cf: di'dx. v der. r-bi bel
der. r-bi de acuerd der. r-bi di'dx
r-bi ge'l der. r-bi xa ; r-cua' 1
cf: di'dx, yag, r-ca1. v der. cua'
der. r-cua gi der. r-cua' di'dx der.
r-cua' lo r-cua' xtyug der. r-cua'
yag ; r-gu' 1 (irreg. infl., lu')
Related to: r-yu'; Related to:
n-u'u1. v r-gu che'1 r-gu che'2 rgu che'2
put (a ring, hat, etc.) on
(another person) r-gu' 2 (irreg.
infl., lu') Related to: r-yu';
Related to: n-u'u1. v r-gu che'1
r-gu che'2 r-gu che'2
put (a shirt, etc) on (another
person) r-gwa'cw Related to:
r-acw. v
put (a skirt, etc.) on (another
person) r-gway Related to: ray. v
put pulled
oneself;out
put,
bybe;
theplaced
roots, be
put (hats, glasses, etc.) on
(another person) r-cua
Related to: r-ca2. v
put (inside) r-gu che'1 Related
to: r-yu' che'. (r-gu') v; r-gu
che'2 (r-gu') v
put (on a low surface r-gixh 1
cf: r-bixh3, r-at bixh; Related
to: r-axh. v
put (on a raised surface) rtsi'b v
put (pants, etc.) on (another
person) r-cue'cy Related to:
r-be'cy1. v
put aside r-gu cue' v
put in/under (into a tight
space) r-la'z v
put on r-yu' 2 Related to: r-gu'.
v r-yu bye'cy r-yu' bi r-yu' che'
r-yu' crud r-yu' dxe'ch r-yu' icy
r-yu' legr r-yu' trist r-yu' xlia' ryu' xpixh r-yu' xtieny r-yu'
za'c
put oneself; put, be; placed be
r-yu' 1 Related to: r-gu'. v r-yu
bye'cy r-yu' bi r-yu' che' r-yu'
crud r-yu' dxe'ch r-yu' icy r-yu'
legr r-yu' trist r-yu' xlia' r-yu'
put oneself; put, be; placed be
182
xpixh r-yu' xtieny r-yu' za'c
put the hand in r-gu na' v
put the head in r-gu icy v
put to the side r-gu cue' v
Qq
quern bzyab Contrast: bzyaby.
n
question particle la2 prt
quickly dur [dúər] adv; nganga'
adv; r-syob1 v
quiet dxi1 1 adj^
Rr
rabbit cunejw n
raccoon pach n
rain nisgi n; r-iab nisgi (der. of
r-iab, der. of r-iab) v
rainbow gity n
rainy season le'en nisgi' n
raise r-ldiepy v; r-ldis2 2 v
rat bziny 2 n; guag n
rattle for a baby gadxindx n
rattle made of wood, used in
Holy Week celebrations
maxtra'c n
raw rga' Contrast: r-ga'1. adj
reach r-ga'a 2 v r-ga'a yo'b
read r-u'ld v
ready list 2 [lííəst] adj r-zu list
realized guc be (irreg. infl. of, rac be) v
reason ràsóón n; xipur n
receive r-a'd v; r-ca'a 1 (sp. var.
cà') v r-ca be'
recently ca-dxi adv; xhidxi ri
adv
recognize r-uny be' 1 cf: r-uny.
v
red xnia adj
reed bity n
reflection blda 2 n
reforest reforestar v
reforestation reforestacion n
relative ni= proclit
religious procession porsisiony
n
183
remain r-ie'n (irreg. infl., ye'n) cf:
ye'n. v
remember nala'z cf: ladxa'. v;
r-nala'z v
remove r-dzica Related to: rbica. v
remove (something) from
(something) r-be'e 1 (irreg. infl.,
cue') cf: cue'. v r-be'e xnez
remove kernels from (corn) runy lo v
reprimand di'dx ro'1 n
respected old lady mam2 1 n
respected older man dadmam
1n
respectful) yebtu pro
responsibility duld n
rest, take a rest r-cua' descans
v
return r-bire v; r-ie'd (irreg. infl.,
da'; sp. var. zì'd) cf: zi'd. v der.
rie'd gedx lyu
rib custilly n
ribbon lixtony n
ride r-be'b 1 v der. r-be'b nis
ring gibnil n
roll up
remain
ring (a bell), play (a trumpet)
r-ca1 2 cf: r-cua', di'dx, yag. v
ripen r-a v
rise r-iepy 1 v
risk r-uny riz cf: riz. (riz, runy) v; riz cf: r-uny riz. n runy riz
river filled with water ge'u nis
(ge'u, nis1) n
river, stream ge'u n ge'u biz
ge'u nis
roach xa'cw1 Contrast: xa'cw2.
n
road nezyu n
road, track, path, way nez 2 n^
nez ya' nez yet
roast, toast r-qui'i cf: r-gi'i. v
roasted ear of corn ze' bgi'
(ze'1) n
robbery galuba'n cf: r-ba'n. n
rock gi3 n
roll r-bixh2 cf: r-re'exh. v der. rbixh la
roll over r-at bixh cf: r-bixh3, rgixh. (der. of r-at) v
roll up r-te'e cf: r-de'e. v; rxu'ny1 3 cf: r-xhu'ny. v; toby2
[tóóyby] cf: r-doby1. v
rolled up
184
rosary (prayer) rsary 1 n ge'l
rsary
rosary beads bga' lde' n
rot r-cabe v; r-u'dx v
rub r-dae'by na' v
run r-xu'ny2 cf: r-xhu'ny. v
run out; give out; burn out;
used up, be r-doby2 cf: sa-, rsadoby. v
rust xtieny n
rusty, be r-yu' xtieny (r-yu') v
rolled up r-xu'ny1 4 cf: rxhu'ny. v
rolled up, be; picked up, be rde'e cf: r-te'e. v
roof icy yu' (icy, yu') n
rooster gay n
root duloba' n
rope du'u n du' ban du' bols du'
ily du' liz du' xi'ly
rope (an animal) r-cua' du'u v
rope made of dried maguey
bad2 n
Ss
sad r-ban 2 cf: r-yu' ban; cf: ru'ban. adj du' ban
sadness galnala'z n
saint dyos1 n; nambied n {Used as
a title before the name of female
saints}
saliva xheny2 Contrast: xheny1.
n r-tyu' xen
salsa xhobgi'ny n xhobgi'ny
yaxh
salt zedy n
salty xi1 adj^
San Baltazar Guelavila Xhaly
n
sand yuxy n
sandal gurach n
Santa Ana del Valle Xandan n
Santo Tomas de Arriba Xmax
n
sap dzin 2 n
save r-gu che'2 (r-gu') v
saved, be r-la'1 2 cf: lda'2, rlda'1, r-ac lda'. v
say r-eby v; r-ni1 1 v r-lo=xga rni
der. rni guzi'w id. rni lo bca'ld
der. rni yo
say the rosary r-di' rsary v
185
say unkind things about r-niya
v
scabies, have ri'ca v
scales (of fish) gix lady be'ld n
scar dib n; sen 1 n
scarce dxun adj
scarecrow mony lady (mony,
lady) n
scatch r-gu'uny2 v
scatter (seeds) r-uny bni cf: runy. (r-uny, *bni) v
scissors tiger n
scold r-bidxa' ne cf: ridxa'. v
scold, insult r-bidxa' v
scorpion be'wnu' n
scratch with the nails r-tya'
xhug (bxhug) v
scratchy, rough nnach adj
scream r-bixhti v
scrubber made of maguey
fibers bxhi'ty 2 n r-yu'bxhity
sea nisdo' n
searched for, be r-di'ily
Related to: r-gi'ily. v
second rop2 q
secondary root found in verbs
that deal with turning bye'cy
shake, about
move
say unkind things
n^
section secsiuny n
see r-an2 v; r-gwi' v; r-na' 1 v
selfish yach 3 cf: r-uny yach.
adj {This adjective refers to
unwillingness to share with others. For
the sense of 'stingy' in English that
means 'reluctant to spend money; tightfisted', see SDZ giiby.}
sell r-to' [rò'] Related to: r-do'.
v
send r-bi cf: di'dx. v der. r-bi bel
der. r-bi de acuerd der. r-bi di'dx
r-bi ge'l der. r-bi xa ; r-xhe'ld 1
v
servant mos n
set r-zo'b cf: r-zob. v
set (a trap) r-zu1 3 Related to:
r-su; cf: bi1, r-cha'. v der. r-zu
ca r-zu list r-zu rlo
seven gaz q
sew r-gib Related to: r-dib. v
sew, mend, darn r-cha'ag dib
Related to: r-dxa'g dib; cf: rdxa'g dib. v
shadow blda 1 n
shake, flap (wings) r-dziby1 v
shake, move r-sa ni v
sharp
sharp ca adj
sharpen r-cua' lo (der. of rcua') v
sharpened, be cua' (der. of rcua') v
shave r-ga 3 Related to: r-gwa.
v
shave (a part of your body) rgwa 2 Related to: r-ga. v
shave (another person) r-gwa
1 Related to: r-ga. v
shawl bay n
shed the skin (of snakes) rdxa' gix lady (gix1, lady) v
sheep xi'ly1 n
shin ldasy n; loldasy n
shine r-bi bel 1 (der. of r-bi) v;
r-bi bel 2 (der. of r-bi) v
shirt cutony n
shit gi' n
short dop adj
shoulder xa'cw2 Contrast:
xa'cw1. n le'n xa'cw
shoulder bag (with a strap)
du' bols (du'u) n
show r-li'w 2 v r-li'w na
shrink r-xu'ny1 1 cf: r-xhu'ny.
v
186
shrivel r-gu'ld Related to: rsagu'ld. v
shrunken
shuck r-ruxh1 v
shut one's eyes (due to being
startled) r-dxiby lo (der. of rdxiby) v
sick, be r-ac xhu 1 v
side cwe'2 n; láád n
sing r-u'ld v
sister (of a man) bzya'n 2 n
sister (of a woman) beld1 n
sit r-zob [rr-zoəb] cf: r-zo'b. v rzob ga'
sit (on a raised surface) r-be'b
2 v der. r-be'b nis
sit down r-zob ga' (r-zob, ga'1)
v
sit on (eggs) r-ge'z Related to:
r-de'z. v
six xho'p q
sixteen tsa'nybitoby
[tsáá'nybìtòyby] q
skin gidy2 n gidy ru' bzyalo
skin (an animal) r-ruxh2 2 cf:
r-tyuxh. v
skin and bones, very thin tsit
cf: chiny. adj {This describes
thinness after being sick. The ordinary
187
kind of thinness is chiiny.}
skin disease, a kind of gedxy n
skin, fried pork; pork, fried
biux n
skinned, be; r-ruxh2 1 cf: rtyuxh. v
skirt naw n
skunk riy n
sky xaiba' n
slack lda'2 1 cf: r-lda'1, r-ac
lda', r-la'1. adj^; r-lda'2 1 cf: rlda'1, r-ac lda'. v
slap r-gap v
sleep r-asy v
sleep (in the eyes), mucus (in
the eyes) gudx2 n
sleepy, be n-u'u bca'ld cf:
bca'ld, rni lo bca'ld. (n-u'u1,
bca'ld) v
slide (into) r-ru'ld 1 v
slingshot yag dyul n
slip (into) r-ru'ld 1 v
slippery r-ru'ld 2 adj
small bi'ch adj
small chile xhiguld n
smart list 1 [lííəst] adj r-zu list
son
skin and bones, very thin
smear r-gae'by (u-dae'by)
Related to: u-dae'by. v; r-za'2
(ze'2) v
smell r-ldya' v; r-yu'xi' v
smell bad r-dya' giw v
smell sour r-dya' gi v
smile r-xiz v
smoke gu'xh n
smoke (cigarettes) r-gob v
smoke, candle blda'n n
smooth rr-gu'z [gúə'z] adj
smooth, be rr-gu'z [gúə'z] adj
snake be'ld n beld sbyob
snake species bru'x n
sneeze r-xhaxy [rr-ʃaaᴣ] v
snore r-yubi 1 v {'Juan's head' is the
idiomatic subject of this verb.}
so that, in order that ten 1 (dial.
var. téé; dial. var. tin) conj
soap bya' xtil n
softly dxiga adv
soil yu 2 yu dxa' yu lda yu nald
sole of the foot lo ni' n; loni' n
some bald q; sublac q
somersault ranquin n
son xhi'nga'n n; xi'ny n xhi'ny
toby xhindxa'p lagul xhindxa'p
son
lagwelt xi'ny lagwelt
son, older lagul n
son, younger lagwelt n xi'ny
lagwelt
son-in-law bi guz n
soon ngesto adv
soot lan n
sore be'u2 2 n
sought, be r-chel2 v
soul amy n
sour gi1 adj
sour pitahaya cactus bdzi gi n
sow r-be'cy bni (r-be'cy2) v {This
verb requires the idiomatic object bníí;
in order to specify a specific type of
seed, a different verb, such as ruuny
bnii must be used. This verb refers to
'broadcasting' seed; that is, throwing
out handfuls of seed. To speak of
planting individual seeds in the ground,
the verb rrziibnii is used.}
Spanish dya'xtily n
Spanish plum, yellow mombin
biaz n
spank, hit r-cua' yag 2 (der. of
r-cua', yag) v
speak r-ni1 2 v r-lo=xga rni der.
rni guzi'w id. rni lo bca'ld der.
rni yo
spicy yan 1 adj
188
spider bdzi' n
spiderweb xhi'ly bdzi n
spin r-ca bye'cy 1 v
spin (something) r-ca bye'cy 2
v
spine, backbone dzit dets (dzit,
dets1) n
spirit spirit n
spirit, breath bi1 1 cf: r-zu1, rcha'. n
spit r-tyu' xen (xheny2, r-tyu') v
splash r-te'ech v
splinter gich cf: gidx. n gich
xi'ly
spongy cha bi (r-cha' 3, bi1) adj
spoon cuchar n
spouse che'l n
spread r-gae'by (u-dae'by)
Related to: u-dae'by. v; r-ze'ld
v
spread (something) on/over rze' cf: r-ie'. v
spread, be; smeared, be udae'by Related to: r-gae'by.
(r-gae'by) v
spring of water rdaniz n
sprinkle r-tyob cf: r-rob. v
189
sprinkled, be r-rob cf: r-tyob. v
r-rob nis
squash gi't n
squash vine; vine, squash
cua'nnya' n
squash, butternut gi't gu n
squash, type of xhigeg 2
squint-eyed gudx1 adj
squirrel btsiz n
stained, yellow (of teeth)
rbgà'ts adj
stale xung 1 adj
stand r-zu1 1 Related to: r-su;
cf: bi1, r-cha'. v der. r-zu ca r-zu
list r-zu rlo
stand crooked r-su cwe' v
stand leaning, stand crooked
r-zu cwe' v
stand straight up r-zu ldi v
stand, cause to r-zu1 2 Related
to: r-su; cf: bi1, r-cha'. v der. rzu ca r-zu list r-zu rlo
star beldgi n
steal r-ba'n cf: uba'n; cf:
galuba'n. v; r-la'n v
step (on) r-zu ni' v
stew, higadito xhiriny n
store
sprinkled,
be
stew, sweet corn xob ye'ld n
stick lda'a yag n; r-qui'dy 1
Related to: r-gi'dy. v; yag 2 cf:
r-cua', di'dx, r-ca1. n yabdzi
yag belgwi yag bgwi yag gits
stick (something) in r-sia'zy
Related to: r-ia'zy. v
stick out (the chest) r-be'e 4
(irreg. infl., cue') cf: cue'. v r-be'e
xnez
stick the head in r-gu icy v
stick the tongue (into or onto
something) r-gu ludx v
stiff xung 1 adj
still dxi1 2 adj
still not cady v
stingy giby adj; yach 1 cf: r-uny
yach. adj
stir r-dzi v
stomach le'en 1 n le'n tant le'n
xa'cw
stomach (of a bird) begig 2 n
stomp (on) r-zu ni' v
stool tarimb n
stop cues2 1 v; r-ialo 1 (irreg. infl.,
chalo) v; r-zu dxi 1 v
store tyend n
story
story cuent n; tabl n
straight ldi 1 adj^ saldi ; ldi 2
adj saldi
straighten r-sa ldi v; r-saga'
Related to: gà'. (sa-, gà') v
strain r-dziby2 v
stretch out r-saga' Related to:
gà'. (sa-, gà') v
stretch out, hang out r-dzi'ildy
Related to: r-bi'ildy. v
stretch out, straighten out,
extend saldi (ldi) v
string up (between two
supports) r-te'dy 2 Related
to: r-dedy. v r-te'dy cwe'
stroke r-dae'by na' v
strongly diap adv
strung up, be; hang
suspended; transmitted rdedy Related to: r-te'dy. v
stuck, be r-gi'dy Related to: rqui'dy. v
stuck, to be r-ia'zy Related to:
r-sia'zy. v der. r-ia'zy di'dx
stuck-up lag1 1 Contrast: lag2.
adj
190
study r-se'dy 2 v
stupid xheny1 Contrast: xheny2.
adj
sty (sore on the eyelid) xta'mb
be'cw n
succeed (in doing something)
r-uny gan 2 v
suck r-xopy v
sugar su'cr n
sun ubidx n
sunset udxily n
support àpóóy n
surely =pac1 1 enclit
survive guant n; r-uny guant v
swallow biutz n; r-aby 1 [rààəby] v
swallowed, be r-aby 2 [r-ààəby]
v
sweat r-ac na'y v
sweep r-ldob v
sweet naxh 3 n
sweet potato gu n
swell r-zagi v
swim r-be'b nis (der. of r-be'b)
v
swing gixh du' n
thicken
table
191
Tt
table mes n
tail xba'n n; xhua' n
take r-ine 1 v
take (something) out of/off of
(something) r-be'e 1 (irreg. infl.,
cue') cf: cue'. v r-be'e xnez
take account of r-uny cuent v
take care of r-uny ya'n v
take off (clothes) r-ri' v
take out r-tsica cf: r-bica. v
take root (of plants) r-ga'2 v
taken out, be
talk r-gue v; r-gue' dich v
talk bad about r-niya v
tall zyu'l adj
tallow candle za candel n
tamal with beans get ba'z n
tamale get gu' n
tangle (of hairs, fibers) bxhi'ty
1 n r-yu'bxhity
taste (a particular way) du' v;
r-daw cf: r-aw. v
tattoo tatwa n
tea gix te n
teach r-se'dy 1 v
tear nis lo n
tell r-u'ld v
tell a lie r-nixhi'w 1 v der. rnixhi'w ne
temple (of the face) lobtoicy1
(irreg. infl. bto icy1) n
ten tsi' q
Teotitlán del Valle Xagye' n
testicle be's n
that =ga2 dem; =gi enclit; ndi
dem; ni'ing (sp. var. ni'ingy) pro
that (previously mentioned)
na'2 dem
that, those =ri dem
the day before yesterday nes n
theft galuba'n cf: r-ba'n. n
then ati' conj; chi'icy conj;
chi'iru conj; chiguld 2 conj;
entons comp; pur ziti conj
then? =ti' enclit
there gi2 adv; ndicy dem; ri'i
adv; ric (sp. var. rì'íqui) dem
they (resp) la'arab pro
thick nan2 cf: r-an1. adj
thicken r-an1 cf: nan2. v; r-de' v
thief
thief uba'n cf: r-ba'n. n
thigh locuty n
thin chiny cf: tsit. adj; les adj
thin, sparsely covered ral adj
think r-uny xhigab cf: xhigab.
(r-uny, xhigab) v
thirst galryuld n
thirteen tsa'n q
this nde' dem; ni'ingy (sp. var.
of ni'ing) n; re' dem
this (of a time period on this
day) mba n
this morning (before dawn)
mba cay (cay, mba) n
thorn gich cf: gidx. n gich xi'ly
thousand mil n
thread du' ily (du'u) n
three chonn q; yon q
throat geny 1 n geny ni' ; xa'
geny n
throw r-cua' 1 cf: di'dx, yag, rca1. v der. cua' der. r-cua gi der. rcua' di'dx der. r-cua' lo r-cua'
xtyug der. r-cua' yag ; r-gubi v;
r-ze'ld v
thumb bcweny ro' (bcweny,
ro') n
192
thunder rni guzi'w (der. of rni1, guzi'w) v
tick bidy n
tickle r-chagi'ldy v
tie r-cua' yag 1 (der. of r-cua',
yag) v {This verb requires the
idiomatic object yààg. Although yààg
means 'wood, stick, tree', it is used with
this verb regardless of what the object
is tied to.}; r-ldi'iby v
tied around li'iby v
tiger be'z1 1 cf: bez; cf: be'z2;
cf: *bni, r-be'cy1. n
tight tip 1 adj^
time tyemp n
time, a long xchiru adv
tiptoes icy ni' n
tired, be r-dxag v r-sadxag
Tlacochahuaya zuny n
Tlacolula Bac n
to lo 2 prep r-lo=xga rni
to be finished r-za'1 cf: r-sa'. v
to come to agreement r-cha'ag
di'dx 1 (der. of r-cha'ag) v
to crack (s.t.) r-zubi cf: zu bi;
cf: bi2. v
to plant (a seed) r-zi bni cf: rbe'cy1; cf: r-be'cy2, *bni. v
{This verb refers to planting individual
193
seeds. For broadcasting seeds, the verb
rrleh'cy is used.}
to tangle r-yu'bxhity (bxhi'ty,
r-yu') v
to the south nez ya' (nez, ya')
toad bez cf: be'z1. n {Minimal pair
with bè'z 'rabbit; jaguar; seed'} xhiga'
bez
toast r-cuats Related to: r-gats.
v
toe bcweny ni' n
toenail bxug ni' n
toilet, bathroom escusad n
tomatillo btyu'xh gixh n
tomatillo, small variety
btyu'xh ni' gel n
tomato btyu'xh n
tomato, green btyu'xh nga'a n
tomato, red btyu'xh xnia n
tomb ba' n {LM says this refers to an
empty grave. The grave with a body in
it is ru' ba'.} ni-rgaeny ba'
tomorrow xi2 adv
tongue ludx n
too much =te' enclit
tooth lay1 n
top (children's toy) xtromp n
torn xun adj
trick
to plant (a seed)
tortilla get n
tortilla container rob n
tortola gug [gúəg] n
touch r-ne'ez 1 v; r-sez v
toward axt prep
toward the north nez yet (nez,
yet)
town gedx2 1 cf: ladx. n gedx
lyu ; ladx 1 cf: gedx2. n
toy galrgit (gal, r-git) n
track nezyu n; raxt n; sen 2 n
trade, interchange r-cha' 1 cf:
bi1, r-zu1; cf: dxa1. v der. r-cha
bi
trail raxt n
transmit (an illness) to r-te'dy
3 Related to: r-dedy. v r-te'dy
cwe'
trash gix1 n
tree yag 1 cf: r-cua', di'dx, rca1. n yabdzi yag belgwi yag
bgwi yag gits yag ge'dy
tree sp. yag le n
tremble r-tity 1 v
trembling r-tity 2 v
trick r-nixhi'w ne (der. of rnixhi'w) v
tricky
194
tricky dixhi'w 2 adj
trouble, difficulty trabagw 1 n
trunk gin Contrast: r-gi'ny. n
try r-uny pur v {If the verb 'try' is in
the completive, its complement is in the
negative aspect. If 'try' is in another
aspect, its complement is in the
potential.}
tumpline du' ban (du'u, r-ban)
n
turkey (female) bedy gur cf:
bedy ngul. n
turkey (male) bedy ngul cf:
bedy gur. (bedy, ngul1) n
turn one's head to look back ryu bye'cy (r-yu', bye'cy) v
turn oneself around r-yu
bye'cy (r-yu', bye'cy) v
turn over r-bixh2 cf: r-re'exh. v
der. r-bixh la ; r-re'exh cf: rbixh2. v
turn, to have it be one's r-ya'ld
2v
turned over, be r-uch1 v
turning r-bixh3 2 cf: r-gixh, r-at
bixh. v {This secondary root is
primarily used with the verbs r-ààt 'lie'
and rr-gììxh 'to put down'.}
turtle bew n
twelve tsiptyop q
twenty gald q ni' gald
twin cwach n
twist r-si'ty cf: r-i'ty; Related
to: r-i'ty. v; r-xhoby 1 Related
to: r-xoby. v der. r-xhoby duld ;
r-xhoby 2 Related to: r-xoby.
v der. r-xhoby duld
twisted, be; mismatched, be;
crooked, be r-xoby 1 Related
to: r-xhoby. (r-, xoby) v
twisted, be; sprained, be rye'tya' v
two rop1 q; tyop q
type of pine tree yag gits [yààg
gììəts] (yag) n
type of squash xhigeg 1 n
Uu
ugly nadxab 2 adj; rnia adj der.
rnia r-uny lo
uhh este
umbilical cord du' liz (du'u,
liz1) n
uncertain =di enclit
wait (to do something)
uncle
195
uncle tiw n
uncombed dux adj
under dets2 prep der. dets1 ; ni' 2
prep geny ni' ni' gald ni' ge'ts ;
xa'n1 prep
understand r-yu' icy cf: icy. (ryu', icy) v
untangle r-be'xe'cy v
untangled r-xecy 2 Related to:
r-xhecy . v
untie r-xhecy Related to: rxecy. v
untied r-xecy 2 Related to: rxhecy . v
untied, become r-xecy 1
Related to: r-xhecy . v
unwilling to share yach 2 cf: runy yach. adj
up, get chees v
upright ldi 1 adj^ saldi ; ldi 2
adj saldi
urine xquixh n
use us n
use up r-sadoby cf: sa-, rdoby2. v; r-sara 2 Related to:
r-ra1. (sa-, r-ra1) v
Vv
vain, in xlia'sy adv
valuable che'1 2 adj; valory 1
adj
vein reny1 2 Contrast: reny2. n
vice bisy n
village gedx2 2 cf: ladx. n gedx
lyu ; ladx 2 cf: gedx2. n {This is
the possessed form of gèèych.}
voice xtsi' n
vomit r-dzib v
Ww
wait (for someone) r-bez 1 cf:
cuez. v
wait (for) cues2 1 v
wait (to do something) r-bez 2
cf: cuez. v {This is a control verb, so
the subject of the embedded verb can
optionally be omitted.}
wait for (irreg. stem)
wait for (irreg. stem) cuez cf:
r-bez. v
wait, cause to r-zu1 2 Related
to: r-su; cf: bi1, r-cha'. v der. rzu ca r-zu list r-zu rlo
wake r-bany cf: r-cua'ny. v
wake (for the dead) ge'l rsary
(ge'l, rsary) n
wake (observance after a
death) rsary 2 n ge'l rsary
wake (someone) up r-cua'ny
cf: r-bany. v; r-ldis2 1 v
wake (someone), pick up rldis1 v
wake up r-es 1 v
walk r-za v; r-zeza 1 v
wall le' n {This is a temporary
wall/screen made of cane or bamboo,
used in the kitchen area.}; pader n
{Spanish loan}
want r-ca'z 1 v {If the verb 'want' is
in the completive, its complement is in
the negative. If the verb 'want' is in
some other aspect, its complement is in
the potential.}
want (food, drink) r-zobylaz 1
v
want, not na 2 v der. na que
warn, advise r-lo=xga rni (rni1, lo, =xga) v
196
wart be'u2 1 n
wash r-gi'by1 2 cf: r-di'by. v; rgi'by2 v
wash (a part of another
person's body) r-gi'by1 1 cf:
r-di'by. v
wash (a part of one's own
body) r-di'by 1 cf: r-gi'by1. v
wash one's hair or head r-uch2
Related to: r-gu'ch1. v
wash the hair/head (of another
person) r-gu'ch1 Related to: ruch2. v
wasp be'z bziw n
watch r-cua lo v
water nis1 (sp. var. nis2) n r-rob
nis ; r-gi'ly 1 cf: di'ly. v
watermelon xàndíì n
watery, to be r-ya v
wax, ear giny n
we danun pro
we went byo'n cf: r-i2. (irreg.
infl. of r-i2) v
we will go cho' (irreg. infl. of ri2) v
weaken r-sadxag (r-dxag) v
wear n-acw cf: r-acw. v; r-acw 2
Related to: r-gwa'cw; cf: n-
white sapote
wear
197
acw. v {The object of this verb can
either be a pronoun referring to the
subject or a noun referring to clothes.};
r-ine 2 v
wear (a belt, ring, etc.) n-u'u1
3 (irreg. infl. ryu'; irreg. infl., zyu';
irreg. infl., chu') cf: chu'; Related
to: r-gu'. v n-u'u bca'ld n-u'u
bdo'
wear (hats, glasses, shoes, etc.)
r-ca2 5 Related to: r-cua. v r-ca
... mam r-ca di'n r-ca gi
wear (pants, underwear) rbe'cy1 3 cf: r-zi bni; Related
to: r-cue'cy; cf: *bni, be'z1. v
wear (skirts, diapers, etc.) r-ay
Related to: r-gway; cf: ri'ay. v
wedding galguchna n
Wednesday miercw n
week xman n
weevil many xob 1 n
weigh r-re'exh cf: r-bixh2. v
weigh down r-sinna'a cf:
nna'a. v
weigh down on r-re'exh cf: rbixh2. v
weighed, be r-bixh1 v
well =za'c enclit; bzye n
well-behaved do'la'z adj
well-dressed che'1 1 adj
well-trained list 3 [lííəst] adj rzu list
wet r-guadx Related to: r-adx.
v
wet, be n-adx v; r-adx Related
to: r-guadx. v
what xhi inter {Used with
inanimates}
what about (something,
someone)? iti
whatever más sìquíérr
wheelbarrow càrrètíì n
when chi'i 1 comp; chiguld 1
adv; guc2 inter; guld comp
where calo1 inter; itru' relpro
where is cun3 inter
which tu inter {Used with animates};
xhi inter {Used with inanimates}
while =ga1 adv; =ga3 enclit; loni
comp
whisk murnil n
whistle r-tye'py v
white quits n
white sapote maduc n
white zapote tree
white zapote tree yag maduc
cf: xte' bca'ld. n
who tu inter {Used with animates}
why xhi cuent inter
wide xlag adj
widow biud n
wife che'l n
wild bird many cf: bedy. n {This
word is used for wild birds.
Domesticated birds are called beyjdy}
will be zyu' (irreg. infl. of,df nu'u1) v
will do gac (irreg. infl. of, r-ac2)
v
will exist chu' cf: n-u'u1. (irreg.
infl. of, n-u'u1) v
will finish chalo (irreg. infl. of,
r-ialo) v
will go chi cf: r-i2. (irreg. infl. of
r-i2) v
will remain ye'n cf: r-ie'n.
(irreg. infl. of, r-ie'n) v
will take out cue' cf: r-be'e.
(irreg. infl. of, r-be'e) v
will win cue' cf: r-be'e. (irreg.
infl. of, r-be'e) v
win r-be'e 3 (irreg. infl., cue') cf:
cue'. v r-be'e xnez
wine bin n
198
wing xhiga n
winnow r-su 2 Related to: r-zu1.
v
winter galnald 1 n
witch bdxa' n
with =ne enclit; cun2 prep cun1
wither r-gu'ld Related to: rsagu'ld. v
woman dxa'p n; una' n
woman, young li n
wood yag 3 cf: r-cua', di'dx, rca1. n {Used as an idiomatic object
with the verb rr-cwà' yààg.} yabdzi
yag belgwi yag bgwi yag gits
wool gidx 2 cf: gich. n
word di'dx cf: r-bi; cf: r-cua',
yag, r-ca1. n {Occurs as an idiomatic
object with some verbs.}
work dzi'ny n; dziny n
work properly, fail to r-xi'ny v
work properly; good, be r-xiw
v
worker mos n
world gedx lyu (gedx2) n
worm bela n
worm, agave be'ld dob n
worm, corn be'ld gixh n
worm, tomato be'ld btyu'xh n
Zapotec
language
worm-eaten,
be
199
worm-eaten, be r-ca many v
worry about r-dobya' v
worry about family garza' n
wring out r-xhi'i v
wrinkle r-xu'ny1 2 cf: r-xhu'ny.
v
wrinkled bxhudy (xhudy) adj
wrinkled, be
wrist geny nna' n
write r-cua' 2 cf: di'dx, yag, rca1. v der. cua' der. r-cua gi der. rcua' di'dx der. r-cua' lo r-cua'
xtyug der. r-cua' yag
Yy
year is1 n; is2 [iiəs] n
yellow bxa'ts adj
yerba santa blax gu n
yes e; guen 2 adj
yesterday nna'y adv
yolk gu'ld dzit bedy [gúəd dzɨt
bèhdy] n
you li’ pro; yobyu pro
you (pl.) la'at pro
you (plural yebtu pro
you (polite) yebu pro
younger daughter xhindxa'p
lagwelt (xi'ny, dxa'p, lagwelt)
n
youngest son xi'ny lagwelt
(xi'ny, lagwelt) n
Zz
Zapotec dixte adj; diza1 n
Zapotec language diza2 n
George Aaron Broadwell