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Colonization is a central tenant of the “grand challenges” for archaeology (Kintigh et al. 2014) and changes in the distribution of species have been used to study colonization in the past. Dogs are the only domesticate to have existed on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean prior to the Columbian Exchange. Historic documents indicate that European colonists to North America preferred large, European dogs capable of protecting livestock, hunting, and defending settlements. European dogs were frequently described as larger than their Native American counterparts, and colonial governments instituted widespread bans on the trade of European dogs as early as 1619. Morphometric data on over 200 individuals representing colonial, European, and Native American dogs dating to 0-1800 AD are used to test colonial breed preferences, and whether colonial dogs were truly larger than Native American dogs. Our analysis identifies noticeable differences in dog’s average shoulder height (Clark 1996; Harcourt 1974), supporting assertions that many dogs introduced by European colonists were selected for size and were significantly larger than local Native American dogs at contact.
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
Exploring the introduction of European dogs to North America through shoulder height2019 •
Records of domestic dogs in the Americas include specimens from North American sites dating as far back as 10,000 to 8,400 ybp and from the Andes of South America from 5,600-5,000 ybp. Dogs accompanied humans in several migrations from Asia to America BCE, as revealed by different haplotypes reported from ancient DNA studies. Dog acquisition by Amazonian cultures began towards the end of the nineteenth century. Pre-Columbian size and shape diversity in North America is first recorded around 4,000 ybp, with varieties such as the hairless, short nosed and loberro dogs. The humped kind may represent a phenotype associated with mutations in the myostatin gene. Pre-Columbian forms from the Andes included a shepherd-like, hairless, dachshund-like, bulldog, shortened snout and long snout kinds. More than 41 domestic dog breeds that originated in the Americas are currently recognized by kennel clubs. Some records previously attributed to domestic dogs are from other canids, such as Dusicyon...
2019 •
The domestication of dogs likely occurred in Eurasia by 16,000 years ago, and the initial peopling of the Americas potentially happened around the same time. Dogs were long thought to have accompanied the first migrations into the Americas, but conclusive evidence for Paleoindian dogs is lacking. In this study, the direct dating of two dogs from the Koster site (Greene County, Illinois) and a newly described dog from the Stilwell II site (Pike County, Illinois) to between 10,190 and 9,630 cal BP represents the earliest confirmed evidence of domestic dogs in the Americas and individual dog burials anywhere in the world. Analysis of these animals shows Early Archaic dogs were medium sized, lived active lifestyles, and exhibited significant morphological variation. Stable isotope analyses suggest diets dominated by terrestrial C 3 resources and substantial consumption of riverine fish.
Recent work in the field of canid evolution has brought into question the matter of where, how and when the modern dog was domesticated. Now generally believed to be descended from the wolf, Canis lupus, some biologists point directly at the Asian wolf, Canis lupus pallipes and Canis lupus arabs. Until relatively recently the domesticated dog was thought to be the result of the cross breeding of various canids, including the wolf, the jackal, Canis aureus and perhaps the coyote, Canis latrans. The possibility of any jackal ancestry subsequently ruled out it was classified as Canis familiaris. Given that the dog and the wolf are able to interbreed and produce viable fertile offspring, something not previously thought possible in higher mammals across species, the domesticated dog is currently considered a subspecies of the wolf being placed in the genus lupus, along with the wolf, and is now classified as Canis lupus familiaris. However, the DNA studied of ancient American dogs appears to show greater similarities with the Eurasian dog than with the north American wolf. After the examining of mitochondrial DNA of some 654 dogs from around the world, biologists hold that a commonality can be demonstrated between regional groups of dogs, implying a common parent or group of parents. The mtDNA varies little from dog to dog regardless of its location or breed, much as is the case with humans. Early Native Americans are thought to have brought dogs with them from Asia as the Aboriginals of Australia likewise are believed to have imported the dingo, Canis dingo. Despite some opinion that dogs were domesticated independently in the Old World and in the New, most consider domestication to have happened only once, possibly around 15,000 years ago in Asia. I propose that dogs were pre-domesticated either from wolves and/or wild dogs independently in different places and different times without human intervention and that subsequent hybridization of wolves and dogs in addition to cross breeding within a species both by, and without man, has occurred which completed the domestication process. I point further to the possible movement of man and animal between the Eurasian and American continents prior to, and during the exposure of the Bering land mass and after its submergence.
sman-rtsis journal
tog dbyibs gnyen rims bchu dgur bod lugs gso rig nyos nas sman bchos byas pa' nyams myongs2021 •
སྤྱི་ལོ་ ༢༠༡༩ ཟླ་བ་ ༡༡ གི་ཟླ་མཇུག་ཙམ་དུ་རྒྱ་ནག་གྲོང་ཁྱེར་ལྦུ་ཧན་ནས་མཆེད་པའི་ཏོག་དབྱིབས་གཉན་རིམས་༡༩ འདིའི་ཐད་ལ་རང་ཉིད་ནས་ནད་ཐོག་ཏུ་བཞུགས་པའི་སྐབས་ལ་གཉན་ནད་འདིས་ཟིན་པའི་ནད་པར་བརྟག་དཔྱད་སྨན་བཅོས་བྱས་པའི་ཉམས་མྱོང་ཕྱོགས་བསྡོམས་བྱས་པ་ཞིག་སྤེལ་བར་འདོད་ལ་ལྷག་པར་དུ་གཉན་རིམས་འདིར་གསོ་ཚུལ་གསོ་ཐབས་སོགས་སྨན་གཞུང་གཞིར་བཞག་ནས་གཙོ་བོ་སྨན་དང་ཟས་སྤྱོད་ཀྱི་གསོ་ཐབས་ཐད་ལ་རིག་པའི་རྩལ་གྱིས་སྤྲུག་ནས་སྨན་བཅོས་ངོ་སོ་འཐོན་པ་རྣམས་བཀོད་རྒྱུ་ཡིན། སྨན་བཅོས་ཙམ་དུ་མ་ཟད་ནད་ཡམས་འདི་ཁྱབ་གདལ་དུ་སོང་སྐབས་ས་གནས་ཀྱི་གནས་སྟངས་དང་སྤྱི་ཚོགས་ཁྲོད་དུ་དངངས་འཚབ་སོགས་མི་སྐྱིད་པའི་ཚོར་བ་མང་པོ་སྤྲད་ཡོད་པ་རྣམས་རིམ་པས་འཆད་རྒྱུ་ཡིན།
2014 •
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Effect of Saliva/Blood Contamination on Enamel Bond Strength2021 •
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Portfolio Optimization Using Modified Information Ratio2017 •
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