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Aspects of the Mesolithic in Southern Britain [1971]

Aspects of the Mesolithic in Southern Britain [1971]

Profile image of Clive BonsallClive Bonsall

1971, Unpublished BA dissertation, University of Sheffield

This is a copy of my undergraduate dissertation, submitted in May 1971 for a BA degree at Sheffield University. In those days there were no personal computers or word processing or spreadsheet software, though statistical software could be run on mainframe computers. The original text was hand written, and then sent to a copy typist who produced a typescript and two carbon copies (the typescript and one copy had to be submitted). This is a scan of the second carbon copy, hence the poor quality. The data and interpretations have long since been superseded, but the thesis may be of some historical interest in that it: 1) contains the first (I think) computerized multivariate statistical analysis of British Mesolithic assemblages, and 2) proposed a basic chronological division of the British Mesolithic into Earlier (‘broad blade’) and Later (‘narrow blade’) phases, which subsequently has become the conventional interpretation.

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J.C.BQNULL 1Dd•aei'.JotShettiel4 1971 A NOTE TO READERS This is a copy of my undergraduate dissertation, submitted in May 1971 for a BA degree at Sheffield University. In those days there were no personal computers or word processing or spreadsheet software, though statistical software could be run on mainframe computers. The original text was hand written, and then sent to a copy typist who produced a typescript and two carbon copies (the typescript and one copy had to be submitted). This is a scan of the second carbon copy, hence the poor quality. The data and interpretations have long since been superseded, but the thesis may be of some historical interest in that it: 1) contains the first (I think) computerized multivariate statistical analysis of British Mesolithic assemblages, and 2) proposed a basic chronological division of the British Mesolithic into Earlier (‘broad blade’) and Later (‘narrow blade’) phases, which subsequently has become the conventional interpretation. Pa1• mz 1 1 11119MMRP 1 2 ot the tea and llinoz7 !be in~iall 1u-.. a.,...... llodere Subclin.ai.Olla ot the lieaoli\bio ot 2 a.rope. in~ l) MAMAll> BI8 WAI (lP LIPI ), IIEOLI'.fflIO NZ n, IMUINIP Z9¥P91:I'fflJCmm• &iaOOYeri .. , 1875-190'· •• 'Pygrq' perio4, 190}-14,. Tb• be~minp ot a,ateatio atuq, Sporalio t1llta and 19.'2-'9• !he pae.._r pen.OIL 17 •rl.J .-pera, 5e ll 18 l9l8-J2. 19 YmTIONAL AJCl) sa-Lffa. CIWGD DUllJICl !BI Ll!I <UCUL AlG>ldLI l1(8'f-GLACUI,. 21 !he •qet.U...l au.ooeaata. Seol01ial interpret.Uao. !be •arote1111al m.clePN• the Pl.alldriall ua-......ic:m. 21 2J 29 •rill• 29 nn JU ' 'WI IYPJPQIPORPI NP9HM9 IP somppBBITAP 6• LI'lBIC RIIIAINS ,u.n, •114 , .• ｾ＠ • (i) . ~quea. (u) ~ 11, .i ... 1t1aatioa ,(. 1 Olib• lilbio •terula. ¥-•t •teriala ·- 7• ~aml tollc ..... uurpret.'1.-. ta. IICII-Ll1BIC RIIIUIIB IGDe •D4 •lltler. Worke4 •Mll• Allber• wooa•nd 8. ' 10 !D 14ltm• bark. AllD l>lS'l'BillJTIOli (IP IOIS<LI'DIIC SIDS alld ,.._ hp 75 GroQ1np 1denitt1ed wt~~. Brt•t.h The hi• tor, ot texoDclad.a • tuct_y. 10. ._oli~. THI ·umTIOJC Cl' MIBOLifflICPtl:11'.aLifiCB 75 80 85 92 ot 11at1mtl plant tooda. the -,loi~Ucm ecaaGll•• Oaaatal TerN9trial 12. eoona.1 •• 92 95 '8 Dl'lllC illcluatrw JIJgl..,.iaa '' 101 10, . 100 SaUYeWl"rUJl I iJ:.du5tri.M• Horellaa iNllltri•• I Coea1al inchlatrt ... lJ• 92 1o6 D~C~iOI 107 Tn,oloaioe l a11pect.. ,1•. .Attiai Ihe (iwuJticm ot t'wlctioaal uo ftriebll:l ty. S-ry. w u, 119 u, u, Claui fioe tion. Mioroll•r •t-tadi• a.ncl ~perimen1iel :Archaeol.QIJ• 'lilorpaGM'ri.o a aal,pia and .S..ori.pUve •• U.ati•• at.it.au• ancl -..at.er ... 1,-1.a. )ul.U•r1-\e Clater 15- -.1.,.1a. A OOllfUDll .AJW,I8I8 OP 19 dOLI91IC A&SIIIILAQIS tAe a.• . '!be at.d.lari V ooeffio'\..nia. fh•NIIIM~~m. !he anel,aie, D:i.. >M10ll - •ibocJa and r"ul:lia. fW I a CCJP: t@tcp APWPd1J l ｾ＠ ( 1) ( U) U.t ot 39 M•oH Ulia ... -1a1• Jliorol.1 tbio. •oro1.1t111c. 'tne ,.w.. ns tn,e T•ble IIJ;tne 4PPl94112 Table Ii ARPCP411.) Prua.-auta lt.ai lt.t lut ot 19 'aicroliUlic' aNablal .. • ot l} •total' ••em l• S-• ｾ＠ 1, ' •crolitJuo' ...... i. ... . troa Uae .) oClllplter prapoa•• 120 120 121 121 u-. 124, 125 u, 127 129 Pia• 1. 2. fh• prlnciµl culwna ot lf•olitbio !uropee Seq,aeaoea ot •1.Jl T•getattaa.l cbanpe 4ur1lt8 'Ul• Leu Q.laeal and !arl¥ Poaqlacial i.11 tlle B,..i tiah Ialet1e ,. :~ ,.. ,. ,. I•l•• Sub•ri.Ae oontcaara erowad '11• aritiah Bae Ol.lffe tor Ille euatatt.o rt.a .. !Nbnlquea ot t.be .,_oUUato ot ld.erolit.ba. 'lbe •a&taeture Clau itt.oa ttoa ot ..toroli 1na. 7. lllaoroli~i.O a. Baf'Ulrc ot ld.oroli ,. '.ll•aureaeA'U aa ••lene 10. Loc.tioo ot 1ibe priAcii:-l u. Britiab •P incJu11"7• tlillt t t.Jpe8• Ull)l, .... thll. em4 CoaUr.ea'9l pert.Gia trian&l•• ii .. olithio •itea• 0-llt, &.'lee tor ih• Mlaoliddo 12. Oolpa-4 ktenrollia.l aolutt.oa 19 ld.aroli i.lli.o aNub l11g• (Pr•eno.-ebeenc• ooetticient). lJ• CQIGll&te4}-4:iwrwiaa.l 111.orolithic eN~lulM lit.a Caaq:eW aNezmlas• (~ided diatance 15. •.....i.,.(--11.d•• contiguraiiaa ea..atec1 }-41-1~1 ooatipraUOD ColllJ'lte4 2-d:lmemiual oonti&Un•ioa 1'. C~ed 2-4iaellaioaal }-41.Mmioaal auelllbla1eo 17. eaaaltla1• oontill,ln'1on (holideell ot 1illil ••l~ia ot 19 cliatllnc• twiattaa, ot 19 aicrolitbto tu.nc\ionJ. aollfiglln,taa diatallae (Pneem.-.llaenoe (n- .......... tor ..,. ot lJ • co1111• tunotioa,). ot lJ 'total' coeffiot.ent) • ot lJ • total' ooettioien). • ｾ＠ .s. i 'J r • t l 4 : i '1:J.:, Ii I e..: f If It:'. i J f. ｾ＠ ,; I . ( ｾ＠ i ｾ＠ i f I • ｾ＠ f ｾ＠ f i i a • . ....l ! r 11 ' a. • r · .' r i r f I l i ; • f f I .~ ·! i .! i I : : 1 l . ! J f £ ! 1· ! l J ｾ＠ ' ! I 11 i f • ! I t f i i : r ~a[! I • s : "I! t '"l i' 5 i.!. i ｾ＠ r: •i rr 1tt.r,: ;, i E 1 I , ｾ＠ 1 5: It, iI J...1I ,It•, 1! i•I,I i : If; i ! '1 ,C • ·:l . l!i ~i • I .... 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IaW\iYe -~ •7 a:1.q.. m.pt .... their prcwe Yer.J t.be oeaual u.u.uom; ••tw.• I ••• be a'81H.ecl traa • t\lDc\im.l ot a ~•• cllffiall.U. nn. .. •teis.ueal deft.Ida&al"hfe~, but. ｾ＠ llolr tli.llt lea teab- •terial •*ocl em reaulta Jl"Old.a•w.U, utholl ot aillllar117, and ~• ••lrti•l aP}W'Gllallto the proobl- are ia·,o1:Ye41 Dot 1 ... 1, •• .... c.-ua eapeo,J and tale !be acQal cl1.awe4e ia ODe ot tiaZGIIGIIIJ• }lNblea ia4ioe"' at.t.tioel aal.tiYH·iate •z••cqaN •19 -i.,., -. a~1GM ••Jeoti•i'.J of llaaS. qaaU.uU•• ot 'bllt at pna•t ~t.oi\ Uwoln4 date. 1a 1a J•C. JmllALL , i .. f t si I r ~; 1 , I i• l ' • I f ｾ＠ ... I ... ｾ＠ 1 i. : .,l 1 I .. I ,.. ... a- f t ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ft •.., ,;! t Ii r r! r i;, r ~ • ｾ＠ i .., 1 f a ! I e. .... I ｾ＠ .; H f.. o I .l , .; .· ｾ＠ JI ｾ＠ ｾ＠ It' ; ff! 1 4i ... !. 5, - • 1 I I l it • ... l ' .~ ..., • i I l 1 ｾ＠ . ! 1& 1 £ 1 ; • I ｾ＠ f .... • o I i. ｾ＠l i f I (g • 1;. .. -.. ｾ＠ｾ＠ •,& & • '·1 I .. ! I ....... Q l I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ., • I fj. . O • ! ·.. .... - 'C ; ｾ＠ ... ! fa : 5 M 'C f f " i .' : .!; ! r ~If• ,- ' ~ :i.r; l ! I I ' ' f ; ! ,; ｾ＠ 1 ｾ＠ 'ｾ＠ .... rf • 'ii l 1· I ... I. • I • • • t .. • • ｾ＠ # a ie. •( • f... ｾ＠ ｾ＠[ i 5 ｾ＠! I tn ( l i ·ii i ! ;,- r I a i · I ｾ＠ .( ; ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ; :i ,f i r IQ, l :: i ＠ｾ ! [ ;. I 1 ｾ＠ I' i I It • J • .... ' I ; rr,:. t r ｾ＠ - ｾ＠8 ｾ＠o I r 1 ｾ＠ y;: • • ... , , r f ... .. f lr •r BJ- ｾ＠ 1t1 l J f 1 •~i .~ r {If : i ·lｾ＠ i II at •! ! ｾ＠ • I 'l i! I !' I ' •t ;' iｾ＠ •• 'r ｾ＠ , : • 2 f ! i i ! t 0 ... t , ｾ＠ • i• :1 i ... • 2. 2 PI 'PISffl SI 'NP9IJPI9' l 'Bi• •!'flllaeolocio.l ill ｾ＠ t....a an aenerall7 ••,nolitihie' u, area• 'b7 .ate •i,pearaaoe ot ... aents, .. uec1111.aroU:tha. •••• ot tl.a. •7 1-t PN9 ... _. aNUeolos:t,oal Stllcli .. cml71.n tile U.t ideaa 8N 1..ne11iai~ .. Aae perlocll', 1 •en 'it m• iben a 'break or 'hiatall' •• PalaeollUd.o a.a4 Beol.i~o 1891) npneealtJls Ta.or, •• leoU.Ud... • U.. lla4 •• Baa...-, JIDdder .. pena• Soetet7, to •• 1•1 ... 1 tbe ._.. aad ill 1, pa..-tOlllarq . ••trowill pan-. 1872 1a b naim )at.a ._.. lllai •• iart tit ._.. reoez'4 1a apr111NDt 'be..._ tbe 18851 49:19-aW.BNln !Ilia Jliaillll Upper hlaeoU.W.o later Nainll ~_... •111.abbo~ oOlltarta'bl.7 illto \be 2-.A.. u troa tno}apa,atoa. tncU:U.OMlly the ftret ta • llel*" na4 to 1ibe .Aa~ogtoal boak 'Pnbutoric eaeenlell wltb tale \enia .,.,1_1D J'reaeh m••,aen 18" (Daalel. 19'7: 26o) • ... oUUato', ｾ＠ a.rope_. waaapt..._ ot .. •GIil•Mt •11-7 aD4 ••Upra(ida.ll7 p.reld.noria• (0. a. JIOl"Ullet erna sepaatiaa lita.to ta• nUl baa p11e before 1,54,) . 1D \be aNlllaeolAsieal dlariltc •hiah .. t:apl..- •te~..S. •inl7 • tile realllta 'beH4 •lcil• la7919 periola or •• t tao ~eilll after vatU 1892, J:Oat Brit1Alh aaa OaDUnen•l U..t tUat per1..o4 are 1'50, Bllrri_.. OOIRl'Cff... 7 (Dant.cl period , t111dare aberaoteriae4 ewer wide or t.hta part1Clllar 1 t 1a ead 'R..UW.0 poat-Fleiatoeen• •11111.ngly laipl..y apacial~ 'l'herefoN ....... ._ "'°s--. 'Pala..Utad.c' or the 1.•1liatel.7 rwi.111 ta• Pba ... ' I blli h JU.au..,••••• .. Mt tw •• •illl in..- ot • aobeme tor di.Ti41JW 111>tbe llbole Stolle Aa•, ... I "'"' i '!1 •'; I, :( I• • . • .. ,, , , 1 ;!lf1:=; · 1 !11 ! f i!i' . 1 J, 1 f!I ｾ＠ r I c:-1,. I t : .( ! ｾ＠ l ri i' i i r I...... r-a Ii : f : ;, i . r1 I • i . O • . ·I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ 4 - ..., 1'1 • ｾ＠ I . 'oC ,s I i. . ｾ＠ I • . ｾ＠ I ; . II ';I !t. I .: a .• "'I 1. 4 •I ... o "' J ... .. ; • ｾ＠ ｾ＠ .. at it . • I · • ·~ ｾ＠ :ｾ＠ (. g • i 'i4 ii I ｾ＠ I! -. ｾ＠ l t ~I ... I • I I:.·:.:: 0 f f.. P., ;, ·( • .... ｾ＠ '• ' 1. 1 ...,! ! ! i: J .: E • l • [ I~ l • ｾ＠ ｾ＠ 4 ｾ＠ 1 i DQ I f o • [~ i • •ff l I... • c+- I • • i. ' .I .• I~ f ｾ＠ • i I :=. . ~- . 1,: 1( a • • .e- ' t ｾ＠ , f • 1. I ·:1 r: tti '~ 1 f I!. I q ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ·r f ,. • f • :f .. i . 0 ｾ＠ • ｾ＠ l t J:, .• - • l a. • :: £, .. K E f .2 fr ·~ i ... • ｾ＠ ｾ＠ , 1 f J ! E; I a • .+ ｾ＠ l' .~ ｾ＠ II[ ·• '' i. f f •I. ｾ＠ . ,E , ｾ＠ o : D • ｾ＠ .. :11 R ｾ＠ :p • ::- r ?" ｾ＠ f I ; . ) f f. I g. 1. it c: 5 i. ,: ; J r '• ｾ＠ ' • ; I f lt I ... f i ! i .. r I i ·I t! s-Jt 1- .. .,,, -l :t • , ... • 2 I 1· ; rE : I r •fr • p o e, E' .. i i r• · ｾ＠• •i .. B. ..., r i ',... 10' I~'~,~ I ! "f ·~ i I ... f 1.c. • I I 't-4 ,: fr g ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ! • ' i f - • i ,f 1 . ＠ｾ ... I t j • E • ·1 ! Fi i ! ...f , ~r. 1 I s ｾ＠ i ·1 .it ,g; • 2. f ;1~ f ｾ＠ i - • -~ ,. ｾ＠ [ I f - ｾ＠ e~ _g, [ ·r : :f ｾ＠ 4 . . -! ｾ＠ t • I!.·f • 1. r: !. r I > fIi 5 I ,: i "= I • f , . .. ·. , ! . ｾ＠ ... .. ! • I '! ｾ＠ I ｾ＠ i i ｾ＠ ｾ＠ .,~ ,....!' , ·, ｾ＠ , ｾ＠ l - 4' i • r • , -' s: ·• s - ｾ＠ It !t f , 1 it ｾ＠ i. • J • i ｾ＠ i • I I "' • a"• :.·r '( ,: t ;~ l ! f... I Ir f .i i~. a. s• ri f· ! J := _}i f t • ｾ＠ I 5 g;fr i l iｾ＠ ｾ＠i ,~ i f l • • i ..., t ｾ＠ • f t> • • · iI. i• Ii1 .I .＠ｾ• '9＠ｾ = ... I P ｾ＠ :r· t: ' ｾ＠• t:I ;EI I • 0. p P ! ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ! • W' ｾ＠ i ' n 0 f ' ..., ｾ＠ I i ' • . Ii 'Ii' i i \;;,f • "" '1ult Uae an-rent la twlqe • pp - t'1.ndll of arletana of the (18901 9'1) I and• Deepite li~c• tbe 1•4 •• l••'• g1"1'• b7 IYen •• la ta nicer with tile P JIM•• -.. wae ta• .... la•• aU. •~• appeare4 tbeN •• IIIIMlla ._.. (caned •PPNN4 d4 ... .. ol.itld.e .nemt• 1,a,J (Burki" Perr a, tlle OCID9ideftl .At Brana, •• ,_.. ' ... o- • WPV' at •••-la1• 1a 'Aail1aa- apeoiti.o 19251 ~-- ot Ilia II-* ''file ._olitad.e la Ac• tor tu I'd.• .jull\lft•U.• wbilta Ua alu: 1m1loeS..U7 ..... pertodll. lorl4 lar Clark tlaen •• period, • •rked aooel.- all4 • w bft' ot r.giaaal 19J2, 19'61 Clli.Ue 19)1, 19J7) • ot aaropeaa ,_. 1c1erea iner'llll'1a"9 19'2, 1'l7) J •• at 1 aoeept.DDe ot • ._oUtlaic ttU• pae.-PleiatenD• (I.Mlaaki aa 1-k• •• lliJI cliaoweri• r the b•4:Utc .... of ca.il~ tollonlac tll9 Puet int••' 1D ._ et hrlber 7•19 flt With • aoc1erta r.-; •'UlauooiaW pat , .. ~r a aeri• tile Upper Palaeolitlaio NWMD wrt.,1191 ot Chllcle (1925 et eeq.) 9114 Clark- • •114 1D the in~ .. •• t•_.... IUa tile ...... 1iba tera 1a ta l9J2, Clark pneeaW U lrtt.ill' la tan tbe let. mab • pelU4 aaaac Britiala pnlliatoru•, ptdoe the Viper P.laeol.1•10 (JS2la 15)• Tard.MWtaia•' aacl ta.t Plett. •ta-opp, Cerl7le 1921 Blale.J .. w the 18959) • ,.._.1 a<.. to pi.a al• later, ana lacked lPal• •1c1ale111aa ot lb• •eoUtld.e (Pi•"- cUapaite •i.a!P17 ill real.iv cliMCJllrendaiarolitM were tOIIDd 8NOOUte4 ld.eroli.tiba .,....i.7 a.,o.1te a.a.a. c1a\ed period la 187' Ylelle .....,.rd...,. 4'.Aail •here 11h1.ab• .,. •ada-lMiaa _. 'rela4eer' Da.Uere, ~• •---t.uaia• ... -· 11,511, a,5-') J and 1a Ula eD4 aw ... 1 cH111••r1• (Pl•"• IW'CWNcteeiain \lle reaatm r••r4 break lD Ule -~ec>loSi•l be-..•• a,a1b ... 195', 19'l ) • to ...-a.rope.a &laeolitaio of the &coli*tc ... •ieriala a.ol.iW.o Plll"lol JWOPff Ai the~- day, •»•olitble' in !\&rope ranaiD& troa the beaiminc period ot \he apiwd ot the leoli,hio fJ"la •• a.JOO a.c. '° ., 1... alarollol.oa ) . •rltoa dittvut pwpa Ii ._ period. , l500 It ia alao aOllte •Mnt ONene4 a.o. Uie pnbaiario Pre-Bozwl to Che Ume c- '11• 1-•ia Bu.rope apMU'iwU.,, ot iba •t.Ddard raclio- peopl• .babi~tll wt be•-4 wtaaae eoODalQ' •• Pl'ff8ile4 that durlag iNl>Oll'*l aD4 eoODalll.o •~t1aence. are in ,__..1 192S: 2; Clark l932i 11 1965a2JJ •er••~ that the Meaol.i'thio ot hrope • aa11tiDuaUOD ot the Pal..eol.ithic arcbaeological 1Dd1•'- uae4 •• all Wllbrella tera COftr.1ng ._ coaatal Moe' aoderD workera (Cbil• GialNtaa 195') ot .. ot bulatina and too4 p\heri.Dg •• w NGDClll'i in Nortta-w•, treall •'-rand the· toreat, • l• waed c.twnaea*1di aerYe to wey ｾ＠ lit•, bllt that ta to then c1e.:.um1, the ».aolitbic •• a l) THIRI 1:ASA MAJORSHD'T Di mi CJNTJm; ())' PClfULA'l'I OIIIa&ar!B D ff lSffRH IOROPI • JMr1DC•• Upper • awaleiu.Jl Jt.1cbpopu.ation denaii1• •n ntclenoed tor Sau.tb-w•t Prance• !be encl ot Ula .Pl.eiatnoe• wtueuecl • 4ear:,cnJ)bio rM ... iOll iA tibia area, .Dd 0Gal)9n'1.Yel.7 ld&h a.i.tti• ill Hortb-w•t tvope, •peoul~ arauncl the Baltio U'iloral• 2) !HID !JS A JIAJORCHANaaDf 1HE pOJU( CF STONX 1'00IB • Ml.orol.1~ ~--~-•• iadia.iin& t.be wia..pr .. cl •• ot the poei-Pleiaiooene period, la A\1Pt11"'9 ..._ end a.l"Nllf ill the s-ediately o...t.• to obaracnmatio &laeoli"Mo IRlaUJI&teoilniqua. J) Dflll •-1.a ｾ＠ .) WJ8 A TRlriD 1'0'ulU:S SMALL GIJII .BUNTING aplainei a• • reapoaa• w the exUDc".oa ot • mcli tla.Uy at the oloee of 1ihe Pleiatoo.D•, m•t.a• !HID I .ASA KABDD IMCRDSI Di ffl! DSOUIC. AND 1in.D f<JIL l•di.Dg lars• to a affere DH.OITATIOIC(It AQUATIC ' S) !BI IOBOLI'DlIC UEUS O m CULTURAL D:BGDIRATIOIII HIN COMPAUD Wiffl 'DIB OPPml P~1HIC • !he ap paNA' a.,er1 ... uoa ot laaaU»a reaourc.aa a l legedly l .. w the breakdom ot the crpllia .. oic mi ty bwatiltg •ativiti .. an ,. thOQ&llt • be ot.ract;eriatio ot •A,J Upper Palaeolitllio ~· 'Bua cbaDce ot aooial arcler la belin.S ,o baYe b ... _.. Gr' 1 ... l'IIIIPGMi ble tor the diaa ~peannc. or the t ruoo-Cantabrian .y .... ｾ＠ 1, ta pnera~ 'n.. N111aim, "preaent:lJJc 11\bio 11•baon\iom, am P.1-eo.U~ S. t\rther proftl•, end iA » • nnlt ot the ..... '-m NW•ea baa 'bMD ooaa1den4 ..-aue4 cl•rl.7 W.• oultur•• Gl1lt11nl 4n•Uo ot ne'3U11taent wti.tber ill NOOldlh or Europe duri.Dc th• ••rl7 •• • •'tt•r be raia-4 •lldd9n ••• t'oo4 oollan~ Jlolooerae an enriroAMnta. to - 1a,.,...-. t1cm 9DYircaler'-l ruu, 1D Aarope la a b7 the as-bi• tor the begiall.t.ng ot the I.at lnaatt:Da •D4 pthar1Jac ~l ._., poa'9PleutOMDe 'he X..olithic oung .. • • hat 1.Jaoqtlam Di• qUMUcm •7 ... la CMlwral \o dittana,ia\e am amiaolc:111•1 • t th1a tiae, 1enua:U,- 4-oriN4 ai..., ••• and ~ra,t~•~ ,ra'bl.• oornlat.1.• of 8,00 .B.C. the -1,_..1 •Jor 07 eonaeq11eMeal enrlronanul "1wr7 delild.•U.. wld.eh ._... the &eola&ieal abaag• ~l •Jor •N ONezored t.ba, lb• i•rdaW7 chenneru-4 pollen •• tbeN -1.t\11'91 • .,.,_. it S. on.a. llioreOftr, period oaDOet"4 tti•t ot -lffll-..L aha••· Cliatl•lq aa \btN 8JOOs.c., ntlaer eaaclitl- •• aa4 oola.r eondiUom ot eaniDental prod\Wing oloa• ot \he Pleia'\ooene. •• ol•• ot ｾ＠ toreat ,.....Bcr .. l ot •l'INI" sraal replaoe ,uac1n abNP'l7 re.ttor•t.'1.oa a.c. ) OrllJb7 proo•W ot th• B&l.Ua& ,o the 1114-eiptb llllleld.lla bad UMt\Ulldre ot tearpera '- Ju.ro ve bND tllll.Y elild.lla te4. tbe di.N~panme ••• tor pa.,....,.,.. ot ｾ＠ •117 Upper It .... gr•rtaua Palaeolith1o taa.t • __,.. .._i.11& looel apecua •Iii.all prcwi-4 grc11111a, •-- ediD~ica cl aoet t; c, a~tiall at •• ,oMft ••- i.JRero,al trora the bep.na1ag (••~7500 ,o poa~eul aaei.lla'1GD •l"'lllJw up, end ,be en overall 1-teed, duriltc • lt.000-J•r nolen, 1.rr-..l,ar, ah•••• Kor did ioe •ia..at•UJ a11 G,yot.l fraa DO auddeD ohaqrcwer Aa'Ye D- 8i.U.rl7 *he • ot the taan4n r•ouror ..,_._1 r.w • I p ?ｾ＠ .,- r2 iｾ＠ • • " £ ·;• If I.. ,· f f ..I! •1＠ｾ .•I＠ｾ :i.,r~ •t I ｾ＠ , !r . t . c .. • 1 ... r lt f i .1 - # Ii r: I - I I 4 • ｾ＠ l a~ • i ｾ＠ • ｾ＠ I ｾ＠2 . . .. f £ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ • , ; i: " I " J 1 tI t• f1 1 1 1 I ｾ＠ I ｾ＠ I • 1 • j ·t i 1 ; i -; ! .I. ｾ＠ • .., - ti i l" It' f :. l f q_. .:1 f I .~ f i ! i £ f ＠ｾ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ F I 1 l ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ l ; t ! I . ' .' I ,; ,~t 11, ~, , · . . J i ' I 5 i • 'J : i a1 ! •! ｾ＠ i i ｾ＠ l1 f i • :I ; " ,.I Ill ｾ＠ I i I O 2 O" I (11i!e,·l:1f1l v :: ! Ii If ... ; D I· ｾ＠ . ., f ' ' & e.- _i:f I.; 1 , iIi , f . · ~ !I I ...f f .. ' ! • r • i f ＠ｾ : f I f 1 • I rｾ＠ ·r1 f. ll I , r iii,,ｾ＠ : ' ｾ＠ii•5 ｾ＠ ir , r 1 ·1t i If,· ; .. '• t' i :• !aiｾ＠ •;'B.~· ' ,~ ! 1 ｾ＠ i t , . .. , f :• i! .. l 1• ｾ＠ l I: ! .. ., l . .-. ( • E r .. ! et • & : r ..., t ,. f 1 • > Ji Si ;i • v ' ｾ＠ f .. ~i . s; I ｾ＠ . 2!1l!J· .. 1;1ｾ＠ f 1 . I f • r· i...ｾ＠ ... ; ... I t • ... i;,'I • ;- :•tt ., 8 s , 1 'f · ｾ＠ I~.· ... i • • l: ii t, 1 .. 1. £ t i i f .. ' ! 1 f I I, e- I!. • ｾ＠ £ ! : Sr . a~ f ' f r 'ii 1.. r wj t!/t ! ｾ＠ r :S. § • r ... •_. ..- E tti t• .. :: f I'I• .C'.ｾ＠ｾ＠ r..- ,• !n 'S.:, f, .. ,r ｾ＠ . t I • =: s, = .. ... .. I f ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ta! I 1 I I :-I l ' 1 ,B .. fi Ii ... ; r ..'~. e :, ( ' f ｾ＠if 2 1· a• I ,i ,r - • <i ... ' 1 f l. •i ,Il }I ｾ＠I 1a .ift .(• i.. ,J t;r .• . •P , • • 1 ,,• , !t .1 •l s:. I, • I1 1 • ll i • r I f 1 ｾ＠ r E 'f ll .. t 1 Ii l .. 1 :r .. 8 f ?- ' I i ( i , r t-' -• • . f& A ! I ｾ＠ •s • . i. ... •' f :. • ' ''1 ｾ＠ ,i- r11 ｾ＠ 2 f -a af 1 i. , E ｾ＠ I f f ..... • 1 i'= l• ... !,.I... I... .. :i• i:: r ·• ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ;a. I 5 I . f e I Ji JI I • . .• r ! Ji · 1 1 ｾ＠ 1 • If i •• f 1.~·~1f~~ JI:;!' ..., r r r f . .., [ I ... f f'..,~ .o ' ... ; Z i I.. .I•. Ist :tt: '!. : i i I • j • 1t,a1ｾ＠ • I •• -,~ t a ｾ＠ ｾ＠ - ｾ＠ ! i ｾ＠i ', ! i Jｾ＠ ! i 1.. ... l , ·,-= ... · r 1"' '.•( .fIi E ar I :; ｾ＠ o , • r. .. r .. ·.'£ 1i .I . .f.. : 1 ｾ＠ i Ir ·iｾ＠ s;ac. 't:: · • <c ,r iI.. . • .,.· •• i . 1:i 1i •·! :t •i r ! r i I,,,r i 1., i: 1 ｾ＠ i ' .. a .. = -•' 1 ';!Jri!':!;li!:i r: I ;. l i a.... • M i •.- :,i; 2 ? iii r i J i f i • ! ｾ＠ f r • ••f i • ·••et-• R ,... # I ...I • rｾ＠ - 1 ! ｾ＠ i ｾ＠ It. f .. ! ID ' I?, C, a : f~!i,( f ｾ＠ ｾ＠ r,. I - f 1 .S :a ! ｾ＠ 1 ... , ... .. 'IO .. -p ,..._ p , f f... f 1if i ｾ＠ It ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ I •1 • I 1 a i1! . 1 1-= ｾ＠ a I; i; •r• §I~ -- f i !tI .l..I, J! J;l ! !, ｾ＠, i... •ｾ＠ ｾ＠ , i. . n . • 1 •＠ｾ ·i.. "' - •f 1 r I .. r ! i , • 1 ;r 1!t • Cl ! 1 ｾ＠ r I. rf1i1~ 1 l ｾ＠ i i ! ~Ii!! f ! 1 I t a i 1 ｾ＠ p ft- !f 1JiI '· .. t 1 ·• • r -... _ ... ｾ＠ • a_ :( 1 · : r ! .. 2 i a. .. Ii .. •r ; Iri •• ｾ＠ l 1 i ..& I ;;_'S, a "'I :_ i I '• f! ·1 • 1 l!~ • i - ..ts .I.,.il i i !..., 0 ca. • 11 R I oa I I: J~! ＠ｾ , ｾ＠ , i f , .. ＠ｾ . . t Ii ; f 3• ,.. 1 I; i; i 1 1 1 0 ... t' s. !» ,. 1'h• NDYeDU.OMl DOUoa ,. iaar••lll& nideace la • CINalal -.. tbaD n.l, ia 'he ala•ial ot the ••• u..-e 'b.. period, aooaap.n.,tac period, radJuataea• aDll ... ta ••n lay• wlidlV a.n wu...- taae •net -na .... tan, deaplte -.nt.U.•• aup Pol' tM • parpc:ia• .... anenc'111g fNII •• • hftlilla ., .... eo~• •rlier, aD4 lnel \be 1. ttt•'-17 t.be •li4it7 the Dee4 •mot: tar •-twr ot ot \be~ uao.,1 end Bel\ic quae\l- all4 Bnidwood aftlle4 sHlost•ll7• laelp tMliJIC • HIN • 4itterent • ..._ill ercbaeot..gtaa 1lbe and RN4 (1957) ot ,11. wnd.Dal Pleiatoo•• adapUOD al.a and .... 97-8) tat.et: (19'ls • aacl 41:~_..itiatiOD, t.eobni•l ot • M•OU.tld.• ait: reaouroe ｾ＠ aD4 cwer----•a ea eartr- atiM .... ·- oli~io ilmowUOD 1a the ••k• ot eool.og-ioal • ot the ~u1..-.,..1 i.Ddi••• tale aultunl aan by the rtailrc wi~ ahona nad.ju-...,; \be lllaaia ot aal.tunl ot itll al-t NNllae lien lnidllood -~---..i_.. alld..., t;blllldJlc ot UI .. aNociated tona ot apect.ali.M\ia -1'1aral tor redlaoe4 reaCNl'NII, -. a.,roy.a <al7 alOD& •• oulturee, a.rope, alld aploitatiGDa ta oaacnare, alMSpc:aaiDl.7 aon n14eDce ot • ._ of tile ••e art.ate la illaoni10D tbentore, l"fl9luUoM17. ..... per11a19 4ea).aciatioa. .-.a.ptaU.an. ta tile Macl-ua caaatal allbllllrge4 or '1'aeMtl&re ot •IV' cult11nl paat,-Qlaeul tut M ibe hot •• anl apl.oiutica u !Ilia ••• a.rope abGN ia )(Nol.i 11uo perioct tor '°e oea11i-,1oa ot eoeatal an.a ot aq• U.o naouro• •pp.ND\ 1l •• paper, applioatiall• ot iM l)eriod reaim beg:Sw1ag ot Ko apeoial ｾ＠ PrrBorNl ta n'81M4 the term, 'Meaol.i'thio' And it 1a •• ill Brit.ill •• menl7 lortb-w•t pnt .. 'ble• \lae ,.,.. eeon,mo or aooio-wltunl • Mim'olit:111.o' or ｾ＠ to the tima ot the •1,1rNt ot ai.pt.ttoanee 4 ~""- la aoae •,a • • NJlal f'-1-eol.!Ud.o' are ta 10. lllftria~, • diNret• l"Nliatio hen 1a ea helpfl&l ot •rcbaeol.asi.•l amdiYiaioll .juat do aot p-aaplnp rn-ortc \Jl)Oloei•l oluded tnoloSi•l ••1'111, aad •terial tau- ... a baaio lCn~ ooa11r. ot CNl'TUt 14-e• 1a 1..- e diNuuiOll bacqrGWICI to 1:hia eDQUir,J iDto 1ih• lfNolithic 1a Brite iJle SwthVD llloat 1.DtlueaU.l tora the baaia emaac Qp0l.01tata J.G.D.C1-rk, baa bNa e114 Illa idea• ot aode111cliacuaatoaa. Ill 19)6, Clark 4iatilapiabe4 WO •ill p-Gllll8 wittai.D tbe •orth l\ll"OpeeD ».olithlo. l) 1 .AJCe 2} • Mlorolitbic ._, p-oap, ~n, .. ot ｾ＠ cul.cur• lowland toreat ot "-11•.. 1111 an.a aul.tl&Na 1a \he tiret 11"0Q •• !ARDIIIOlBIAR• And aaaequ•tl.7 aul.wre .... ier1111 tor 1-.er ea uori.bllnd er.a' and lt:Sghlealll • the ,-J:'9,Clark: tend.llOloa, ar-P ,oa ... aodel'II 1'7 ... 2) BLAim ANDftAPEJ aurd.•>.. diaUDft au-.•• iJrtllruW.7 •1 • ot that 1aa 1a di.at~ tiOlll*WD' ta 'lib• l:itbio W the 41ffeNDC• aloeel.7 betiWeea tbla an •••ca,loooupat:S.am or waari.• e'b\lDCMNeot Ulpl..-te 'b7 tbe -.paraUTe 1fld.olaere • wi tb aub-grOlqa DWSftIE Ntle°'i- 111.i... ftcel), ••W calturea , .. nl.17 agreet The cwar tbe •ork•n• .wAGLIMCBUJt - aad relatecl •114 act ....i, tao \beae Arabaeoloa Id.a •rliar, tr-1't ll"Ollf tU'IIII (• .. l) It aaw ..... \Jae aNCIIICl ...... (1958, 19'5) hit• remn.4 eDCl propoeed u tenet....,•• to•• ea tbe beat.a ot 4nel.Opae.Dta 1a :aaropean MNoli*o paat torl,1 and tl&• MACLII031Allt u i.-~ lb• Bl.94e aD4 Tnpeae ar011Pan ot •terl.al troa the Bla .. aA4 Tnpeae ot 'boDe, antler, au1lili}aa.. al"NaJ wld.le ait• .. real "17 aUua-4 OD ll'CIQ8 am wood., •• Jfagl...,.:ua ot the •ri.- aitee taci• •1147 aolla be ..... a •N ot 0 elld u. ,ex. o.:o. pnl1117 end• Ill CN m ltoth ｾ＠ •VODCa1arolitbio ere obentr\maecl lt7 all eltlleD.t 1lr tbe tl1D11tOl'ke e'lleenoe ot ,0 Blade -'\ ,/ I '7 '-"" • .., ..., ,_,--, ___ ,,' .,,, ," Magle mosian , • co 0 FIGURE industries 1 Tagus 2 Cocina 3 Provencal . 4 Guyenne 5 Breton 6 Ile de Franc e 7 Swiss-S . W. Ger man 8 · N.W. German 9 Polish - ~-:hite .re..issian 10 Pontic -....-... ,,..., ,,.,, and trapeze The Pr;in cip al· 1-:esoli t,hic cultures of (a fter ;1ark :~urope 1965) I I Ear l y Coastal b Ohanian a Larnian c Danish d ,;jcanian e ~ . Swedish f Gstfold Azilia n 13. ' IPOJ:JfflIQIN! AlQ>El W <I' WI Bae wt._.tor 11 tenwre •nbaeolestal 19'SJ Giarllataa 195'). •7 f1I w11_. • ...i., t.be, ft.abM. and aDd wUd buda '-•*"_.-4, 11P ri.Ter ... (Clark 19'6) • a-tm baft-.. ., ...~--- a., ... pl...., tna. r-1. aloac tra a.paa1ta ot t1.eldll 1B al.1.uYUl YallQa, tao .. 'burie4 au.Utie4 ..a.. --'111\a doaaaUo aA4 ｾ＠ ot oanclitiaa llllaUDc alld ...... •114 1a • Tariet7 •cr1a laD4 llllrfa ........... 1-k• b ... , ooUNt .. 'Dlq aa4 rook llheltere •l.altc•• Mona• Jib_.. oondiU.0a.•• DNA fa..-ounbl•, tbat IIDft4 altod c1ri...._ pea\ iJI lapland an.a. 1B ea•• end.,.. wU.c1tru.1111 allCl ••, aad ewer abaita uad 1 ot wild ea, wild pig, iladi•• tba\ Dllri .. tra pDenl A114ill NIie 1a alao aapl• for taeir • •ri.t7 1a peata eDYira- 1a Ille acmaal alloioe pthared abona, •• t...i...., ｾ＠ tt.1 en4 tlat •ou..r-1 teobnoloo• elk, 'l'h_.. ot 41.aocwered 11, .. u.,., - 4Nclce4• w M abeened mterula Tb• cliaU'ibutiaD pri.litariq •• lllmW red and roe clNr, ..uisa.a •tunllr~ ••n•• ••• ｾ＠ 4oee aot .... 'flle1r eo•CIIIO' ... of \Ja.tr 4*U. .1,... llaaol.1Udo or • tiNot17 or •CODOIIIIF at, peopl•• h8'iDc 4egree •f ocat1aait1 NellllaUala and la'\e-Glaot.l Ute UCIIII itaia, •• to •81 • ｾ＠ ••- wbo OOOQll.elthe laropeaa poJlllbtiom ,he .. te'bl.iahmelat ot • leolitbic 1.Dd.1reaU7 trca tM 19'J, regi-.l giwa NN 1a w ... r117 'be •eleo,tT~· et plaoe, tltnat, 1, _, llnil .. Clark 19"• ,__..1ep11ntael • uoa1, DleretoN, !lle llleoUtbio _, 1i11Neaadiea Inarialtl.7 •-na •cleq•W, 1a 1925, 19Jl, 19J7; (dlil4e -....1.a. -1--.1 •' Ut....ya 11..UUde tl'OII _..., aa4 flooa old. lani ••• alao bNII talD4 ill a-1.ei •ur- ill tuta .. ,-ita, 111ola,a for -.p14i 1a arpaic or •'-r- ... depoaita, loaed '1i1• ldDd 1a Star Carr, alt.oup likeJ ait• a<ae well-drailled ti.aer anil Star Carr, 19.)7, 19~ (Pequarl aiallar m.a.a.. lt ~( tll9111b an .beip\ oo.aioMl lllilat 1 • llkeletal -u 1, ta .~. alld NlliltGiiall\7 The queaU.• fnol.oaiaal •vca•iecl to _.., NIN tra4iti_, tlallffel", -.i.m Dantoa, (.Abllrser, it aot aotu.l clla00t'ere4 1a a MaoliW.• .. 11:b t.he 4-4 buried et Star Carr. -11, ••re augg•~ akeletal l'l'OII ~• .,.rJilla troa 5' to .51 Je.• in , "1 th proportiona tel7 -11 ot aten4e4 buriala it •1 tlaat he •• -.. Here, antlera •PJllll•') , tau4 llancla and r .. ,. in bark baYe bND na~ wnppe4 BalUo proriJIOe {Clark 1965). troll ~• oONnd h•••bNA • u'f'e-.. reaaim th•• people that .,..,.. ot •IIP tirta off \he OOM\ of .8r1*9111Q' to '\he •proto-lllgl..-ua• appeara ohert and the .tauDdi alld at Bolaa .. :rd (Dews) ba1'e b"n • o•terle tnditl- •1111.Ytu.at, in SoutberD Tm.eo and Hoidl• akeletial (latr'.fardeDOUiall) or ea•• In the •jority ple tton11 Pl"'INlllllla°ltl7indicate U.Ti»c areea, •••J wblle, . at t.n lmt or apland aii:• ot a:uta. or baael ot a..iltap Partlbe._) 1he rwinll the remaim n1na, AA ou.,1iataDding aite 19~. b.a•• auniTe4, reaina to oantaiD the carbom.•ed ah.Ua OIi at affda etc. oaab• on aoee Britia.b bNA t'OWl4: work .. ••• 1n Yorkahi.N (Clark onlJ MD-orpld.o b.oa... er, ot' renim or l»rk, rolla anUer, boae, • .. 1a. ariety or Maeoli\hic naiDII traa tbe ~• illterre4 ot at.tun ettioi-'17 ••wli•ot wrtiere, anvere, ot »..U lithle ibia cloea aot prcwe flu• tit peraon, ao, ao • laraar aaocu,e4 1a a ... YGe4 wtt.b tll1a period ha~e ot llluaUJ:ac tri'bea witil cliff- ww••t. puabing into MII 1-nda and 1.DMl"ldll&liltc witb aae another. whetbar thM• tri.Na babitualq reaged ovv long <liaiano• \hey 11ere eoatent wi 1ib aore aoatiM4 mm Ung grouncta, then iulaiJII at tool.a tliat .na \ltiliae4 tbie .. palati- reaaiJIII wid•pna4 ot oer\eiD lb.ilat lad.'N9 ta 11h•baD4 ot • wll IIOltility ~. .ta BritaiA haTe 'beell clia• aDd ain abapiag (Balle• l96os 14,), •uca•tt•• '-' ... flt _. pn9em. It co-14 'be •l"P•tb.t ».o.1.Ubio -•, or a.t.bff ia no aun •.1 Jmlltiag a ..._. ot waald aot IMt ilwol"ffCl •• bi• anc•tora lend teuna, ot ateppe h_... laqr-d1a'8110e ad.graticma t,7Ploal •twU.e• ot Ralllti.De (195') it u •• well _. to b•r iclaa elld -~ reglolllf taa.pendeaU.y ar \b.roqp or •pr•41.Dg ot ir1u1 'by Tirtue ••• ou1,un117 4egenenk ,-;-10, •U. ... ta tile Meaol.1\Jde ta ciultunl a.u.ahed aarici"'• preteoe (••• 8Dcl aab.n&•• p.z:Ui, aDd Clark'• 19}2J alao Barrima .... ot tba FnDOG""Call11altriaa Upper PalaeoUW.. detiAitt.om 19s,.). M•oU~o \be" Clark 'bo1a wezreebanneriaecl ••• ot tunctia1111l raeo... 19, •uu•Una growada tor tile e11Ure Pal.eol.iUdo • C1Yil1Ntl•' ff·- lllurt ...... (• i& a .... '!he 111111'-r01vru .. •P1- aad •iailar 1a .. or •• ••• wna propcae4 (tacludinc peri-4 A•r -· mbi'-" aul.et.l IICIIIID aapiem). pa,atqa• am iatellipllee '•'II•' be1ra ·to tbia B.wa~r Cirtu.aa,1aa., nalll. u.._ to ｾ＠ --. dcwtman a...-n tl• etb°'' »aaolU.bio •t or tlwir witb etbaa of the M....iJ.thi• aa.pe IQ'tiAn&lerl.7, ~• world The •ill • paelU.. trib• ,.... 4itterenoe • parallel QOII tbe progreeaiTe ._.. '° the ••WZ'II oi-n.11.•U.-. w lh• po1a, period dittv- attua U.. ot .anlao'iloa. CiY1.U..'1oll it bad bel.4 tor ai: l••• ot tJnariallly ia ,11at lt NJlN8eDU, end of tbe llllllter 1a etboe !Mir llOClera eU.oa 1a be ... '111111a 'tiben ••• •r11t• ao ••• 0m ot 1ih• Sla_...'8 Koztl'.1•' llalltera am cli4, not eDOOWl'-r •'Al etboe ftr7 mmti.Dc ia i. of to.7. (Boao aDtllropoi. .. ahOWIIti.t ffi4enc• wbil,a._ ｾ＠ ap-iall tu.re a nd pel'IIIIIMD'Iae\tleaen1a1e PJ"N•t.-da1 the .._ol.itllio of tool-kiDC to ... • lllani»a and pt:laerUtc, ..,,, or aapertor ot the in.,.• (1'es..l.-r4 a. Cba,rclUa 19591 190) • or • ... '11• OOllt•t• "9liatio u.•••• 1'), b7 U.U. a l9'oa ~r •nl7 IINoUtbio ) are toi-sc,twa, •114 *h• 1111ol•naardecl •• t.he l.it.-apaa 'llmtw .jqe It tile •t- of llf•• •7 •A obllen- It 1a aul•dilll lty a banter-ptilerw ｾ＠ .. ent titt tbrougbmt lMJrTallinCor •nn berler \o lte 110 adequate ao, warl4 ot Meiaolithio .. ,., were perbapa oaiable .,....., ｾ＠ to the cODtftrJ• 1a 1ibe ~- -.be ...SU of aul~l There .... But the litholoSical are perbapa auggMii•• ill ld.nd ~i 1D toUowiltg tba ._.. w ill . •• till• .UUan 7•:re• PAnU BlCK'2UU> !O VJBO!r.I11UC8TUDID 16. <r IPQLJfflICSTQDJW D swr,pnHRJWI M Pll59f¥P' ».oli\bio Arohaeol.aa7 teDIII to be -1.uaiv.. allCl ••U7 wid•ll!"9cli IIIIIIUJta tor 'P)&IO' tliau .. Britd.11, It ot fliat a Aiatclry u a U.tu. IIGN ｾ＠ ot the OIM.1" pnnioal buladred 1r.re CMD • "81lA look:1Ri at aurfaoe and eniquariallll U't.a latereai; aad •o real- Arcba•ol.oa areaa wita. •• eDtbuaia•• m••tCMIDdtbeir 8aae eollHUOIIII Baa:1..-\loa. Many ao wp-to-date lie Wiuly of tlinta tor 'tliDUJJC'• !Ida •7 into --., aw,e~ baYe 04J.t" ta Soll~ eacl w tbe t• obange r••• ua h uat Purtherw,re, recorta a.. a.. tor and are aftU.ble •9117• ta.at tbare 1a and lleJIU"9 procae41.rap encl IIDDOp'llplla. ｾ＠ aboll't their pat c1i.ac0ftl"i• ia aot the tarritar., to kJIOIJwtw t •rl.y ot 4:iaooverere eal ti.Ddll aDd what tbe, cGD114erecl iaporlant.. 1lbat they loakei deteraiMd and the .._..Ilda 1ibeD tbe :W.olitld.o -- But it ia alao valuable peper. wi 1b aot.u.- Coa~U7, work, and •udl anatinc ia•t ot thia ot oaaplU.ag • liat •u.oo••n• CID.17lMgua ua jouraala, awtMrN Ua• preaut ha• ba"l'e b .. n loat er aeoret.S aocCUl\ 'lb• •• tlleir ~, arabaeolqsiata - Soutl'r .. at Jhal,aad lll)OII k•P' • a a1u,1Gll ot iJagreat.. 1a SGIRhera •i.Dc• ·- teur ••t.•kllollledp or Uae cliatribu\toa and netu.re ot Br1ta1D •• for1-. r•W tU.nt oolleotioa ta.••'Nell aliadata Z7• ooaurrenoea la pniclM.ar laold,IIS• uahrita1JI •• Sinoe ocilliled tb•• totally GPNMicm 1a DN .... diaGOYU7 clitt'Ulle •114 an ait• Meaol.ttbio ot Meaolitbio it baa 'been tbe •l.lllte., ...... •..W.orka and reoopiMble abwt 1920, blollletp IA faet uW .fiDdll an tor am •u, tha., ul \ila tel7 n,POl"\ede '?banter. aeleetin, an a\'-,pt aNOUllt u ua. ot M•ol.i*-• here ,o 1i•• • chrcmolo1ioel, rea•Nb iJa S.thern m1:b1a, it ld.pl7 \Uldarll.'d91 Uae 17. ot idea• aw.i.,..n, of tntenat •Dd nifta baTe eupe4 ._oliWo •hiab •'1ad.i•· ltEk Wt991F1Me l87z:1903 The laat quarter ...,...1ooal iateNat 111*••' aND '° cietin1tive _._.. ~-n1111 ._.. c.n_..u7, reatr4ed .. The •rl.7 Jal'9 'P7PIJ Pvl .. ' ....a la *•'1W.e •·•·o.•v ta l,Ol &.Colle., Jara (1,0}) ill tbe hDP:lDN• •rob (••I• 188}; tlDal ot Tflr1 ••ll tb• uoaeoloe,• al,T• ... •7 be tU.at • ta. the .u.. t:M 1...,.117 aw.l PiMII .... a aPtMd,al ... pa, t...-rd illll»W wla t •ric 'PJIIFIJ fliata'• ._, ra .. , iA tan 'P,Jpd..a9'• Die .... clhd•H.•• Pl.ti-tiYere 'leolitaic'• ..._.rdecl .. 'lleolit.ad.o', ltut 1 .. baaevw, 190.W.i: ot \)le 111"•-'oen,-, 'At 'Frnr' brtds illol.._ •co11 .. ~· publiaatt.aa ot • rnolutioa and lleColl.ey Mll.roll aDd •••B•S1&tclitte 188', 1897)• Sutol.i.tte J.rl7 anlquari•• t .,.iam, ill SOlltb'- .. And ot the m.nateentb oe111iur., •rked *97 _.. -. !Ila wcrk ot • •Wilk and peretaW, 1ibe QJOloal•l --.eDet'7 aD4 et~ bpl--· la 1,12, B•Witt• 117 •of'Mld.lla and ..... ,__. u.a 'llidc•' re.. •• And a.,v ｾ＠ ._.. anial But the iat'luenU.l )a_.., ••• ) 1 ,-r, aDll reterri..Dc aNociaW la aiaiat_... ｾ＠ i.wttaa wt.ill 'aeol.itbll' (Na~, (acvt Dawkia l9U). n .... a11 •r11 .. to th .. •• ,._olitaio•. 'Pn,rq', Jl'OpGaN an Prot_.or ot P7P!1 ... •ra11 c1,12) ...- tlualll' • •UCP9UJII tbat 1ibeir llllikere .... (1912), atallllina 'bJ Ille , ... 1"11Ulio lb• tor breakilll the iapl......_ In the -- akime leo.U1ild.o illba'bitaata, Palaeoli~a. '-7 •• Iel°t ot • a•i'- •i.-tDI •• Pliata, tor ..S Parker aclftMe4 • \IIU:J •DO•t17 in ta. 4eolaNCl ~, lmiT•, affOlf- 18. Tbf lfgiDDing o( S;pH9tic ｾ＠ , oUoaing 1,QDlilahing ~ei.r / -.b •terial, diaoOftrl.e• ••r a'hnllt:n tuture work ••• 111Y•rioua or wllteb r-ined •• the Pemd.u induatrt .. , wbich he teraed du tina\lon la at ill in general to ••• P9md.ne ll•olithio ot 'Prance ell4 Belgiatteohe4 to oerlaia §R9D1"9 flP41 •P4 ftRme Br i,tialll Pnri.oual.7, litUe prlnc!ple ot wo ••pent. Perllapa bi.a p-oupa Morecwer, ~1., with tha Tarclenc.tabn until .. •aona .ad •11·arro11 Blade'• accepted. Thia Wd ia4uatri tile .. beoa• 1955). 1,955 (Clark 19Ji:9 at,apt bad been mcla 'Co llllderatand Ill l9.J2, .1eG..O.C1-ric pmliahed . bad beaa •d• h1a Ca!lllbridce ｾ＠ the widenoe to briJ:lg tog•lber .. ta. tb• •:id• TM.a ••• variet7 tbe tira't ot lliellolit.bic \ tiaa. la tbu •de country . and aubjeot and 41.aoower:I.• blve IIOl'td on · on the ... oli1aio •Dd autaori'tative replar aiiandard et euawt.iOD CJ..rk'• atudi• eentnl the me•• \riea period. 'tba •inc•than, (19,J, oontribu.tiom ecMld b• ezplained retennc• AltilCllll,b idea• atudy. the at.Dda.1,1 •Olk atill initul t.bia ahlll1 .-ttb 19)6 ) J • nd 1ntrod.l,oe4 • laigb 19)9) • ot th• Bri.tiab to ooatiMDtal In tba •ln, , nature, •nd clia'tributionel the ot.recteri•'tic:111 with boGlc 1a {l~l*• l9l5, wan of a 'tJPOl,ogical that thi9 He tolla.ed 1a lirit.tn. 1.Dto hia work to ceretul an4 tbe lleaoU.thlc wenta• 1 au.rpruinal7 1921e,), and the 1-b-1 'Ter4enou1aa' iladuatn ptittll dead.ea ot aurta..-.ollediltc• 1i .. 11ec1ha tille aa • ~t 1IIIC1ertaie Pellld.ne 'Broe4 Blade' • ttiniti• (Budtley 1n the Penni_.• ~ley (Bllckley 1921-,9). Ida reoopition 1 • • ••• am b• oaabine<l both •U;b. orer •DY ,-re NIIII 1-Por'a• contr1butioa '1:17iJMliYidl&ala loa\. JIOlf •1• •ad .-,en uaw'Hd atand9rd ot ' Jd,lioet1GD tm't ta and ' oollecRiom •\ and .all.Nbra t. the work ot Pnnoia tboup •rdl..T Yff7 •otentif'icallyf bigb a.rri•d Jauual•• uapmliab-4 intreat Of oonaid..,.ble Be •de lorld tint 1918-32 Stw\Je 111dui9- '.lb• pt"ofOIIDII 1.At'lu.eDGetbat mve aerca ideaa Clark'• ..,...,..al_, t 1 ot • lleaolitbio -~ P9riod proper l»eoa• 'P7PIJ1'liJ11ia' period 'n'1a ... •ynhea•• lithie elao •rlced hi• pabliabecl P.i*' 11a Pollera ADalyaia, Ulitiated •im lnglend !be period ue 1952, nato-1 Clart efter ot Jfl8r Dire WUtrecl ..... •• ot 8urre7. the groatnc s.m.... t Cleric'• notiom 194.,.5.._,. the atemi• •• n.nda ot orpllio ta addiUen, w Meao- ot oaattaeat.l {CodlliA a114 Godlrin, of a,at .. tic re- GOaTati• 19JJ). (la*I end prolitenteda '1'11•._oUWc ••1tl••nt hia wbeN1a7 preeiae artat.ctial ot in&aatrial a.n extam1Te and cliaV'iwUOII aae ot Meaoli:tbio (1951, 19,.._, 195'), WM b7 i .J.l.aaktM • aya\ea f1eldlro.rk •in c!i•tributtou aotiT1ty (1961, 19'6) baa ot South- .. at Dial•Dd ••• the •ubJe.,.. .attera a"-adiN ov•r •a.J y•ra t.avoehloed into lllddl• allffq 19S,.., HiUI 1959, •YDN" 1962, Roclle7 aid Mellal'9 l~J •tudiea ot turUi.- det.Ued tnduatri• tar the Britiall M11ol.ithic lDbtrt.ea ettuiti.M Le•Ul• •IIPl'OI" lent and the J9Ul •n4 WOCklh•d in the Pom.NI, 'b7 Sntan 111> by other work.era. aU.om and 1a ｾ＠ lngl.aad; aulNlequntl.7 t.ken fNIII ••._,. tile ot • llllllber ot nglonal tor Meaolitbio r••roh •till Jlore eipltioant aub- tat · aonpted., the tiret '11• al.croli\hio OIi ta •oae 1a, aree• ot 4eU.llit geaenU, eppeennce ~. prwidecl 1D Northern latez. •ork•N q\lOahecl. ID 19)3, A.Retatris datri'butloa ｾ＠ f1Mll1 ' t ot Clark.•• ettoru a• • r.-1 ia larael7 upOD -.ad .. to •inc•thaae 14••haft ••J8,ｾＮ＠ aoU• .. Talua'ble recarded a.. cow.aｾ＠ •• •loag ~. ..... and a.8' In aore recent and d-'eilecl induatri• ot tremen appreoi• 7•"• ot •• a,udi• u.. .A.D. v,o1oa bfallka ot \be La11er •114 'l'ba .... Tm M•ol.i~o ••J... ot pepen induatri• or Sauth-w•t b 1 c;.J'.1.1mrrigb, (l9'o, Jng l• ad encl Vrfll• 196J). Vlbilat laft J.s.•u.• bND the (19'0) 20. ' •nd 1841.ey ,..a •U.ra (196.la. ) UTe awu.ria.a ~. fficlenc. f1oaa 1:be Pennl,,... ID •ll ,.,.. tibia, ot ita auwc-•4 *re aDd a caatindal 1.NDCl••7 troll natriotiTe ••clUJ1.llonaaina Redle, 19'8• aDd. SiWPN, aa •ppND1. will:l••• tdeaa, •Dd to eor-• n... aD4 a.l• amloguea, the BriU.ah ... olitbio ma pereiatecl vi,ologt•l 11po11 1"9). Aloaa wttll tbee• dnelopaau. • ｾ＠ \he brit1.M 19'8J Si- Pllri ot aoae woritera M•ol:l.Uli• 1969) • Thffe 1a IIOlf at.udaa, ell4 cliatribu.U..l -a-•ia M0101toal ill (Clark 1955)• 911J)bM18 oen be DOted. • ohenge 1A Nl9•roh NNDtl.7t • diau.an the ten4ency to Yi .. b•ner, ••peot.a (~•ef •' al 19'5J '° 11on ••7 :la 11a an. t.era. tbtrre ta tJ"GII atandarcl (W•iariabt 19,,J ' ' IIFtUPJWc G&WSP PWJNw ffll W2fl,tWtls MIRPill JWt::<UGWt , g.,_..ll-r !be .. la tbat ot ~t iariaa ,-t la ...... aclhae •114 Sfflllllllder bc:1111•M L• wn Pat bill are atUl o.bn .. crteria.S Clll the }:lent •o.rotouila nalae• aliatic or the vegetatl.oa AJarl ilato X.'41r, 111 ot theM tiYe poll.ea aaa.a 1ibe atallllar4 tola.r (t'11•2). ill SoeDll- obaern4 41vicJed tm Pollt-glaoul tlaq 'b7 a 41ttereat GGDtirmN the chareoter aooepW .. ia-otu ... 1JI audl ot the PmPglaoul atntipa~ ot obaen.U 111• aoa aD4U'imUom pert.ocla; ... tar aub-clinaioll baaed oa ~. 1 a na\llt i-•1¥1-..... 1•• tiYe Pffloc1a, •• 1,1'. faallur ••'bllabet b7 or ... ie'8U troa the aMUiaa ,t Le~ei.al 1ie ._ aequenoe, et Ula ••lap-1 iapliaa'1.0lla ot •• TM 'bcNlldarl• W 1-e• •artb-w•t ooaai_..ble et.Mel - aM tClilllldMM radiWl"NII, 911111there 1a a tiaa-a•l• 'DI• Le•slaeul/Poet-gleeul Ial• ebal9 t.b• gndual 4~11\ 1a clnelo~t WOU&htto aD after lcae Yin Nlli-1 ditt ......... , ot Y-,.'8tianel ot ••'• aot1Y1ti• '!be 11,era"1re Yi~ la 4itt---' llllit'C11'111~7ot pollu elflaliom •• 4iagre• 4iffeNDt ...... poll• .... llroecll7 ap1ha - o, teapente 41eeidlloull 1.aterterene.. ••W.uhea ••• ..... .,..ra••• • ill 'ndioearltoll •••W.ubect1a aot b•• the Bri.'i.ab ror.-, •t *b1a A wit.q appUaaW.e beoeuae ot the J.oaal 111.atory 1rlaing troa the 'ftria'bUU.r •reaa• oa 1:llia peri.o& lt7 OcmiJI (1956) 1 l' •t baa bMa aeo••l'7 pollen .... eDd lt,r am.a acaatl• hu v•s•u- LaM-.laoul/Pm•~otal • ._ • .._ Jurope. reillterpretaUoD 1a .,..atJ 'but OOIWeaiMt (19'8 ) I aDClPelalJtctoD (19'9) • troa 41.:tt...-.nt real- •-i•a~~. ,._ri. an 'Ille ..... ot Brit.ta. 4itt...- ｾ＠ 1 ot pollen zonauoa. •,ate Piglare 2 giY• curaoir- yepiatioaal •iJI ~. ert.aUaa ot tile pollen sonea ta an,laD4 all4 ... 1 •• WM ,__... of tb~ loae II (All•~ teQOnrll.,J ¥1'19 (Be-1.a larq · aboa •PP.) •ri:• the boandar:, D• zor;, IIIfty JrcNndprz - o~eau.oa.u, pm.oat, •• ibe lnel alld Poa~oial Le\e,laa:Lal ot laerbeoeoua pollena oalnoid• with• peroenta1• or .AP, s-11.l-- pcsa81ltac• ld.abR •aa. be-.. talla wheN •tMp iJI tbe ia jyp1ps: atHP rue ,•i.•). laclioearlMa claW 'tra•itiOII' llea:ial ror tall Ol'palO wit.bi• relatt.ac to the uatrglaetal/Poatl- •t~ '\be cdur.:,, a.c. 8J()0-8200 (n..). IRW I 114Y,I CJQl6L fPJgp) i all!OU.Dia et hir,b polle11 1 an4 aa llloJW•e Zone YI •• ., .... aub-dina.4 SA tlM eNo1.ute ••1- ot re1..u.,. •.- on •• frequeac!.•• ffelti (C..,rlua) reaohea Jaftiaularl.,J ia &he •uooee4ina iilicl-Boreal li-1• aaauntl ot ..IYI(Ulaia •peaal.1-, Sa Ml• Sc1atber11 Britaua Vff7 ldp NftNII propoi (n.) clitt81"ent ,1• ot .BIie 1aaa ill ~. tot.la (VI.a)• .91.i(Qureua) acre lii&Mii"laDt ｾ＠ 1-NOM p.qp11ai"¥el.7 Som YarlaU• ) and treq11a11a;J of But RJ.!1. ta po>l• 111late loae Y, •114 el~l.7 are ~-, Sa VIa •P....- at a-. ait•, ... the Bo!wle ~$ ｾ＠ of 8riteill pille as:1- nortb (no). •• be illOtM la ooaww •rl z-. n. ier tn ab•»a•ia alyr ubiqld.taual7 arlce4 ia pollen •Ill!•4eeru•• (alaaa) pollen, Im Wt <Afld!fICf1RI9P)a troll •it• to aite - ot ,mat apectra iJl poll& of tbe .AU.Dtio Rail 001111'\17'tb-, 1.Ddioate deciduoua tor•t: ell; •hena•:116•.& )1Elb ua th• nortb-w•t, trequencd.• are w-miD14 lowland YW, lial and but •r-•, aa ... period• OT• uauorm.v ot •• -i DQt to be repr•en'\ed 1n the •GA1ih-••t. a'\ witll percot.pa, BerbaoeOll8 poll• ...-.u aa.ove aa.1200• aa4 la • •ree• OI\ pl.~11 ot clegr,M (TUia ) toiw •i&Diticiant but litUe lar; trequeDCid• 1a • NUrkabl• then 1.JlorM•• la 'by • very gr,Nt 41.llgn• peat-tormllrc ln,rp harya aAd .lllberm alld4eaq ~---~"- or quell01• ltonel nn s •rk• the Tbia 4eeline period. A, G. 1,'1 ) • {Salta, _... •• ia t.b• pollen UC,0Xt.a, 1a taken•• 1) Th• wlicJi v no- ot pollen la"l"WWare apGl"llcli.•117 of heted (••• '1la fltntago ltnsm11 alli ta- •11icla 1a .. aod •rly Blata_. atteapta have 'been q11•ti-.cl apeotn cir 1~, 1 alld tbe baualary beill.- •one boalldar1•• r.otcara baYe to 'be iak• llllliber ot ~nt ..._ ot the i.~glaoal/Poet•glaoial interpre~tion ol.i•U• .. 11¥e ocG111pt1ue4'b7 .» in Zonee VIIb •114 Vlll ta aare OMCNN \ban •rlier • s,arti.i.r be-. allb- grGIIDI). Opell aonee ta b7 u meanaatffigllt.tor...rcU wi~ 1a um 1a Ptrlicvlar ia eantU.e4 Dae ecological tbe boualery Tbe elr4ecl1Jle ot berbe, Ul4iaa tor ot 1'1da p.~ thNe a-.. ot the A U..Atio ond the 'beainDi!II ot •• end into end d.iaga• aya\wtia"-7 242-J). poll• oornlat.tng •re ~· ocmaidftat.iolla ta DeTer allaolut .. i.ntroduoed. 'by • ftrlat7 •• HIii .a. 2) '!he etendard percentage pl211nte -t ot one or •nenl Hitherto '4,"81 oount ot ei Uier tot.al pollen .Abaolute Pollen employing ot Nab apeoi .. per aquare are l••• .Aocording to ITeraen th••proTiaoa, V.itb ot eoologicel 1"oz"lirit&in earl7 ah.811&•• the JDcliah 162). wt ha.n·er, ran l,Srellel. clwnge NOOrded b7 aocoan, or the tor clin11 tic ••olutioa of ur1De and la.nd .Accordingl7, it seua anel.J8i.• that Th• iaree•• ,u, ｾ＠ to 1.DdiGllte • · tu,porer, ation Jncblld• therm>l'.b1.leu11 treM percent.pa aMliontiaD ot the 1r.z.m..11 t~. Iveraen •ua•• U... beta•en JngU.ab and Dtlliah re11•0118ble to make uae ot iind winter &Ut119r ot the occurrence j I ot 1ibe pollen of' c•rt.in moHu.s.c:.5 at nrioua tNtPentur• and ahruba (Ivereen end btrclh parkland a J~ 1A \eaperatur• Yege1illt10II 099:r .. of! l.J 0 • 0 p119t bop 195'1)• ia tonat r•ultiDg t-.v apll in Zeme U (J.ll•J:)64) 18 gene.Uy ot oli•t., oCNl'9e 1a BOlll"'M \he conatency of the relotionahip beaed on oaretul • pollen no more '1lan • au.ocMaioD eou IvwaeD' • deduotiODB reg11rd1ng the YEsratiODB or in ｾＬ＠ (••• irioet Briti.ab r-etho4 or abaolute and Dani.ah v•geta Uon auco .. aiOIIII •ugg•ta tluotue\iom enturea b .. n developecl y•r• to giT• studiaa haTe prori.ciecl aoae •Tidellc• of pnvailiDg {a.Dl.•7 l~; per nideooe Occaaionel •enenlly. aore aoourete Recently repreaenta 1a poeaibl• Detail.d or th••• decline (1960) mah ot the veget.Uon it ot Ptlet•g l acul. poUeD profile• Pont-glacial produat.ion the r .. ul ta ea IUlt!i>eraot gni.DII to thia 11ell aa.pt•d ate• be •• proporti.OIIII or the Couna t.ve centimetre peri0c1a ot the Letrgaciel/ •rly or AF• 1~69, 42), which upr•• PenniJJgtan 3) •7 the percentage ot any abaolute were •l.moat elw11ya expru1e4 tigurea protU• pollen d•pnU inffitably eTen tn the abaen~ plant.. utboaa or repreeenting It meena 1'ihltt •n abaol.11'8 increa•• 1n t.he pollen leeuli.ng. other method taken reooloair , of' lJt. 0 (15° • l,°o loda7). :U.at.l.-rl1 tree-line atudi .. la Sautihero a.r.11,1 •uca-t Al19 and •• JuJ.3 ,em.,eN ture dePN99iOll ( 0.•2•S°c) (Blltaer 19'4& t.DalQi0\18 wCMld imFl¥t;ba\ th.in during the .1ul.Jtuapeniturea ueill li~" Cliate 6°c •l"'Mr were ,• - rathw ••• a11 -.0,) • 'fhia duriDg .aae All•-4 oonUnental alld pouibl7 an the dr7 aid .. In Zeme III ( lOUDgtir ~;,a•) lfJ.P domin.ttW poll• •rk1Da a cliat'l.o deteriontioll; and audclell and ctraatic !he nnel with at gnu ... flllJ1 w-11 ha,re be.za • h•tb Brita1D a rapid OM • ot 'Mll,Pentl&n woodlaild or tO.l".. t replaoiaa Juat aow.rapid er .b,aa proloJ:lced •• Th• palaeobO-.nical (I•vae11 lj5't,), Britei.n. .wt mcb ot the Tqetation a protU .. not i.JltlicatiTe the neturol repr .. entilli (t. 1 tiea cbe.ng.. the appeanince Of 11he Pl'O&r ... iVe warmiq tn• 1•• apeciea competition Bowev.r, dr.ey in the i 're-Bor•l <••I•Cllldiam) inaic•tea ciuriJiC*II• 'bJ Fre-Boreal Of climate, aacl ..._l 80 ,o oli•x ("riacwl,}and iY.Y (.eedara; Uadicate .. e- a= '4Nlpenture Bid reoor4 1-T• little tor reapcnaible boundary 1• ~ent'ore • w11rmeluate. aab l"ost-glaoial. the mei.11 .factor the prMer.ee et tor tile ••• Thi.a U not to N7 tl»t. ne -.u-. .... 1a uoer'ai.At from pioneer clic! not oecur duriaig the •rly nr,aa ... 'loalgw • ••ra olua\a •na• recorded The rrrBorelll/BoNel clvllJoi•• iD DeDaPrk wh-icb eD4e4 'lle aeoomed by Godlria 195') )• ••tten4 Ill/If protu .. • t. the and maxim ot mal\f ke)" genera in the . pal.le aigm.tiaance: vege~ticm , and crolfb-r.,, ot ~ture ve getatiOD auoceaeion •ncl t'luctu.atiom mt.tletoe opu.ion the aequence ot 1wdgntion h clue,ic aD ot veget.tioa the Pl"ft'aUillg 1ihia ria• dr- July telll)lntUN Mrba oeoua plena. tZ'CII Denaarlt iapl.1• eTidenee Prr!:!orul then ...... reool'MCl by pollen the ria• V.t bounc'.ary ·~•u ooueq11entl7 i.trglacul J\IIUper and wUlow buahea ancl 1ncl,Jd1.DC •Dl' 1.be chanae or vegetation apectn, not, ot therir.opaile And during cluatio. •ter pl•a1ia the BorNl, warmer •Wllf!lere end •rmer wiJltue in ~l am •rk..S tod6)"~ OD acoc:NDt ot the gel1erf:ll variety t...,orel N111Nltl• end rep.oml ••• Yarie tiona 1 it or il i• not quite apectre, ol•r what eu.U.7 Ver7 111.p ftl.11911 ot C0171.uil llaT• 8QIPll'9cl the a Pl"ffal•i torea, u•el ot pauibUi',J pi.De aaael 'Die bor•l ｾ＠ ooeeatc, then periocl or ar,n..a, u incN••• 1D alc:ler ia 3-.r.U1 in I"' 1.Atell , . 1A Britiah d.ia81"8•• 1e •ter ore.Uz:ia AeW -111111 land. lwlal&d •prea•w~ Uia 'Dae pDeftll7 ~t • tree mve 'bNII ezplaaat1• aocepW wla1ala ooamw et poll•, a.n 1DcN¥•• r...i-... 1A 00Mat.oi•7 ta by • riae p-GIIDlll- ｾ＠ -.r ... , and 'ni.M4• DO& ill ~nd or •.-t la er.a. ot the tlae .tDoidiJIC IIIDllt .tswunble ,eapen1.ur •lt~ .. 2Cc •rMr •aalagoua ex~enaicm 'Cli.aaUo Opttaa•, or Uma ia Jacl•nd• ( tbsn todoy ) in 8wmer'• •U111DerTalu.. la Bor1ib-ltea' lteen n•rdecl cl1'11"te - the wU:b the l?liiXiwm Dar'thlr9rda .Bar .. l •• •eem ~o ••• • I••n• eDCI 0.50c •raer ct.ractaria .. la the 1-te i ... t. aenen •• 1"'7 (ltackn) .... i,riarily opea to alder, or babitaw ot o..ro.eaaoua bla&•t -.rope •• •~er; a oo•ld.o e cai.nge to .,.. Al der i• 1be toUG11incAU1111tic i,eriod hB1t aenenll.J QUOtM ol.iaat•• t.lawe •• Bore.l ill the JalrOilOl"tioaot Jtlau Midden ~mica dnelePIIII, ..ur1,1a the B.A. T. (YICV'1le •rial - end thent<:S'9 1a • tairl.7 lnel n irl ScNtherll (•rlier or ~. •• tndioati.Dg 4r7 conditiom. let• .uon.l lwel. 1aae with ela and oak the Pl'M~, ~11 percent.pa •••n aidN tar a -.ery 8li0Cle1&eq.11ei• • .....-.1 ccap»Uioaa, t<JllfercJiathe encl that 11119aDcl atreea natriewcl .a.e be ucludede •••mnc to decline type ot oU.•te en increeae ( 1... - .. oemot zoae Y; wt •• aeen in l01tere4 leke 1.-.rela at thu ti.mia. NUD49r,) I ancl thia oondiUona 1A a w111aU7 aoaai.4el'9Cl to haw bad • leu i,eriod ia ffider.oe anat A veq pla ... elld pine ocntin.ntetl Cene~ U.. ot ah1n:1n& tone, inoNaaiD& ill prGpQtti .. Britaia) • a.t ｾ＠ w~ndll ｾ＠ to bew Men • appeen airab, •veou~ ltelar a oal:IQ7 ot p1m ar Hnlb 3nd <'· reat or .Uder aore indioative •edge (Cbdi\111 ... n.aeu11) noted ta Dealirk• winter te~turd tlvin opti.ala •~ \eaapenturMe O.k end ela et'-in ve1etet1oa baa , ... • 4z7 lalld cleaoribe4 proainenoe bebit•ta in At1-ntic a..,ectn. a termed 'llu•4 •• tbe • oliat.t.c cl.1•••'Agete Tbe ,....,.1 o. ...Poreat• AtlaaU.o (LO ••• ), •114 Uoa ot Bri ta ta. ._.. 27. aecva,.i.r . }4rbepa, 1., abaul.4 be aeen •• t..tiOD •IM;(; ... 11-0.,. oen be riaualaeci iaD under e.c-l,«'CICi,qt.ely oODDtant climatic ela and li.all, ~. a• in pl.,cea Ou striking to tla~ chaus• ot blanket lihe Atuntic durins bog on ~a•u oover wer &ll the dry lead, toreat are lik.el_y to open ubit.'8 •:.art aoun\aim, hi&,b•t ar.o~ decline duouaaioa abOllt ot J.olitbic or •holly men, which atart. in particuler ot oi,en ground; eaaoouted 1a wnu,lly Atl•n•a, and the110 char:g .. CCllll)CIBition in bireb ~-•; topogreilQ' ••• ••re !hia analogoua ltu, wi.liter acniTiU. thia 1.Dcr••• SA tu which 1a nn inrporlant ti)Acn to india.•• ere c:ri&iJl, OOCU1TeDDe at a~t bJ an ｾ＠ a1m 1• or cliatio ot the agriO\lltl.ll'al •oo~rd.ed continued retu.rn in to • aon pol.lea indic»tor ol•%'9nce toreat zc.oeaVIIb •• mI; end •t'cer role ua toreet 1~11t could be &le to a woreeatng ot cltm'-, aleo to • woreent»g or aoil eondi ttone. tba11•• o.D, 2,500' eetivity• tandea to aenenl• the ettHt 1-nceol.ata, Pl..ntligo with 1,eolithic -\he ~.aor..l oontte,oua There baa b ... - whe\her it to lte of •iciea~r•d 1'1• p!"oe.. • of a.roreatation tb• & or ela J)Oll.en mrka -the eni ot i'requ.enoi• \he ca:.we ot thi.a decline Th.a ela-deoli.Jl-, hene, ie LiJacola- elld the to119 ot iM ca.ata troa cer1i•1D are.a where loa.l i.D tbe or whether it ia fer'$l)' ot n the •• eDd the 01•en.1Jag ot the ::iub-.8oreal period. lttl.antia ttae. m•e b .. end ｾ＠ lnela ot at l••t to al1;1twiN and ot where topogni,tay 1 .. then, }A'riod ot to tire• grmtla. \lnt'.iTounbl.e A o.aoo• O.»., the .:>Quree, 1'he general ooncer,tiOA c,t the .Atu~tic pl.oee. the bepmaing •• 11reae "b°" tor Grtmple, t1r••' ill-drained or • --.10 ot the DClll"Ul-lt•\, •• aaat forrter lake beda ill paz-b ot .8ri'ain roi.aed 'bop onr 'ftae conditioa• oak.wood, 1A plaoee including Year Alder would 'be lll"9dow1nantly the tree of••• nge"8t1~l \he dG'Nlopaant pun ~oea, :n:ad 1a otl.er mah b!roh. oon~~ • tage ot a ~tural t.be tuael to thee• Mlqleratl&Na SUW1Der i•penture ill the Atlantic ._.. 0.5°0 ocmclitioa "•riod eolder b•t • ia 2°c waraar (I•ne .. 19~). .A E!TGLAND,Um ':l.AL~S Ti11c based Bl·tt llnd Sernarlder on C . 14 periods datin; vtage Characteristics vecctation Zone of '' · C: o.,~ .µ 1000 rs r-i m Q) +> {.) H <l) 0 VIIb rJ'.l I .0 2000 ::s Vl ~ -___...,... -· Alnus-,iuerc -Tilia H 0 It-! us ' Q) , i::i Ulmus decline 3000 . t) r-i •rl +> rj •rl () ｾ＠ 4000 cj VIIa m r-i +> r-i r) Alnus-'~uercus -Ulmus-'l'ilia ｾ＠ .µ LJ 0 0. 5000 C -'!'ilia r-4 d 6000 VI . Cl) l i"'l r-1 ('j I PinusUorylus b 'iucrcus - Ul1aus a . 7000 8000 Quercus-UJ.mus Ul:".1.Us Corylus V Gor Jlus - ,;..;ctulu - 1-'inus IV l.>otula-l!inua III .l:"a.rk'l'undra II Betula with park tundr~. J Park Tundr~ et (l) G> r.., f.-4 0 Ot 'l APrise 9000 •rl t) r:J r-i t'J Cl) +> ill ...:l 1000() B. C. FIGUHE 2. gequences of main ~eaetational changes during the Late Glacial and Early Post -elaoial in England and Wales (after West 1968) ' Ivan•'• 1a 0Dl7 b-d!lg ftllli.atie baa u analya .. ore e val1&able oontrilnaUoa; »elt1•4n...,_.ture W poi.Al ou.t that prevaili»& ate\eorolagi•l chenc.. 'tblit ieapen"ur• In contreat Pea \-glaolal 'to tha large ... the reindeer and the taae ill eiae re4w:tioa 11nd• tunm the Lote-alaolal ha••b"n I. great •IIY world ea 7et poa1Uom; ••-lnel IIO preota• , other ~•ir be taken into •tmte to bGlr quiaklJ' d period •Jor euch aa .U4 apecie• elk, auoh •• red ID .t\HUtca ti.mea• pr•em 111 ot tihe 1-raer ••rt•rate •-le eocount pr.-eat 41.atrl.buU• in c11lcul8ting are 11an7 poaaible exiata of the ~et t'aJ.l. ｾ＠ ' ~• world'• wit.b \ihe r•nora\ioa poini horee, kiatoJ7• aDci •o there c.,.._in ot toda7, ia Bolooene .. poaiu. land lowered b7 euat.atic ni4eno• Th• aal .7 a ,proallieD\; ---lnel DO •• <hariDcibe i:,._.,ai,.oul ••·lnel. ha••to t•otora Conaequenily, Iel .. cUatributiOI& pat'-rm uaed to iJRerpre, dil'tl»c 119at •••laTel error• 1a Nducecl to that but •re not r•Pl"•entecl or data, et PNYioua i11,erglaot.la aince X.te-1lacial ere largel1 · Wlk.nawn. Par aailler pette.l'DI on t..t.-glaoul/ or 'biaoa •r• Jmawn to haTe b.- apec1• ~eriod, Due to the i:-ucity apeciu ..1.a exti.DctiODB tram the Brit:lah deer have \lndergone •hi• large wild m:1 the wolf alld the b•Ter• wild pig, aYailaule te, knallleci.i o of the eontaJ:'.PC)ra17 r.un. 1a Th• clwr11oteratic troa reoeat eperl ot 1ntorutiOD boq ere not found ia the Holocene; opiaim trom t.b• Boraal on..arda lie '1ithua \he renc• wgeta ,1on and olia very Umi.ted. but 1\ •011rC• ot aaowit 'b7 glnoiatioaa, ice •hN'ta and Ml\ie4 ot tormer int.ergt.ct.al or abeal.ute aoreec:ent riee clurtnc the Pali•g1-clal, &nd ia twt the reMl\; there •• ot • oompl.• b ... int•rplay •uata tic riae af world-wide ?he de LalleJ aeuilJ&to cour:s.e. of thi• refT•ent ri.ae nla tiv• elld sore looeliaed ,..t to b • agr•ed ia IJUuiler of workere (Godwtn, ~uggiite & 'tiilli• 1961,; &lld Shei.,ard A CUrny be reprded ateble 1968;. 1958; b7 • l96o; J'elgere• Fairbrida• of llllJV of the•• 'Xhe detail an pia on, (tl though have been plott.4 of •e!l-level chengM n,crw_.y. iaoatatic -t curYN vE1lue1 as so CIUChiAtonnet:i.Oll ccuee tram ea of queatiOll8blc I.ID"" eree•• #.ccording (1968& 320) world aee-leYel loo. lc,wer U..n preaent; wo• poaaibly a::it.Xi.Dun Joined to ,,Mi to the corrU.neu!-; by s. •ide ott m"itair.1 was aut 'b.Y e euatetic brid&e ecroaa exact t.lJai.Di ot tha 'iDB-ulaticm' to Meeoli thic Dr\lCUl DlatributiODol UDmelted, position 1.Dterg~cial hbia bMn e~eated below rrea•nt 1 the continent; were atill Purtherm.ore, dry until i ta of DoYer •• ice .._ 'l'h• tlood.a. mr:trecw_., it of DICh debate; in Northern e l.erg• proportion the f'in,l ( BJ00-7600 B.O.) end tlui t there w1111 snd vegetetion etudie• 1 (reimtngton ~e ia cleor evidence elao aug~eat at lcaat Zone VI, AB that to ita period. It 1969: -.5) tbait certeinl,- aore than ,0. cormunica tion between Britiai.D alld r1Dli Irelend th11t Eritein whkh 1Would i.nvolve a aee-l•••l there ic• nmaim.ag pol.r the fo&t-gl.:u,ul ••-level !'ree ulld iAclioatect tllat ot eea-lnel rf!'6tontion grounda t•v• &lrai;. of upsnde4 u.~t-U well illto on pl\ytogeogl"llpbia.l connected, duriri,g the Poet-glacul, atudiea• ·~·as delnyed duri.Dg tbe Pre-lloreel 'by at l••t •• continental 1a the eubjeot .au•t ma,n thst end this ｾ＠ 't.n the or 11Drr inee titudiu "ti,ere was still by 8.}00 l).C. or ••-lnel ban been t.o .t3r1t.in Subsequently rue mo1ted, ond the lam Erl.1id.n mat 11nd and , 'Ireland tn the nort.h ( ft.g. ,) • a mrrcM :iJJthn» ia perhr~ iai.lvua la••glacial the during the preaent depr-eaeion Nort:h ｾ＠ ot 1.00m. .. be•ill •• peat oon\ed.nj_ng Bo:ref'l _pollen ~• bMB dredged t'rca it• On the 1-•ia of en fln.lyaia of eoeatel radiocarban d.tes, Godwin (19.58) co,ieiders in proareu during the Boreal The iDlula\ioll et Britain pat that depoei1ia anci • t• tt.t eustatic $nd wea f'Ully eccompliahed pnauubl7 toak riae during plaoe "bet'ore ~t. auooia'-4 •• •otully the ,.tlantic. Yet the dete ..·... .... ,:::, _,' ... 50m . ,·.·.:: 200m .. 3a. FI GU.1S ｾ＠ 8 of years 6 - 101 T - t - -_;;; / I 301 • ft . OD L _________________ FIGU:1,.; ,3b . B.C. 4 - - ,- • 20 ar ound the ~ubmarine contours British Isles thousands ｾ＠ 100m 2 · - - - -f - .- - --: I I : I .JI Time curve for the eu stat ic ri se (Godwin, Suggate and Willis 1958) ot ,u •••• tiDll aepent.ion prec1-•l7 det~d. ot lirit.1.D .Aw.U.Dle •t abcM't the end of the BorNl )21) tav~ (19'6i chenot11riatic In the Qa.llil ;go-; of the re1--r•ent A\laA\io •• riae lw-1 eoaa\191 a~bUitJ '-i tu period. about by apl.in ap .. :itq Mllded tc •• .6u.t evidence liDweYer1 it. aena er 1 .. _.. 1n the relatiTe in the tbet ot the i.Dd. nor__.. .. t and aink relna"' tile ot M ooaolude by tile i.w 1-Dd and •• o£ thcugbt from the reeaom..ble ooq)le,ed le••l leTel •• It ha• been 6 .neral.17 pz-e11eat.in • reg1- or b7 dollDlrerpiJli raa comiclere4 the pr•1nt that .'t.tlentic• J,.a 'below the t;nmgreeaioa bilMN then ohf;Jl& .. 'broupt a.xi.iwrn- {Chu.roh:1.U 1965)• J'lendrian round Dr1t.1A eliut•• .Bo, (North Dff'CID)auggeata •oae •• ~.c.) lfa».J the a.A.:r. period• C\ll.ai.nateci ill ~e at \,ea-.ra of 'f•t circuletion of the ill no defi.D.i.te evidence -we i:'oat•gueul 1ibat the euata tic auoaersed ronat there of war~e took pleoe divitea. et the tu.e the ocu..nicity e.neui.Dg AUa.ntic •¥, a&M ocournd baa not it Zone VI (7000-5000 chlring eatablisnwent incre:-•• 11pi,recably that but opiAi.oa ru.ina th~ break the conaequent D.C.J: woulci iuelt that lanc;..u e'Y1denoe ~-" period; e dBte ao:ut:1me oliinatolog:i.111ia belin• (o•500J the OODtinent.l troll Brit.in AU..nUo haTe bND broe41J' baa (Cl:alU'tlhill tJl , the aouth-••t 19'5)• PNcna• lcllolfledge ot da'\illg of' it. lit.bic atudi.. progr1aaiT• bay• waa are -'e•ive Alao tbere •• aanuJ \hen 'tocla7, and the cC*e'bl OD either increeaed• end ctu,Mel '!hi.a nuat beatM; .MNo- to Brittab or •rl7 baTe ecological and ett•i•r aide ot preaeat IIB3or eatuar1... at lsDd connec·Uona and_. and 'NU.ble nidenoe 1 •Uh for KMolUbio 1vllaequent aetu ... Poat-g1-oal lowLtnd hab1'8t tree laD4 oonma1Di.C11tionbttaeen Brit.iJa aeroea ih1 dr7 Jforth S• 'lbe --~ rel"1111t would have meant 1:.tvit the ••board b••D aorreepondingly area• 1t&ge• waal.4 be cti.Notl:, tJ."llnagNNian tor s number or r.aona. Loaer •••lnela ta.a the eOIU"tleof the Flendran n. woal.4 ai.pitioanoe. •114 the oan,uaent oo:wwu1ioe·\i011 euau,10 nialriat:tana , aow li• b•••• ria• meant on tollc llllffr •WNMrSe4e01117 ,,. with • preoiae tno.ledp oan ibe eoolo&iaal thq are ｾ＠ the oow:we aDd da'i.Da aignU'i•nae ot gnat 1.aporienoe to ot the watatio ot th .. • ta.ta lte properly au.r ...... ri.ae .a; enc! future una.l'lltancU.nsot the Britiah ... olitbiO• In edditioA, " Telicl time curYe tor the wat.atio place coeatal lii"i•, chraaoloeia.l. contat. •peoiall,J thoee iA Swt.b-w•t ria• would alloa liriteill, iJI th•ir WI to proper P!R? W THI1VII>1NCI1!'al TF.!lQSOLI!BICD! SC'UTBIRN BRITADI ' 1.. fLW Mi> wm; lluoh oan be l•rued man tram the natur.l 01· the tim.abit4 •rUol•• C,qr acat or Scut.bern or'i\ain au... lithio or flint and chert •tcN:&e cna• reaim, 'b.)' the great.et r.r the COlalOD .. t. •cure• drtn, from alacial peuW.• •• end river a;nvela, aad ｾ＠ wue GD •11117 r•ta ot •Aich oomiaa ID. chalk e.Dll llar p:oiury w-.111Ml.Y uae4i :ae'ter1al.a o\ber 1iben rltc.t rarely th••bunt.ere proporitoD of mat.r~l oi.,- loc.l ot e.Dd waate ot •Dllt•ctuN• impl-nta deri•acl tli.n't and dlut b8ve not •~1YN , •teriel.a orpnic Co.llMegue1,tl.J,our knawledo• on their or prebiatorio wUh 1ibich be r.ahicaecl he UMd. the akUl at-eriala them, ,md \he d .. igll •.ad ~- ieaolithic al.Id ce.-biliti• ot th• inteU1£eime Ela•bere DOdul.N• oCMl.4'be obtainet •Ad t.h... •nd ca.aial •Wuled, b•obea• Vflr7 t ao'-1»1-, .. quart.d. '-• SQIM •el•~iiYit., lfi•~i.De 19,6, lO); •nd •' boa demnatrsted wt ure or a1rrerent tool-li.1~• qulity ~ppen ot f.linte 1nt,reati1lg thrt att at the aa• treaturecl ~a tree OD aitea attorda to utiliae anytb!JI& tl»~ appanrai U.t or d.itt_...t bND t.abioaeil 'l'bia auag•ta or leas u.. widenoe prope.rtaa 19'()1 5J). t.raa the w••1'1 (l9J9) a.boa tor the b•t _. 1D the Pema:Sn•, iaplemena ••• ia iaa141atel¥ Cl.rk Wle4 111 tibia •a.d'•o~ UI ita-1.t AAII it oonaboicS.llJ'• 1ibea the •bility to loaal l'&'ltt•rn4 ._.. tb• dtat.ac11ve ti.ae, acaa ft1"7 well •• knPp1Ar11 •ith ot tliDt • •hiab ot bem ot Farllbaa iA Surrv, - •n ob'Yioua predU.atiOA -.rare ••n 009aicmel~ •• s__..117 •• dit1 ..erent. ft1·ietiea Tff'1 poor tl1nt or oherl (S.llaa akilled '4rial.a the •i~ •hem akiJJS aoicrolitba tlinf. the V.oli\hic kinda n• • IA .iouth- .... '- a>aleDll tltn obeerveda oberu 1D tha uae of it 'iii tl"GII • tba Pl"911ell0e ot 1-y to hand 11i11ab 'th.t aucb • t'eoU1,y ocmaua11183C1U.l'De.JII and make '?be Keaolithio 1) lllaily reoogniaecl by oer\aia 2) lit!uc induatry b7: ot km t--piDg a.acl retouchi.Dg, tecbniquea lh• illduatey deaanded are ohanoteriaed •uppU• ot UIIPl... nt a:tenaiye by enemi,ye •terul; .. do nut cm an uamilletioa and a theoretical H• periJNDw •• litibic (Bln'11e8 194,l; bllld.M are baaed •iAl.J kllowlecla• mrritc:1 • c:ran and a. out. ot the wt ot for lmtanoe floor abipping illpl ... Dtae ot Meaoli'thio atlldi• Serioaa tloozw cbippillg le.A 5) ( tip• ｾ＠ bt Were finiahed \)e!i,,) ......:,_ ,,, 1. a~etaaiill. tilli.ahed ill f••t proporlicm ot fli.Dt taken troa the O.kbaD1er (Bentlle) pi.NM aboll" ),000 .A "Hr¥ ••ll 4'ebr-i.s OODYmed uto tlaJced •• ••85,000 elao \nea• 1.,wnt aore ao \ban eny poat-Meaol.i1ild.o 1Dduatz7• HeDOellellolitbio •terial d4 brproduc-ta. •• .117 reoogniNble .~ull,J' 1a cbal'f!cteriaN teohllology aN Tff7 object• ot tl!Jlt. ot the tukiJtS it All the • • ia w.biab 'he ».aolitbic 'l'baae and Ballaa 19'<>: 52-68) 19561 1~18; or finiahe4 r... u end ••te •terul, Olll.7 rarely obTioua tbat llwatera ••re bipl7 . tlint baYe ukllappi.Dg •killed. oontrol ot • 'IIIIOleua' 1A oon prepara Ucm. -.plate M•oli oous ••• .thio 'l'h••are plattOl'IIII d"eloped. tlinW Hall.• f'lakrl;eda (l96ot tDdi•tiTe 6S) obeerT• .atioa ot a aocmle ..... perouaeion: tri.,.,ng percuaaion flak•, ·t.JPi•l •~P•ecoordiDg elao tNqu~ ot the 1.Ddi.Nd ·to the IIUllber ot awikiRC .ly ohereoieraed perouaaiaa ,eabnique from P•na:1.laa uaMDlepa tt.t ia aGae i.natanoea to baTe b ... bul'ba ana rippl illdia.Ung the ua• ｾ＠ .. lt7 Dal"l"OI', a.re ftry ( Oakley the 1.llittal cerriacl Gilt lt7 pre~r- a1reo, pr(JDOIIDOed oa aome oon • wooden or bane baJ11Nr, encl ill aome 1.naianoea a atone hawr - altllcalgb -~ ｾ＠ dff-1.oped b7 peripieral • .. &n.-ahepe4' aN aocbal• themael•• the •.1oriV Ulldol&bted.11 c»rriecl trca it• tield bu'\ M:aat 001'911 t'ou.114 ott. 'bla4ea akuck 1a the Lea• fNq\lellt core (t.4,.'9,). °"' all aetwal (whether primary Sw:,h aodlal .. are CorM ID , taot 8\lCh •lllt'ao'1lre 1a aot 1111ree•••ble it or pebbl .. ) were alao •ft"ied or • b.nd.7 aiae, • 11110leua••• aa••, llioroli'ha, ot iapl.ementa - k.Di... , nri•'Y illpleaent GalfpiDcaite, at Dead- and flaked be quiakl.J' · produced• - .au.lei ••• tool•kit. a IIIIClaaa wea a P1'elltial fr:21nt1»• Blatt •e- Jukina to Stone M ••11'18\oaea, GallGII (w,-r, left Bladea •1 eN aawaU1 1... baYe bnll lb•• (f.4,e') • ,teobDiqu• a au:rcl• dorsel bullla whiob an ot a wood teebllique li tba• tl.k• Darl'OII are 2-rid&ed and oonaequ•U.1 he••••rrdittuae4 aepente antler to thought aJM!at the aite ot a114 • n4 bN• Ul8e4 •• ber ballaft'S 1:he uae ot a bone er woocl paDCh produced b7 t.beae ditteNDt percuaaiOD ••• pebbl .. percuaeiaa ot a pebble beamer produced wide tl.ak• becll tba •• wheru• .iertal percuuioa and i»ttencl •ua•ti• t.bat there ia a ,,a). a oar. (t.4,e~). dil'Nt •tabri•te•' paohea, ana indirect done b7 'botll dir.at 'ttone 1:aetteracl at OM end, •7 19'2; aiailar ha•• ·Nell ._.,.. bMa reoorcle4 troa •a.J •tt•J (Bnn•) tba•aba• deer COIIIIIDD fora of oore P"Jll!lra'tiOD •114 aotual u ·tbat, ...i.ei !Jato 'h• ..-iJtc and .. mre 4H'f\aae or Ui• 1Ddua'17• d.iapaa'tio tro •unoa• Another or 'p-taatio' hi.Te blacl aU pouible tut ibilat (t.A.,-2). ••te mrri oore (t.A.,-.3) with two oppoae4 pi.tt<rll9• 1• ih• c7l1Ddrical '71d,oel •• tlaking ot the am ｾ＠ ot atriker Coneepondjngl7 OIi bi. ... are dia\i..DC'ti••• !laoae pro4uoe4 b7 ride•i while ~. prodllaed b7 1alt:i.reot . UWI 1D aM'd~ 1en.,.U7 regarded and •D.J ot 1ih•• •• Wt'idenoe ot \ht uae iD tlaklnl• be olaued •• ah.on, aediua 'lihan 2. 5• lGa&• Lona and Meli.ma bla4- 'lh•••ere b.ae• Short or 'mloro-'blaclea' or long. kai.T .. , acatly' oODY~ed gra•era, aorepera into miorO- alld pointed ' . •1.Delr and doule-ridaecl elihou&b the generaU7 uaed ar\,itnrU1, • ditt'erenoe oould ak• • M•oli\laio 014retioe, atioa tor itdftnoed microlitiba, Th• qu•U• at the•• all ia,poriant a.iakle7 GIie• •n '•ll't'il atoae• he eelled to plaoe IIOdul .. on wh·Uat haYe 'been olaiMcl funot1oml tb1Dk• that •~ auitebUit7 ot '•ll'ril•' t.obniquea ill the ei'l.ber end.led . ham, or reel deer antle~ oa the lmH, iDcU.•\e F•111D .. ) whei b7 ••t•, preaWMbl7 '•DY1l atonea• oa the groaada or •7 am pel"t or tbe haYe tot'IIIICI an aDYil (o.k.1•1 19671 28) and ~, nocbal.. •ve proN'bl.7 w an aoae •oft • '*erul. . 141• in, SUP' ot Blf 411 parpo9M• ~imll7 •ppl.i-1 re'hllab kJlon .. 'BLUJfl'ING' ia ••• at l :'8 1a.. , • ld.oroli,ba . Bu\ 1 t •• elao uaecl •• a proi.at1'9'e retouch or which the 'baokad knit• (7.1.) ia •• --~•· 1) .A a~ep 2) ADO~er ob8noterla'Uc •de•treatment ia UD- aDCli'ymer (1962: JJ8) aJ1Cient aurtaoe, waeclby ih• Bralldala a,pper9 (C•ntrel •it•, Rallkille A Di.ableb7 l~); eimaocnp.1c parallel.a auitable Techaology ia Similarly, b7 otber workere at Yaricua JfoderD au .. (•• the tlut aurrounde4 they were 'being atruck. ODe haY• aoa. detect bla~ :1D11.. olithic (or V:Ulato1a. Grit) on•• or bladea at r tor •ki.na aicroli'- •• be •nted (19.39) tea.maat llarcb Bill (••I• workera beline •Old ot dU'terent the aurplua at '..lbeichaa a caa,pl.ete l)eir •ua•tiYe• .. , Olll.7 csert.t.a a:1.ero-'blaa.a •ere • that and that akul.l o.p found l7iJ18 iDYened •relJ both were ot • double-ridged q-.ite • ..... •ortins ·thea 111to pU• into •ld.ng ott 1Daa11pen do) 11 alld u.ae th- ia oca.a1onallJ aectioa thiDner :towaaoa aoaae a1, WOi&ldairik• .lmafper pemasa ena Brandoll :t'lint 1on ia that 1apr .. iD batting. Pl'OII the qua11t-1t7 ot· bl.ciea ~t 'ftae general laladM• 'DIMMING' ( r.~6) which .. • .. • . .',. ../ 'J .' ., ' .. -~ / 1 5 4/6 I -1 I 8 10 .. '.:',, r-r; :u 4. Techniquco of the ?icsolithic (Jencriptions in text) flint induotry •• ett-.cl D,. ngulel'• .U.t. 11qUUUe« • 'ftd.11provided e l»welle4 eclp. I't _. uae4 SA ebll'UII ad.oroUt.u, end tor ｾ＠ the outt1.a& quli~ or ell e4g-. J) ' DfC1l-m:aat ot eda.. prOlllaecl • •bei"P fl'eq\lellU7 1-t Ul'f'ft9U7 • ｾ＠ .l l ... to px'OCJlac•• ae\llo4 eJl4 •• w ued landJ• The 1*Uiial' ot.i IIGi-111" • (t .i..-7) wbiob. -tiaM (l'Srtiaaluls trdab.U' •• OD•U. t~ Ott l»laa.a aJld tt7 blade dirteioll 'fl>e CeJIG'lll. liQC I •\oil lllaa. e.,...na obau - 1a Ulat at.arol1tM ｾ＠ ,.a. •.U 'be• to ~· e llicr011th ot .saot ehepe, length eJ1111fi.4th , require4; beiJC Grientewcl •bal* oearlJI&1ne .--ra erounathe bvJlJ ot R9rcuaato11 , -ia A d.lNin en.p , lee'tdlls • ci... Awa~ ~e · ~· on . l•TiJI& • buW or •aoMl!l ' ｾ＠ •• Up ot • l»lada ) . ｾ＠ file ' alm'o-lNria aepent Me fl.tb -.t ' t.abla1que (t . 5-lw •wee~ to be• • • '- pradQ!Ct or au:iroittb •e• w Jieff been ued u ~-- pTar ••• tnoture •eotlom '° heTe bee clettalt.17 •- 4arael ride• (•)• Cm- to hm tb.N• pie«:99 , butts , heff objeat • eJ:14 triadJlg •peoS.eU, 1 b7 (f!& • 5)• b!pl--18 or tiaal It bP be911le 11etter ot ccmt.rovnt17 •• ot bl.a4- • •Hoe ot m.oro-bladee , llllCl •outillla 1a the llutta eD4 ttpe ~• auoua.a PrffiaS---4e 8.l'8 were lJI 8oathara lllg- o.ttea kV opc9t1Clll iA ld.-1.ith tbe aequenl.7 • the eellilltiOII ot e l»lada eJliS the -'-' ｾ＠ 1fff9 01 'ClBDllI.ll~1 roana.a.ac•• tor ... •• • petlt retouch.a lotd*I ot NgM tea ｾ＠ n U'tle\allt C .ag.. !be butt the ruaei of ｾ＠ bha. , to" "8D'f•!'hl'M • mot\1r11o <•-U- u eo oalled b .. uea t<¥r uae it lee....- • «.oet; llut it 1a &eDenll.7 aauhetare (BalJe• . el:tba &h - larger 67) • 1'be ·~ 1~1 -~ to •1'"1-• 1a ~p.roduoeci by vH.ns • aotch -.i-t ｾ＠ aGNttma Cll"1ala riabt 1Jl to ott , l ••lAI er hiaW u _.entull,y ｾ＠ 1 Thu bee attterant ~e c.""Ltu.ns . th1a particlllar p%'QO!• aJl4 JID NPrdad the wbjaot 19.32, 97-103) • aJld haa bND r,iaat'Cka by di.at~ ot tba blade. ｾ＠ •• • gl"a'+'II!' facet. .... to ha't'e bMll 4-aloped of gnat write,- aON or ta~ eolltroYG"9y (aee Cladc partial •• tor niCMllea withiA the ».eol.itbioo pbaaa of •lllfaotur. 1a tedmol.og.i.oatl.q Ulte ot ellqld.ry ao tar ma pron-4 aUOD •• to •b,;r thaaa 41.tt'aNDt It ia tbe ot a ... ennc • • Ula point 1d.Cl'Oiluri.ll' baa be• ••ppad Then t.ba bu.tt t.a halt .. oU\hic , and -14 mr. a-.tely to 4a'9raine ridca • doraal a acar OIi the othc OOlll(laniOD aoar CIII the bl&U bt t,et,nig1,1e •t the bulbar 911d ot • b1-4e, U1Y•rubl.y PT •ti.ah.ciQry a '+'Geel apl.aa- wobniquaa •are uaedt aJl4 oNaa cm tha - .-oritahop •1te. lt!tmS1ee Jt$n1e:ne 1..~ Ba"ered u- hallatg1,1• p,latfbnl tlaltiq ax.e ware rea>iari,.aed _.. _.a4pa oom1a.na ...iut•al:,- edgaa - 11:,-U'aJla't'etWa flaJr:1iqgl a.ad :ital of OON baa•; 11 sra•- • aa wall • • an dua,i,oet1o - or 1.haaa operaU.- (t .409}• ot nei»rpa•tna ( r . 1i,.-10) an tba reauita !he ' >P ' ••• g:rs•... n 2. ffl'CLOGJ , CLASSRJGITI(l( NIPftMIOlfAL J!lfflffiR'1'IOJr t'ypologl•l atuq of illl)l-.nb .a. hi* tllnt d4 chm ill -..oli~1o their gaaual J.rebaaoloa:,, .. paoi.al.q I.Ok or at.ratigr,a'*'7 raeeai.Da • aDISorpaio ••r, •t:raa.l erta.noa aaut .. o.n be ••bliabecl l• •t tout ot to -id.er ' tlallc~'• t'lillt am aberl batcmt cbrclllologiaal llJ thJ, _._. .,.,a wS.l:h tb-. -~ ｾ＠ • tx.tiHDt. pl.,e 1D 1he c,.ae of Brituh a tandem., 1A tba paat to aa.li:too mob ot tnologioal to be ._pen , alMlh •• core N,11ffeD- •- role a.rt••· traat.aaDt. (r .,.,.8) aal u ... liarpen1n• n.Jc• f'bkaa -..oUthul 'by akilful Nllfted by thiJI Clban-erlattc !Ille by-proauct at1• Q'e lut anai,.- • •ltd •Jcir With there baa b- na.a. !h_.. aequal'IIOaaand 41.aUActt•• 1r llltJQ' probl- ta a1.D4.- •riN1Pt a flmCli.oaal. ~t aN •t 1-ol•ecl, ..ul. be ot rt.. -a. hara nai weN tb•• Sapl-u lit• ot &no11tbio of CID tb1.s poiAt ebout the t\metio118 ot tarl1cw.ar 11,po11~pbio ps:rallela , but iJa ~er• 1a no~ 1n little • ·~ fW:lat'-t ar shoald be trsaW Oollffq11e~, mtn-t1sn~o GSD be 'IIIIM ~10D mi t1• Mamo:J 1thic _.,.. type •7 ~-, Pll:rtbsnlOrs there aa.ch of 'lllbat to11- hm'YS on. ezclu.ivel7 SN i.e conjsoturs , sll4 out , ,rhstbw sits es SIUCb • tl1Dt ...,_olithio 1. ... oUtbic i t •.Y beve bed •n-1. tn- • W..olithio -~ tool \JPS mo umsd b7 bimtiJI& o pset , 1t l'lsl4 the aa• S1-Slerly be•sd bes lleeD Ullderteken. s~ of tl'ls pr,seen.t ar noSDt mitiSS • SN sleo upon SJlterenoe aDd wb.J , 1*la\18s • iiarlicw.ar tor • perttcw.ar Plt'PC19e , or lleoeae it ｾ＠ iJlpl-t ｾ＠ e:rcbaeoloa , ot whteb pitU\lll.7 ｾ＠ sbCDld lie bes..S prusrU7 T)'polagScel enal,aen bll.Dten? ill the dlU7 pl.7 Yillh Our 80tto,a lerssl.r What part dtd ~ey u.ed tat'? OoDted end chert •ta111 sn ｾ＠ CSD bs sorlsd sJl4 or DO'-, 1.llto the toU<111illgostegorum : IOIIUI) PUCS3 s) Blaa. slid Puk e Toolst maroUtaia , acrap«ra , 'ss n', bla4e sspr ·• , 'pst i t trPJlahs tm•. b) Con 'fooUI: a.•, eore aarapuw , ·~ ·. blsa. , tlsk• , 1:z1m1• 'Dlens sre tile filailisr oore gr9Yft9 , pm•- • pllllGbes. tlalten , ahllttsr , oona , elll oetmprt• •t with ~t ... oli"tlaio ArcibaeolQS7 aeas:rmU7. •'EPP l'!A (1) ｾ＠ sr, sbicll ~ ｾ＠ . ot tl1.m is c011111.deN4 wcrksd U it b~ or retClllob , s~l u tlffinc or sctge the slgllm ot sscr.rnit trsetant, to pro4lloe • PNds~nd.De4 tool or 1apl-nt. ths r•alt ｾ＠ It.}. •> m,ci,fJ!1Otkt !oolf t'lle exa111'11ation or the lleiriLe4 c Z""ilM ,1..... up~i,Ga tb. • • • •• there ••- aJld are tb-rora raug),,17 'brdt.n 1 '• idraerapan1 JGNDl• • .i.,... baa 1 'blaa... all4 •«- cm thick tm the , 1lbeD n.Jc• QI" •1•tam baa beau , ...,_acnpve' cn11CS ' ( f . 7. i.) ; aria lt tluJt broaa ola.aau1.cat1aa • baaia (r . 7.2) . ll!ICllll.4be -jil,aw'1-!o of • It ·- .. t;iJ!g. tu "-'loll ｾ＠ iau.wall.7 qnacl, ot -.1M111N Yhtn fNah Jdllea tni•la ~t Yen Dl'Ollgbt into alld the tat aorapad Oft , and t 1.Mue nhna aanpa ud f1- tluit plllnru, IIOJ'aPII" 111\b ita aa or tile ,ra . a..r , luit alt!Jla • lllOt au\, •~, •• Qo U •ral-l,r and- anc1 ata.-acnP«r9 a s It 1S1tal 7 »91Bad au.t 74 Wh1cll -ia t,-pi llalldl.a -ia be NQ1l1red,, ad&et'la1tila th_. ｾ＠ ti.al wh• would "81A SldJla yGQld ff Clalll)o br*an oca,,-a, 2b1a wwl4 ba .... Saller :,reparaUoa , ot llltUla • 1a the praprat1oa *ill iaiU.l p..nUala fl'Qa a1&1Mp'alidCI alll1- and ai4PMn~ rw•-ble racl to a»;r partiOl&lar ouli- 'lfo.14 d.1ati.Jliuiaba4 holl- akff9 to tb.e Braue tll. Palaaolitlaie aui,.abla WOrlt~ (t . 7.:5) arid to ate4 ｾ＠ oa t'1alt•, \1IO aaparata Aa 7at ao •~ndel'11 ola .. i!'ioatoq piaoaa. ac1op1.a, but -~ g~ u aot al•Ja acm1pa:n Yan tub10lle4 S- lllat sra"- • ate , .a. la waalapa t'11Dt Uldlatrua > n• .. bat.au to 'be a ~U'allea a.n sir-eat saiaPP ApJ of two aapera1:e hone A aClr'Olitbi.o boat • aonpuw, or 1-. all4 •dibla4• • 1) of ».eo11Udc pre,par!Ag a1dm ftN proba'bl7 the au, -.a of tor tha tau ot •• • th:ta akU •OIN Jlart.h .&wic.n a~ ••-4 \.bet •oa ••n no dQ.ibt othen tr. aonper cJ alt b~ a •top. -w. Oil the other tunetioial poeaillle •o ~r ｾ＠ the raaiDiqr band doable r. or llafl~, bad a •• oaa 1:h- r1aca •etiJIII .. and wbilet aua l>e pvi iJs r...-ed 1'14• be •111&•ta oal7 lta aot.ta, '° arrance eaa- an AOtea woald no\. 1t7 \ludr eone tor these dittw-• proyed poaaillla eltb~ •llldJJ&tl.ke ot the dozul part en4-~pera typee of ac:ra~ !he ditteren\ u treciu-lltl.7 wooctea•s-r e.Dcl ri4&• (l-'601 tia•J, no.JS ) . Janus, lld:1-? lt JfaU.n (1960: 60) COGk'e S tud.7 ( PeNl1M9 ) elah wOllld t'eoili.tate ｾ＠ wen ~pers ua.a • • the,. are. elOJIC \11.ea-1 ,-rt •1 •• en1..,.ti tbet it 1IOl&l4haTe be.a vaet'lal tor uootbillg It ta pou~ lie XncU en t.ribee , alld Witll ,r.eesn-daJ' 1e •-bat !he hoU-creper wean, .. the ta-at: ot ... ol.it.tuc JlNpen~ mture - 1t f-r4, or cul~ chroDological v.ral eeri-. Cil!AVDS (t •7•S) eN aot lmoni 1Jl .. olit~c It ia gene.re~ bw aN-4 aDC!antltrr 4-Yalox-a,t ot t1wa pz t'ltahidlliJlc • U'teMtTal7 ffidtnca -~orlV SftTUII atroqrly prlaril.7 P9ri-* Ct-9..-era•ere ~bl,J ••• oo pebbl• , antl.ar hri.o4 1a t t.belr prwent aua•t at St.r •ill •• _. tor Ule tb.e7 •ere ff14enUy tba 1enarel waipt lien acaaNf>J.... . ot Nd daft' • flla~oi-e va.a ot ot antler , •• 1A tbe -~ of anUw !Jt'> aJl4 b cme - tor art dll rwtna •- • th e hwatiq the7 •aul.4 181-lt and tt.g . 79) . DO the •itb C.rr ( Cleric 1"41 aUee ot the •Alfa-ot\JN in later tor b°"1 JQl'SJONIIJ llll~ ill the keeoli~ of Briti.ab 1.a UTCl9h•da eurrflakaa eo DeJueeq. tha ••• ..,. UN IA the Upper Pale.oU~ a~ta "lie w- ••pom• &wwblJ, ot 11AM an4 grOo"r• olaioo thq allll cC111fC9ite be~, lte no lC111£erquite ••- tbet or aroma Age eaalllli>lag•• oa tlle IIUt"fbed, lnn . IPicpd~ 'Id.~ -~ . gnTwa 45. are •01 Th- claaaU'1caUOJl •ia• • bv.t ahapea and d- m.at . :not anc! indirtc!ul tn,ea ( • •I • alark 1951.J Y,-r 1~2) . at s,rta.nt •~• of clataNlJwlg m alao oo or Blaa.. 'SAWS' 1 GD !!ri~ that bC!M• But lt entloa ot pl.tant 'Sew' atua u •PU. a~ti.oa reaaaaable •bioll a..ip aq it 50 yara&) . 8/7000]l.C. lCllllg• d#l Jla•ilr Tari- of or the ._oUt.ll1G •tu47 111.tb aueh apacwati.oa a:leroUt.ba period, •• to pu.rpaaa . were par1a r/1 ~ . Je.,.U. It therefore --.r there 1ICllll4ba • lild.W oc:mtQra to to be e~tb·• of llui.o In the · would llaTe to be t'llltillMb l'l-oa t.ba ot ataort ra11&-•(probab).z • •id.am aOC!U:P9' en.a.no. ot ea. • an4 claW to ill 0.-rk cJaacnJ:,ecl ill Grilll..y 19581 l.6t ) , were abOll't 5' (J1.a&1-1an: ea (X--ritJ wooclanarrcis abanJ to II014 -tb• t•~ end .-t •1-t .. the pre~ 1'ha •i#lificaDo• Hn'8tlODo BO.. ot ela woocl tcuna at BoJ.a.pari fGlllld Oil Bri\iah ｾ＠ aDd .x111Jtit greet kUliJIC or ll"VllCJingpc,waro w•pom •- the b•t on.a C'll~ cCGD«Jtecl wlth WN laplePt• two eondi.ti- a.ad \be beae 1a eotohe4 to prea-11,1,- ... i . for aae4 iJI ttia obaJla and tor tia~ •ha"- • At TinkeJ J111gl..-1an exwntot ot. ... oteruti.c to auppoaa that a..- It ta •• 7et • mrertaiD. ill ru,,i1 . a1ld NP- a-..il.allia '4emt.C\llate4 OOMUN• ait• ea ·- ••po1111 woiu.a hlJTa to oaae ot propelled t,nea. botb. 1a that aJl4 Ula U.lte . priaril.z •- e Wtuut ta.a ｾ＠ tti.y that pll:tity reoeiTec! a gret 1-1 u 1Ja tha preparatioa the cbaneta .r alld mCII.OLJltiS are tha ｾ＠ and are ait•• 1a no •7 aanatea .ag.. (f . 7.') •re 111.th ..iiba,~ fflD 1D grat OCICNr th .. on tbair detiJal with acnpere • there ot pau1ble r-ooaa,or of tb1II ftri.lltiOD aDd ban .a 1a equally NP~ Aa au~ their PNCia• twictioll were • tbq tlalt• ... olith1c pucaa• or •aa• ' · thcupt th• • •ialldardo wict.l., ua.a apia C1arlt 19'71 ~ ; a peat 4epoa1t pi,oducec1 a the Up baa • al.qt earcac• tha baatri.Qg; tor e aic:r011W.O \t1n,Ung -r requ:1raa to a\aac\7 ttl• ...-,11h-1Te 1.a that ot J.C:.]).Ourk ola .. s,t'ioeticll (1,:,,.. pollrt , tbe llaae-. tU.p~ of th• ~ ot m.croUU. and 1,39 ) , baaecl oa · .\.·. : ..· . .. . . ·. . . ..-- - . · ~· -·:. ...·. ·. ') ;·. .. .. . ..... . ... -./ . .. . . ｾ＠ . " --....~ ·- . Q Tri mt1ing Fla kes Nodule !lodulc Preparati PHA5E ij \ I II ｾ＠ ,,..isi I ｾ＠ on \ ' ｾ＠ ' a - I I I ., - ｾ＠ Side . ,. view -:.•. . ~t .r;!:lq.ng of! a. narrow bl a de wit h sin gl e dor sal r id ge Alternn t.,i.ve ~ositin.n~ !"or punch ~.tr~n g .off ·a broad blade with double dor sa l r idi;e (§;) Tiny s c ar cau sed by poi nt of punc h Prod uction of a. ' . .i cro - burin ' a -c ( after Clar k ) i l l uo tr a te t he e arly st ac es in the pr odllction of a n Qbl i quely 5lun t ed Poiat , th e ' micro - burin 1 (x ) bein i; tne was te pro duc t . d illustrates on an enl ar ~ed sc a le an OB f oint, showing ( y) the ne gat ive f acet , a b d C PHASE III snap .... Microlith made fro m a na rro w blade © @ ' Microlith made fro m a broad blade ' mie ro - burin ' mic rol ith FIG U.ffi ( a fter The manufacture Hallam , Cl a r k & of .microliths ~ank ine) , .m llhlipe, ~eJn t..boi•gh w 'Jbu CUMifiaation, tor ffY«r91 reuam . Ill the r~t ( •pechll7 place Jiu olaui!icatioll Cbrlc dertaea th .. , taraa heYe bffA rec cip1 e.a ill oth.fto area• -.t.cb ao cot el\lloagh t~te.17 tn.ae a.re not Dl&llerioeU,, e~tioaJlt ｾ＠ built u it In e&litioii, pouibl.e , tram the l.eqe Cl.erlt 13~ tl&-lS, , ｾ＠ •7 11"t.t10A iac:acJel .. aDd bet.re• ••l•• aD,J aae atte . • eri .. a7 S- trapaae ( •• elld taaa1tal.ea trui.ii.. . fte't'erlbr trca Wbioll tuDoU.oa.i betncil adcrolitu ot ,_,....rU,ll• di.de tee\ b7 iatractebie ••JIOU t.h-7 •er. 1Jlteade4 rot-o ahatta 8-r -t~ Gr Pl..xx , 1) . \np•• ltearu& Oil the Jll'Obl• or baTe baea reew_... !'iia •~icaAOe ~ata attU baaJ.oall7 1a aNocuUon lllli>edaei u •itll •• ｾ＠ cv.1.ture) ot ea e1-t (Clarit CQlllplete arrc,w- 1.11place (t1g . 8. l ) b-14 b7 resi.• 'Iba 111.croU~c o~ • poillt aa eldllpt• (• tri.aJlgla , or pcaail>q Oil \be Maia au:rolitbll ret ) . ime. tt,a ot the Laabl&l\ fSnd. Cla%k (1951.1 10:S) baa 41rtdecl Vie Ster Carr lj.51t.1 diaCIOYer, ) and • berlt (a •1121'1•4,Uquel.y bhoatecl tor., • t ,aa.a With t1la bllalltecl ._._ wooaea fCUlll at at thia ttnd t.a been enhanced b7 the Jrt b. SWedell (11.tgl-i.an 111~ ldcrolitm ecla• •till tltat , tunoti-1 wt a 8111,ila al.capted tnppa part ot tile retcQcbed at LUla lUlt arature have a iJI Brit.inl carr •lth u.tt fillaa Jllo m.croUtu iat.rp,at.tioa. 1Dta- cta t the r-•v.1.t ot • cnna- arteh a-Adthe clltterencu •t.riali ot tb• 1At8"9UJ!g be to Ula \riangla e.1mlar appeareJICe WOlaldnot but lt.7 the deatp 1968) , It 1a apt4lNZl.t , troc the cacai.ta11e7 111.tbwbieh t~ Jrooea4- ••ter,,ot hi• OD foi91 U-1.ee .au - ( •e• •c1lq 1 to the elaapte4 trlarcle thet m:lJuolJ.U.. sere precuioJl-•da OOCN.r, •n ' e intenedJ.,te the a..U ci.nc•• t,ypoloa ao.a prot'i4e 1 ... , 1Ato It.ta echs to reooptae UC91.II&a tnMitioa creac~ ~orwbl7 fit Ill&~ trca attee in 8Cllltb-••t sue. HO!Wlall eDd hrtlbe._} . (•tter stardard, ia i..r fZ'OII ~,et., ot microlitu ot •• anel,a-a on the t.au 'ldlat ti. tn- teela to lie tlle 1'ancUonell;r atpitiant wrltff Cla.rlt). 1i&l,lre 6 Ulu\ra'-a •Jld poeitS.on of Ntoi.ch . ene»\ t=o t.o tulloti_..l ....-i:aJ 'r od 1 "'B B2 B1 .,,, C2 ,\ D2a i:>1a D2b D1b D1:i ln.r.;e {!] D3 D4 f':_o,,c:;11 Er, D7 =- D6 D5 A ｾ＠ D8 E1 P(.2-G • F1 F2 F~ .. L 6. II1 G Cla~r.ification of mic rol i thG (::ce ove rleaf) (. 12 •,r -i frc:· :,ct.i;~ l nµeci1·ens f) 2 1 3 /' ｾ＠ - -- "' ----- 4. 6 ........ - '-....._ = 8 9 FIGURE 7. 1-iacro li thic (descri imnl.emon t types p tion in text) A• Bluned a. Bl•ted c10ll1l'llllole ofl 1. o.. 2 . ho .ag... c. Blwrte4 <lDe .ag.. •a&• · lo 2. D. obliquel.7 dOID part of aoa one edi• elld earou ObliqllelJ. fr'llmYeraelJ'• 0,0,,51,e 1. ... •• Ieoeo.i.. aw leae. lh L tor.• an4 aura-We !naagl ~enu •• b. the baae: . arc blwrt.a. char4 bl\mW . ,. Losell£ .. • ....x..noeoi." tona. 5. Sub-trleJlpler 6. 0-~r fo.t"M• tona ( wi"- ibree .ag.. blullteai tnpeso1a . rliaaoide no . ) 7• JllOl!fPted tnpe••• 8. S. '!ft pea ... Poune with 1DYU9• re\OllOh at Nee1 l •••• bluzat. 2. poiatecl . Be•• P• aou--11eaed Po1Dta. lo S,-U'iael. 2. Aaa,-tria.l. c. Sbollldered or !!aJl&e4PoiJaia . Bo Cbuel-ena.4 lo 2. Jl , ( trannezwe) al'l'Ol!bNcSe . ( 'tnpea•. )• poiatect. Jla••breed Be•• Larae (-.icroUthic 'Petit-trel!Cheta'. ) apecdeen- ot t;ne Hare •lled ...... . a a b b 1 2 3 a b 105° t, 4 ;{ 7 6 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ 8 5 130° 10 1 i nch CID 11 9 Th e haf ti n~ and use of ~icroliths 1 Fo!"ep:,rt of a i:esoli thic arrow from Loshult sr.c,wing a nicrolit ..ic ti p. au d ba rb held in b~· resin ( not to scale) . 2 to 4 .~ftcd aninnlo r:icro~ith:; nnd birds l'ossible r:,cthod ;;ca lene :iicrolith 5 7 & 6 ~od nicrolith~ 10 .\ rod cicroli 11 J·o :::ibl e use u :::cd by Woute rs for , Sweden , position shooting small . of mounting found in sc,.lene huoan nicroliths vertebra at . Tevicc , ;:orbihnn • th for u:c;c n,; n fish of s cal.ene nti crolith ho ok ( aft er './outers) ns a fi,sh hook . . . ... ...... .,.. .,. . l} t lo 'W ,•" ｾ＠ 11' ,., o f : .. ' ·t ' '•, 5• 8-.,u: : . ·5, - ··,,5t. m. ~1Et C HT : I - ':, 75 c.llJ ii-,.\ / ｾ＠ -1 .,· ,.,.·. ' .. ...., ·1 :,J H£1GHT; I .. L tt· 1 • :-t )r ·:(t ;:, :o~:·. ' r-• •.) ,I &_,·nfi:· (l ··tt :·_,..:.. V V.. \JJ W ｾ＠ ES__ eo· ,1 1C,L!' ｾ＠ ~":,( ' ·! • . HECH 'T ·. ·,5 - t • l . ... ' "] 5 a t:ill •. ｾ＠ (' . .; ' . I 6, -·· \ .; . ,o I .. ·. ...,. I •. ..' • I ··7~ ,:,~. .!~-.ｾ＠. . H ,IG HT ｾ＠ ·5 - ·15 ·'75 - .2 ,in. ~W\ . .. !,~ : ':::;.::-l ' • • _ ;_ ...~· .. .:. ) ·_.; _,.'" ): .. L I • ·- --s. --DZ. .~ RI ,_ A I C: B .l.~E : . _,_. .14,0 • ·£, I • t ·7S .::~ - ,. I r ..... ..... ·-: . B FIG~ 9 ngle measure ents of scalene ( fro icrol~ths Halla m 1960 ) " ..... 1) fif6 2) BABE - MODp t.ed \rap••• \rialfCl.H, • ae •de•~rwlinc and -flak• ditt'ered :la appeannee. •7 .,iaulia-4 •• 8'IGb. •4- •ua•'- tn,ea nrie\7, whether or Moat \aere are ~••• tecmNlogical, a • th• 1..,.i or pure a•t:uaU7 battie<l •• type bare. 1t 1'.ellol.1W.O ait•• ner aa an arrow 'barll• n, (.i-..tea VPN arrow; ~h Loea.l.t vapeae) tha Oil ai .. bea t• • tou.Jlt pn1ctiaall7 ffeJ:7 :that tkia Siailarl.7, ei~ft' ｾ＠ •C11111~1111,.a the Up ot nlW'••tormar arrow •t or •7 •7- Bllt there t.n• tciwad be or c\11:tunl, ruaonebl.3 to auppoae theretore, It .... or ｾ＠ cerlaiJll.J goYerlling ha• iA aae tmtance 1• a ,, and B ot oaretul.17 Nll•Oba cOllljec'tur•• lliCreover, it aiapl.J aJM11111:S..ve:raallz ued DI.( t.runsle) •• eooaoad.c 1•0&railhical 2.)pe A (ooliquel.7 bl11111ieclfOiDt) tona •• 'l'bq to be urpartant ou,tlt fa-OU• Britub t.6). (••• crecW,l• Da•1, IYeD if tbia were ao, 1:be ffr'J nrietJ that \bi.a IIIDlll1'1.D&, Dot baY• reaill their '?hi.a 11.De ot rN•OIIUII 1a • pert~ •• proJeotiT• \ipa ••rYel alao ••• fro• it and augg .. \ torma c, °'l• O.,, ~· .tend One aigbt one. ot abliquel.7 blumed pout. wri.01111 tortl9 wi t.11aal.7 \ip .._ quadnapl.ar ad.croU-. aAd \anged .S.orolitu. tipa •bea- 'ibe7 are rau»de lithiO root ot la tb• t1J)tl9 tunoti,oa (a) at the wrilU •lR"l"OIIDdill 'h• pnei•• Tb• dU.- llllllV prolal- 1n KeAoli'ilio Ball.ea (19'0) •114 AeWoll\ere (1955 ) ••• oaa• a•t oi._. ad.pt S.U.a aald.Mcl aeoae ·\riaelly nlldaa fl'OII a •*_. r•ol :yed the•el•• tno or boae abaift, al,,._. barPaagl .. thu lera• th••aa.i.n. "" (19'°' 1J1 wbicb arolaeol- area ot E.D&l-•• OD 119nUel •,a to ibli n.,.7) • .r.s. 41.1-. taur g:rwpa beae4 It ArohlleolOQ• aOMe 200 SCALIII tnangl•, ot aiMa wer • a1a. or the 111.orolitll. tollwilll \o reaol•illl iadioa 'ted •• at.cro- amr,•• the chat• at 1.'h••,he t011114, 111111l• oppoatt• the loms•t ... an.a, a• l»rba ••' 1a • the7 •aul.4 naul\ •oo4• ill the 5-'· Seri .. I • ;5° II II • ,oo IY • It i• inter•tult. pot.nu. iDi;o the acalene .•art•; open.a up anothe'r a1'l'01'19mrte4 wit.b wriowl ta tiaur• they aall tball t' a aors.. , w~u .-, aUea •• aaat allalldant Prffiou Oil a1.i .. ma\11111 a.Dc1fiahi»g. tor ,•• well a• am.mla .taroli'ha 1a •"J 'Pllled tor •• ha-.• (fla.8). f'Ua are Wou.tere (1955) •loaa the •k• bffJI alllCIIII 1lha equip- the iatereetiJtc o'been- 'rocla' are 1a Bol1.n4, na7 be ra1ae4 8 typea ot 111.orol.ith aa t,ert ot ocapoei to arrc::,i,- aD4 •pear-a!wtta, part whether ell w graaa•, pbnu ••poaator t:,pea were •-- or tar tiah-aor'iM• 1.Ja t.be liMol ithic of '•1.ckle-like' tapl ... a, and the lilce; Planu eoOMllf'• or ot .... allhauab Some 1a- ao ffid.-e tor aucb • t'Wlo\1on 1a t~• J.a 7et no 1'11'11deeid.o• cUtt•NJJi •1mur ld.erol1tlna tJPN• Gell be •de about the preoae Marp1ologiaall7 tuno'lioaa, bu, 1.a different , api.Dllere, or ot the wrioua aroual a propoeect •• pleyed 1 ... ot water ooun ... bellk• wateraide 'hoaka', ae\UNleD\ 11bou:\ the tuAction undoubtedly clittff · ia wut ot a type B alorolitl:t., •ua .. -w _, ••• heTe 1"ormed ｾ＠ • alli.ala aa preo1Jlel.7 mcle aa aoal ... llot ba••Nell !he qUMtioa tUting ••cl ot baftUc 'Writere lapreuioa 'Rodia'Wfl'W writne diacuuion baa tended. to rnolve taotured aJIClthe •\bodll 1Ja 'the lalolrll aree• ot ._oli\laia tba\ bu.t 1, ••ll aboo\iDg ~-tietal• tn,ea, aDd •7 ot M•ol.itbio 414 aot. a1t• a. blwat-ended. prni.Gll8 tor 111.arolitba, ot 111.oroli'tba uaed b·ut the geDUlll ...-trt.o and otAer ot ty~ 'rod', Pd .Aailian 9Jq)erimenta ill Which he au.00... tl&ll.7 (B) la •--bat 1- were 1"aua4 to tit cen be drawn tram tM.a ob••natioau ｾ＠ 'rod' 'rile pointa • t Star ~rr line ot iJlY.. tiptton. pouil>l• 1'.be type• ot cQltllera wtt.b the berb-angl• or CanU.nentel but tboee (1955) 4-orib• 1Uutnw4 angl• The antlR A' preaem, no1ib:Utg concluai·n and birda• ~o to note ha. t.h"e bane llnd entler loldere lt.'!Jo • oontata dU'tenat t\lnOU.. t7pea (•tba:lo, ••Gp"apliO, •7 ot hev• ud NOMmio, ar teobllOlop.aal) J or •IV •iJWl• type •Y / 1a Nr'ata \mi•• ill are deellq w1UI prediotable ot daip aacl 119ttern llbic.b l••• aabine4 it wi tb eueb llllitorm.ity. The COlm--~ •• tool-i1pe !he ou.tt.i.11& ob'8.i.M4 b7 • •pecal ooracr of '\he atr-. ·9. Uaat it•• the r.ot tre••e:n• •~r With •x.e• iaecl tw wood l.Dduab-19 Scae tcm11 •7 all feY0111"9a 'bro.4 • tiranoheta• nnp troa baNJrc• ¥.edia aot tihe 1 plok' ai all). 11'8Pll08l a1gnit1canc•• ~)laol.o&1oal t•tur.- 41...- witla • ta• Jd,.-like (195'• 17) --,1_.. ,__..u, pnpnU• la orau-eentca, em lipi that a~io u It 1a twacU-1 eppanat !Illa The weS,pta of a&ea• io the ax•• aeti- abepe• beav trenohet (•l•Gll8b lt an uauall.r triangular •V• ••1-'• Renki .. alNT•• ahOlfa Yer'J' little •114 treqt..ldlJ' betw ... ta abape• otbera f'\aDoit.oaaliaterenoe Iba 1:Jl1l•l ...._u, • Yar1 aaa\aa a aecU.aa rid&• wb.ieb impert:11 a,-t.ry d.itfereaoN ott b7 atriltiJIC priDciple me41ua a.ad liabt w Joa: repr•••• tnachata ec11•la1 in ot fwacr'1.01111ta ea••int• • ftrld7 are fola4 la e.i,1tors 2lba dM:lllltoldal croa-aeat.oa. at cae tnm•ereel.7 .i.-u1.,1-. clef) ·~ lai-o h•V• alld tnentare Yaaol.itidc. ot W.. • tnacbet' the b\lrlll beea 11.ned lA ••tl•r .liYialoa Th• 'ThaaM Piak' aot ,-ned, u• baw llluRera ot the Dritiah ftJl1.alle4 apeoiaaa ta ooaeq•DN •i•••1114fCll'a ~1• ffllU\F of Oil loci• • 1'.bNe tl.M .. are e<1aaaJ7 tow:ad 1a •uoctatt.oa ou,u..aDll warkiltcwoode aD4 tol1-ine •rleta••• 'blOlf •truck acnan'81• reabarptlle4 t'lak•• aDc! oroae-a.-'1a. hl'lal The gnat ••111 aa,wba, ••• one waaderiJJc Mir MNolithio • obancteriatio •da••• ls.Ye had aennl Atert typea, 1a ot tor a.a 111.ao ftoOII paaalble it 1a aot •o tar !law 819' ollraaological or 1eo- CORI SCRAPllti and Call reoocni•ed eaoqi U.oli :tbio suublag•• tool.a 'to clia·UDpiah, .b•TY .cnn.naand today u for •llY •onpina to reprd On moat ai\ea ea toole ·woric without •Y well hen ltHA adapted f'or turtti.r · ~· Tb• tendency with 11Upicicm. a• they ahow det!Di te aipa ot •oaa · kind, and aamtimd mcturee. beTe II SOM i.ve proteoti•• or ed'&•wae iJl alcag cae edc• (r.7.1). r•~ b•• ua-4 the f'ona uaed •• !.lfIVIS, ctJYioualy •• !be pu-pcae ot other utiliae4 ne11 ban been .batwt. plec• 'lhe7 •7 1• uc~i.De gmp µpqg WPIMe W..olitblo .r eenata wtve b8d et leeat atone• other '\hen flint a tentaUve ｾ＠ reoo&1d t.1oll ot pro~i• and aberle fe)pbl•• MA •Hf?Mnte•• • ot qu..risite P ebbl.•• KeaoU\bla Geaftiecl tom indicatinc or tlint •a•t• uaed tor o~r have frequently ltND NOorde4 end lorp IIUIDberaool.l.crled troll aurfa .. to•• oa aa1t .ai'- aD4 att•ta and ii a. . cribed JJIU"t)Oa• •1 ••4 •• aucb. n t.b8t ••enthe in the abe•~ kDappi.Da• Whet la csrleia or more detaile4 ta that peb'bl• t• quartait. Scae •Y haTe troa ait•• 'b•r the .. ahod.JII ptrcaaioa nab'bere or pou;nura on Yeg•'-l>le or other aubatenc... lalawiiag Jlonover, a pntweDOtt tor '\be inclireet •• ba_.ratonea than flint t• bu, . aurpriaillBl:r 'h.uae.r9tonea', t.bet 'Uley luve 1,eell '\eobDSqu• in ,ool•akiaa; ptibblea reeo!de4 and ailu"°9e a.ii•, l'bey are often reterrecl flt cl.a•••ot nan.r u.aworked f1-k•• end bl•dea blive obYiou.aly or miAa.te irreglllair 1. Tb•) are di.fi'iou.l t normal oar• aucb 'tind•' the peat haTe HP vm«IDIPfJJ£iF ( 11) B· 11biub GRAVDSare tJl)M almlr a1nat1.o11 perouaaion and other 'bnd• .. , ••n b•• uaecl •• There ta ao •ure •Y aaal,a•• or Tariaua au• and •t.riala were 56. ｾ＠ deli D... 1el.7 ooll.CJted b,Y ..eoli purpoa•,aotul apeoitio depoai:b, 'iUh SUtatou 1.he rignt t• have been • l)eabl• kiDc! ot aGel,-e11, t1"'0li aaob ia:>r• ooald be lMmed tNanologr, At • llla:bar ot ai tea 1D Cormrall baTa bNa fol.&Dd la X.ol.1.Ul.ic 4-~r .. aio• ahaw wl1- entel.1 'bn.Ue4 Sou.tb-••t the•• eooDOIV and tollc. aovementa. tbq are all 190,; '-hare •• ooourrenoe baa aooop• • 'l••• u.~• abell fiah fro• GIie .a. pr•e:it Saa it' delib- •it• 'l'h• relennt ot ooeiatel ad.dclan a.i~• abo\lt. tweai;J' of ertreatv, •• aDd cloeel7 coaatliM; oon. iqalemant.. IUlll>va. ill ahd- in i~rtb-w .. t Scotlan4• lll• the••~'bbl• ot X,b llpd ill aite tool.a (••• Waimrtpt . 4ebe te •• to ~eir beM .... lee 'M>the larael.1 tbe chlael-Uk1 the . r .. lera• obJeota • rrecJc-111:e1at ab.U ia lhat tu cm ar :l•r ba• ~roducN r~.a. lll). both •idea • to• el0&ig.,ed ia ooc.ai0111llT cnade ohiael-lilce analogoua with OOQlr P-.brakeahira QI" to produce• Brit.ill and Oou.tib ~•lea oout•w; Clll -· iypee are charac,eria"io ttb.tN ihe baTe bad more dat.nt 'L&e:ett soooa' 2. lar troa 1oc:el ob~ined ahown ｾ＠ tor Pl'Mt11Ubl7 b'OII Deflm and Ool'llllall baYe DHD touDd at t1nda about :U.olichic eoattueci and on.a; Moa,were er imended. but aipiti.aaAil.J pronanoea. libic buni4gw, • ••1087 r ... im tub .a ita ah1U. Iii~ sao"t.a• 1>•• aecl BolleTIU", ~rience 1a dro1,1~a tato 'Dolllna OD iMA• twlc\ioa. •tar, ~• aot, •1'•llbere to deuab ｾ＠ UOIID U.t -· ~rl9 rill tnerpnta an liai,eta ld.dden depoei'U• ara,aadll the • ooepted Wllikel,r .... 1'beir liaihcl \l8ed pn1111i-tq 1D a $hey._.. in JleaoU.thio woal4 Daft I •••1tram tile llhell• •u.e.• .... ;pat ........ that pr•u-.,Uon ~ia• Tba -.Ol7 aoh it 'bod7ot Vi• •'1N q'Ui.oklJ ti• ot droJ> Pebble••!4 £JwRtclPebblf! pebbl• uauall7 conaiat or a1100th Bopr-gl.p•• P9rtw,H4 ,. pertorat.a Bom-glau ill diametv. inchN pertontecl l•• ·ih• oenwe being ti.n (tia• 7.7). how-glau eltalaugh troa both •14-i that on either aal7, frGII OM atde •Y lt• watim.ahed appeariltc !hey are Oco.aiaaally are apparently '•oeh•da'; allie4 ill aectioa Cupped pebblN, all pertonte4 Some. •Pi-ed iapleMDU• •r• not, a.ad pr .. u.bl.J othera like '° •• ••oeh•cla', referred •• to twio\iOL the-re ia no impliaaUon , ot the ~ol• ill the dhmetff he•, r.. a pebbl• pebbl• lad • ••pent. f\lnotioa. Palllr1ca\1on •• ot '•oeb•da') ettecned until oppoainl llolloa aMOOtbeclby • &ri,Ddillc proc .. the other a.OOtb). b:, PHkillc en altffDtte by •••• cono.n,r1o •on,ert..nc••• pndiaed alld ao ia tnd1U.onell7 MNolithio quentl.7, ot '•oehu•' t.be ooo\UTMOe weN aultaeq11eatl7 ahow oae enter ot paetntinc The teobldqu• ,peaked am trom both aurtac• pebbl• 1.D tb• ea•• (lD 'the Th• ontera Mr&ede (•••.,.l aurtao• CoDUnen'-l culture, lfagl-ian (Cl.ark l9J6; 158; bnkine aDd cupJ>" pebbl• Camr 194-9). 1D Britain 1a •ir nltioam. 80 •nceb•cla' At l••t troll Sou~ern Cemnl !llaland P9DD1N41 1a. the ... l .96,: 108). in.N 1.a DO texu Cm the Othff' et tour aite• Tb• •ia ••n ner ch1ppilw fQund oa a proUtia OGlll)ln• apeo:l•a •• la 188,. lU.bio• The w•t tloon• abipplDg dred&•d •lorit¥ Cllpped pebbl .. conoentnuona •" Ai floor tou:D4 •uooia~d 4M1PSW(&-') ••led At • uolaad an4 '•or ti.t Ulduatria• 1JI hi Bpd OOD- (P ..... with aio:roli'- '••••d' ) etc. tnameni ••• l&Dderpeat ot Aila11tio a.t.; alld a troll ocieatel pee'\ tit Boreal •" South -ta Kaat Anglu ,he idea 1,ar'I ot pca~K•ol.itbic were the troll '•cueacta• troll l95'J ••illlrri&b1.i196J,. and Blagkpp (Suaau) '•oeb••' on diatuct recorde4 'tA•J btY• ml¥ DHD found 1JI Keaolitbic band, (Ra*iM '•c•h•da' It, e'Yideno• io aupport ooncluaiv• h .. da• alld cupped ,p11bbl•• Britain- 1956: 59, tig.11), (ll•llld• (BaU.a l960a 68), •nd at leaat 2 wwal• (\1ieimright hi••bffA am about 6 ouppecl pebble• nnaa, bu\ 1-Ye 1aioe bMn record.a ta age •• S0lltiae111P\oll are •••wned \o be Meeo- Meaolithic ccmtexta • •• ,a. Lf!E lelf'9P (x.at) Tia• n• ~rui,e and Tbp!i9bfm (Bera.) atert.ala .. end quaruiti.o W•ld ot tb• 01iher natert.la •ere u•• been Th• tor qart•:tt• part~rl7 aaalataae to ,allel tlvn.o- ot tile '•cebeecla' ... IWl8• • dec:lded tolk-aa..meat ••• ta 'reatri~e4 Scaiereet, the qmruiw tor aelec\ed more ar l•• Nt ot pe'bbl.N PRbl• ~ .And tibea• wider ,ro. .. no•• • •• tmerprnatt• PWaaUon.l poliahed -~-r. a• reprda i.a • wide reap ffZ'7 ｾ＠ to ia ffidenoe tool. perouaaloa ~r1.• .. a-a• 1 Ml>re Bentu bol.ed • ._ •uca•'1ibat \he --D Ilda •wi ._.. ••n raain M .. 1d. wltb r1.-.1 tor ritual entin17 Jlaa.Utlaio haft 'l'heN llei1;ber. 'fhe:ntore, m.... '9rtl ' broacU..,~- '•oebNd' •• • bat'te4 Ob'Yiou ex.!l()l• wilh ao et.tber 114tTeruae4, or auooiaW i• eequirN Qappecl pe\,bl• 2oa to lt-1•• atudiecl •114 ...- and cU-enelOM ot peltbl.... l~ ar •~•r ••J or paaibl.J' t1-• 0'1181'9 Mft ••t.ala•traa 2• to 7• • and tb_.. frca '•oeb•cta' perlpa ... 1 bNlaiDC, meMift naultlJlc a~ or t.be •nz :ia ditt1cnal,. (195', 6o), ...... b7 Ranki• . us, ... ｾ＠ 1a De'YOII elllt 'fh.••ftlle7. utilia da' ••n Th• pret'ereace diatrU:natioa ao~ iJadigeDDU, •114 -t •N ••• tor pertcreti-. ot lb• Bunter Pe'b'ble Be.. ll'•-1a al,eoul Jt. wbiob •" • 1io at.ao. it. geologio.l ua~ena,ing, out.ro59 t oomcnlJ uae4 tar '•oeb .. -•ton.a, •114 •U•bil19 a,-.'r., 1956, 58J• (Rallki..M -* ilat.Ddecl tor Allallr8aoa.ra uae. •r aigld.ticance. em-tic. Shfl• 9reeNPM ot ana, ot uale ban fia• ,) • •Ulll.r 1atena t ta tale taot been aa well .. HP tl'GII • aall T.be ttac1a fNII •• aillllar preew'b17 'lbe7 .... ••da .... dtJNu are trca NO~ ｾ＠ BNd am .,ntnc,,n at aik ot lt)t let Ster Carr(Clark IEM.W: lffl Sar carr are •err 1a ».aoli~o (ld.111rript (P--J d4 1967'6 • pl.xx) • 1'•Ulllript 19',1 ll2) • •like, a11d oloaN.1' mob om\ata 19~ b•cla 196): 112, to tara • neoklaoe, •'k'WI& to8•ther reoordecl ., 4rift ta. t OYer lJO pertan ted, cU.H-lik• • tbe ooniaen. ,,. ~. Qobn t• OD • baTe DMII touad auoo1ate4 (l•Wal•) 12 11111119 ot th•• ooapi-e S.U.• aon aaU were aoew\94 ptec• Iroa axid• ta ta.re ｾ＠ J&eeol.1tbic, pauible apron~.. tboap 1ibat 1 t ••• LUIII* INt ill BrUaW ani•ttiN c. ban an4 • , .. ot the to have wbeN oobN .... ill to the OOl"IJ9.. A• ｾ＠ ta Briui.11 cloab'*- It ta tbe oODceiftble, c1eoorq,urc the peraGDJ or OOIN troll ntber ot ,he •olitllic at S•r b- Carl' (Clark tOIIIII! '9J• (a.11.aa 19'°• et- •• are aot oer'au. a114 thi• •U•, the peri°' tor oolou- • ,u .... , aa,aa with tli.Aw , 111~. ,he pneiae avggeeta • ooauoti• poiai ｾ＠ auooiat1 ta thlt Clllly kwn with tn41Jlc Pem- tbe · preaenoe CouideriJII iaen9tiJII Bo1TCM4-le 1a ~laa4, 1951.,1 1,7) are fbr a\rlk.-.•liab'•· .... •o.14 ha....... ocea•t-ll7 and J3relme A&• reaim ot tbia snJld.te t1.A&I _, pouibl• ••• *•• ~" an of Jleol.lt.bio uae4 ~t ritlllll, wit. arletaeu J.ll ob"ri.- ot snpath •a oohN pou ... 1... ot 1rall pJ'ritea imenaturc• ll,loh ot iibaa• aoUvitia• ued tor am a114 Deepa.r. ot oabN re•i• •• i.Jt&oloUd.JI&or penaul Pinal troll PenaiDe to 11•• •• i.mpnaaioa or lit• mdeDoe tor either DO 1,,e), (Curit pieoea ot re4 aD4 yell°" Coak'•Stuq an4 1A burial Pr••V- At (Clark 1951.,, 167). C.ft' colleotiaaa tona • .,.. la nriou beea uaecl ow1 zr.bll7 iw, •t CivUiAati.OD ta ar' llmter ••ll tlia ...... tloon• ••rereocwend reel ba-ti~ out ~t or reel iron and .. ahipplltg pieoea tCND4 a, Sur (19'oa '9) poilau • .._., of 1.U.• with MNoUthic wt• aild.lar often be ••• a1,..i... Bri tab Smtbff'll .... loaal ooaurNDCe •114 •ft'7ina perloct. W:H¥PTWTPIAL§ AlmfotJ IP!JHPTB !here are ......,_... tOlllld • ... olithic 1a t.DON chlppiJt& tloan• ot pe'bblea am tlillt for --••' or ..... 10.1 tJPN '°· l) 2) SUtatane pebbl• trom DnoD end CormraU baTe been taund at (Renk:ine 195'). hraba• end Oeldaanaar in the t.•ld• 'Kaoeh•cla' •1»¥ Wulden ,) ot alien •it•• quarbit. are oomparatiTel.7 (R•llld.De 195') • OOIIIOll on oh--' ot the Blaokdolfll bill.a (SOINl'Set) end the blUa ( Deftll) ..... to bav• bHll widelJ' diapened. •1Dl7 Gl-e._nd •ldaD to the 'WMt (Stone 1958) • 1a oa aac)7 touncl on •it.a 1D South-tt .. t SD&l,an4, and•• tTM aarriecl to ait• Oil the Iale ot ,igbt, and Fa!'llha• Moat ot 1t •eto baTe CON tram aouroea • the Iale ot Portland 11illelf (P.l•r 1~70) • ~) PorU..Dd oherl 5) Oil Perm1Me a1., ... abalklalMla or K.U.ra 1964.)• All tb:l.a ol•r17 OYer a wim ~1• ot thNe extn__. whioh ooul4 aal,J ••• COM frca ibe ta • 41-tiJlotiTe type (RacUq • tuD1 ••twhite !orkahire, incJioatea tolk of Palltrglaoial u... t"1.IMta1n terma ia at preaent loet 'to •• or berter .,,.••• Bolfnv, ot •••cmal Syate•tic the preciN p.tterna cbanotffiNti ot fll"J'UIIIordera, eigDUioanoe ot acw-nt ,on atucU• lligbt or traa. prcwicle 61. 7 1QtLifflIQ !RtIW Vff'¥ little la kllwn about KeaollUdo nta Br1'81.Jl, a altua\loa of praaw'1cm. •• aenenU., adnn• r•tl•'- or ao loa.U.\i• So far Olll.7 • clos.. blft OODdiUam pro&aeed ltGDe an'1.er lllll)leaeDlae 41HoYen• ot 111artt.a'b-. i.oi.w .aa.Bor* 4Ndae4 froa .-,en A BoNal '-7 ••• pi ... Nia"Ment (••I• two plaia •- at Le•i:Ue illdua'Q7, Oa1,7a (Clark 19'2• ll5 ) . 19lJ ) , •114 t,JPe _, 19'1), aa are •ix of .... 'Iba ... al1iboup n•ill •taal•aiM ot antler NOOHn4 aiaae be• iJlto ... terll recopiaecl (Clark tna tbl riTII' to repzoea•\ aD\ler •gl .. ...,.., la•• at Ba\t~• aD4 1eai.U.. All ian oocurruoea reowen4 attoak•beaclll troa 19J2a l.8) . oben"OD c1ecora,t.ea at Ba wi~ (Ana_... aaa\lM4 the t these taoi. tecl allll Battera• oonaideNd a.Te 90• trea the .... i1t1 11-h•d tna t.be (J .. up 1970)• ot tbea• ~--• att1Dl.t1ea •*- ot IIIDla pola1a Sk.ipe• •iJlsl• aaaple tor two ot ilaea• (~ t7pea baft •llclftortb baTe 'b... poillta aad a llaDe ba 111.ddler•-.. tlla ot •taller potnu ., of the OOIR1.Jlen'tallltgleaaaua ut.Da10D ftAa. are aiallarq ... ••ttltahecl •• (Yartca.), llOJS~ (lerla& Cl.rk 19J2), alld. two eDapl• lNrl• fNII tlle lmer ... -..... •Dd Olrer C011NC111•t.l.7 1t ta aeaenll.J aD Da&l•• Banecl llorUalcel the L...- bewe• ol•el.J GDIIPred to 111.i-ua 'bND en.rt 19J'). iUoa, S• baa 'bND 1'22, Bra ... po1.aui-n 1A Bolctern.u (Anauen& 1922, 192J) • •Dd • allll llorm• ｾ＠ u--..ted.17 and bODe wGrk 1Ja Sa.~ aatlar h•enr, •• traDabet as• fOlllll&l aetulq toad lll7 Ana.,.. at Ski.pa• clepoai\ •• 1ibe 'boae polDI. la ... ... ooutecl wita • •1 Thenf"are .a..tr preoiae baa proc!\aDe4 • auaataatial q1111a- ,. ill S•~ and baa. arMfaota Brit.ta la aNooiat:l• •Uh • lllaroliWc flia\ lndwltr, - the aite utt.11ae4 •lag •en sype... at.h, a.talle4 ectc•~; and then••• paraUTe ••roity T•riaUOD ao'-4 •• •• la wenU ot W.. Ta$ u-. •Uweai- baa •t •• • b.H•poell 'DI• reai.D4er liue bened 'IN' .... s- •1 peillla H .. 1a wt~ antler iir.ai ... alld ea '- ban MDU) lithia tanc for •Nlll"lllll or •na • t.be ta .. waed to • .._.. tlle claa•t tnea• ccapartaoa ait ill Tie• and ot •U• ot wood; ot ho tb•• to ,pal.au tu •jori'7 CoaequnU,,, al u'f'e •1 a barpooD h•cl. tor the Ster Can azatler pdata ot the 1•nenl ot ai.ldlar •..a•~ o•tiMnt, a attiDiti• aaro1t7 •a•(late ot bane Pn-Bor•l) 111p, N •t .. alMl botb .a •Uh 9\111ptoloa. The polllta (binla~NII) G, ttg. S,..)1 and OM •• Grwp la Brit.a, ..-1aa la Brit.aia aaae 1aa be ,o ta.Te 'bMn ape9rb..- .. , altlaou&b • t• ..a1clen4 •uu•• \bat Oa the 'beaia o1n1....ODe _. la tbe iaire• •14• bllt • t'iae, •t.r cm bandl.• a\eri.81 ha-,• Nell ....-.a la •ctffe4 •• atflllllbee Ill ( ••.. Clark .r pertor •l 1ihw&hshe 6 I), J) po1ata •- ot nela prabe'W..J \he realme apeet.aMa an abafta• ••Dllab-4- wtila • J)elfoaUall Tff7 ot ,ha ••· ｾ＠ Jll'9811111,~l.7 _.,w •en ohanoteriaUo r, and •P9ei.DC ot berN, .... 1 (A1 .I, C, ol t.beae lleft-4 h•d, •--••• there •n abancr\er S P'9Q9 yet ~- Tll• wrt...19 tunoUom bartaa ••re allll the oharaeter Clazit 4eft.De4 ot ~• olaNitied IO h oar Olll.7 aae apNi.MD ••• ｾ＠ ot ooa- 1D • t'ng1N11tei7 (both t..tuna the ooatinea~. 1D n1-U• •• ..U ld..tl•DN GD the hoa wp......a bena, and• abaenoe ot 'Dae ajarU.r UAg• ~. "°"_... All tae po1aa were 'bel'NCI cm allglll.ar ~le with •• QPN aaat ot th• poaU)le. arked ot Hl'N Pa1-eolitbio ated threlap ot elk •114 ••• ••lar, at11q ••• anc1 elk • .u_. Ben Nd .._. pout (ttaa• Je.7•51.). or 191 apeoiJlem ot re4 et.er (•tag) 187 ._.. ot i.te (Cl.rk 1951J. tu Uab b-- witb tbe berlMcl ditlOIIJ al~ .. §ter ctrr ot arocw••• aplimer 1.a well ao.am.n-S. ,ee1a1.qu !he ail• •'rcmcl7 •ua•'- IS"9...aea~ oal.z ..i. bND ua.«! ta sh1a teallld.q11e la 1the I and the T-,:Y •1deapr•ct tor she prodllctla flia* OOCl.ll"NMe ... , p.Yer of tl.1Dt 'bone alld anUer ot the Sur a1te •bioh (RPporhd IJ'9TUW • C.rr ld&bt 'by eQ91"1• Britiah are. ... pol.Jlta were a1ml.i.rl7 ,,. ot red deer antler were alao tCNDd at St.er Other toola loulerl7 diapoeUc Q rubaiJtccton '-be tipa th•••toola IICat ot la taet •• , at bol• ft• aD ••11, adapW •ed 4ri.Tea abUqu.ly 'lb••••re •t\arall.7 tor •• 'be tor •• mMDI (fta.71) St.r la llld.Q\I• •-. Can' -1117 (W,-r . Th••tinda •• an arl"Olrh•d. •• • OD •IV other At Pfllte\Jt la Rona l9'8a tia•l.65), (Clark qld. te ••aluaiY.. !Ito et.her tiada torka•) tor •U• l:Nt ot potata At w b.n ••• ••• thia ot Ol'pllio •tenal la auooi.• 1)e,mea1D the ｾ＠ on. ot reel cl•r anUer ••re .. piecea (19'2, ti1• be•• llozeoYer, tben in ,.Brit.ta. the IJ'OO' '• and aplin'ter teabldq\le, aor ot antler. poiat .. boae objeot aa ｾ＠ U.an with tb• atoae tnduatr., a aot pe~ioalar ben. OGIIMa barbed potm ot reiA4Nr pioked •killl lboee troll Star Carr, and ualik• • •~•4 c1eaerT• aan'1• ai11Uar Mrbe4 pot.Jlt ••• an4 aite ua auoca •nR"t.bel ... roou, \Ip prodlaoecl ltoae \oola ot polmecl and bnell artt qlliu W•l• (19511,, n.a.69). piDa tor akin the w•lta wbiah ••• kDalfa ».olitbio ot 'bll~ at St.er r1s.n. a1t• tar~•• cli.rMI ff14eaoe tor ~. })ro4uDtl• ar taat.-ng an4 lt,Ul •t.aarpala lirituh tnanaen• taun4 alftll& wit.ii Tari ... ao parallel ,rd tua.a wo plaiD pot.au ot '90M 19'2), or akime bcmea at elk (tta• 70) •we a~it1oull7 are •ortb.Y ot 1.Dtena•• a'1an with ldorolit.ba tor p,aboiJII •e4 •• bodk::\N tlaktna •.-...1other But pr•9"ede that parpoae. poaeibl7 ocaaalomllJ' and auggNU l•tber working luaea the bell4, •o the baD4le WOl&lclbe pauiblJ ••carpel pota~ Clark •ttock-b•cla J)erfontecl ~n- troa anUer tban reel 4eer antler tbroq.b or tor acme abd.lar and ahepea olotbillcJ ot to • ••ri• aGllte •• 1.. tor tnpa tar -- uaecl aaab more •~r11lglJ ••• e4&•• to to.na allOfth bffelle4 ne\riotecl 111• pertanUan ObJ•crla fabrioeted (19S,.., na-6.5-66) ••n Ilk aDUer •• CaJT, •1aal•t. t7pe •en A 0.JT• ocCUl'NIICe ia iatenaUJIC• J'rCIII ibe a.UR, 11Pla 1852 • V1o1911f 9!••(Settle, Wi 1ih two rcwa. ot 'bllrN; \be abon at N:YNA a \Jlo~erlelld ). {CU.rk 1932. 14.J. SciuUlva BrUaill aad baYe theu- tCllljlld. I.A uU.ke arq •~ere oo.paraoaa with ltiaerieU7 clc:ie•t •1• oaaatal w11ib • tl.1.IR 1Dduat17 la Monb-w•' i.ned SooU.nd. a,u ,,.. !be ..i, tontect ill •Nooutioa Theae polma are totely palnta tOlllld Oil MeaoU~o 2. t1lad •• lleitber ot 110l'ked all.U tiad .. •-11 ., traa Jn&l.•114and Wal• ta • reoardect cliao tram ..... per- .1,••, rmtem {cl.ark 19'8& oU*ic ftcel) • ,. ••s 'Dl• cli.a~er7 ot •fferal ••ablac•ill ir-•' ia .. , at troa to b• clia~ with a~pbio {aa.11.-t..a) •Olll'O• ot the ••l,aia, 'tbe7 oouli anetaoa ot attiaiti• S.l 'tio •twial, l"•t Ster Carr pieoM 'beooae '- .. n,. 7-.) 1951.,, ••t coeat Siaoe allber traa '• geaenl. ot tile imdia~ 1D41•Uoa §BE Cfn: {en.rt •' ta riMr ot ••ppaa .. Baltic t.• TffJ aip:ltioent, tor iiM •llber b .... ot Britain oerlain DO oaa be giT... But fiDda , ~n\ tl'GII tb• alte. ,... Jed •94 Bprk ot .._. ftada Brida ait.ea; and apia l9~s pl..DI); ltND •ed and Claa a• t.pva, 'Nea a& etfdifl aulNeq\Mlllt •• of reaia adwDON er •• .tloata aDll ooa.'enieaa •lpU'i•DN• aa U,&hU, •WNl"Oll8 layer (CJ..ric ot U.. anhaeoloat.al wri ... M'Ye ex:plana U.OIIIII .. JTOlf Ollell •1 tor ne'8; larp ot •~ ••• nre tO/lt' ooateuaere aad olothiag, roll• •7 ai..llpq haYe bi.rob bark, 1aiencle4 tor or t 'or 1.ta or •l*r-h•da• C111multe •• a •ovoe Siplt10.nl7 ｾ＠ ot ltNll reowerecl at Star Carr and alao a\ 'l'batomm, and ••em to cSelOent• "' S~r 'buil\ a t••ur• needed tor IIDIIBU»g arrow- reata ••• i.Dclia.w or mrk are per\iOlllarl,r §ME 91££ la ot kq ot 'btrah 'bark an wOlllld rolla wood OD Oarr birch iJno a liYillg a1ie productt.oa. tre• plaitonaJ were apJarentl7 alli Woocl .. r.u .. \ Uft bND uat.na core ax•, uae4 ea~i•el7 •nil tor banc1l•, •h•t•, ban wa7 ,ot tiniaii.4 (birab) •n4 other objecu. iurpoe• 'lhe 11C11t tmportent padc:ll... wood• aDd •Dother AD aetul ••retowd w1.aa"9o dur011t uae OD ••• per' •• tCIW!d 111 t..u or • wooden at•• another dndce4 frail .... All e.lloN and the suaaex abore; tll• riYer et aal..-on-'l'ba two • (J' .. 111>1970: 51)• ltelaw 5' ot peat ocrnred ll' It •• clva-•t t'l"'Ca ｾ＠ (lld) tOIIDC111a ahel.17•rl snaa troa the ATOii wlle, ftla••V•ll•7• 1-Dd •urta•• •t Clafff! (Jaaa) u: .. et §pmrdt• lz,u1abd canoe•• an old ooeatel out or •• oak tz'Ulllt (J' .... p 1970). ot V•ol.1Wa kllon tilld or baa 1:a oamee ola7 at Spardp1ieat (neer lra&'bollrlle). It• little paddle. Pur1ih.er eTi.clence tar •e aoll••d - elth~ lOIIICwUb • 6• "-rt th•• t'1Dcll au-.4 to ot 1AcSe,erm111a1e<Mte are an4 ~" .. erie aDd ia reed.._. (SurNJ, • ot 8 'ffll WPII MWPP!ffllP!J9! lh• 1enenl la arob.eologi.Gll OUlldaa,bllrial, ot babitet1-. i111P011e•tobjecle '-, aenae, • SITI 1a tbe plea. •hen .to.t.• •it• are UaueU7 1ib.. • ,ouaa, or the bMD •-4 after ai\• ,arda• ? heee ait.a •ltea', • to• 1eunlq ~t p-auda illpl.-.nta• ileen o.Ued ill wbioh a kill, n tber an or •lallar a11111 ..... un • cllaoorere4 it Ma .•ta•tom, fOIIDI wlaiall gi.Te li.ttle OODti'\i- ••re • •P. • •• Yraolltbia LOCALITIJB, la 1ll!p09aible to ｾ＠ Yi.dad paaitin uaoea ot _... •• ... ilao ooll-'i• 4utrl.but.1- 1'be queaH .• ia ~- Brit.ta. •7, , but al.7 H raaiDI, .r and, laaa b ... ot Keaolltialo Mir mob an~. t• _.. UJIHl..Ufio ait• ..a.r aDd oCJDtitioaa on. ta tool.a llaTe •billh •1'- .... wt• ｾ＠ ffi..._. 4eftm.te all4 MleoUT•• la .lrlt.1.D lcnc,n, Briuab ot kaalrn ait• eU Ina'\ • ._ •bola' a ... ll• N •• •117 ot ._ auONUiOD, t:n...- hat it •7 werwh-1-Sas •Jorit.7 1a poor ... i;reMJWUola 1a about the .. _... w ao w1clttloe ot aint.tcnpllio .All 1IDld ｾ＠ ae-.1 1n ..i,.11&1 ana• or .)It* b ..... \la the avtaoe, • cliNJ)pNNCI. of ' atnii.p9pq. •Clll'ke4 •n b• ara • ._11 '~p •• lnc1iTiduaU, 1•waa allllalllaDOeor Meaolt.'111.oai\ea beoa•• an -s,u-alr •• ar_. apeak flt ._. --•be......., Yaaolitllio where tliat u.e ••• iibeae aiw IY.. ao, cletim.te oanoJuai- •• 10,000. QI" a1, .. . •• •1• to.._ be poaeible pzoet.,.i.i. ~ll tleora' aquen And the7 haft aot alllla78 bHII r1oac 4acl iD41.Yi4ualq. it. •-14 ftaa it ..... Bri ta uu tlin et • t• 'abippurc ·they appeerecl to lt• plaoee OIi \he oUaw baad, tbe Peut••• therefore kaolr• ot an looelit7 tlla •r•• a..w.c1 wttaa •1 w ot \h1a k:lJl41 tAU 1a •PM1a~ •19 tt.M-ai,o\ widel.7 1D SOil~ l:o oOY.- w.U.-den.n.t foaa4 M'H out 4o ill Ulia • .-. ••t• are ta •Dd l..apl ... like ni4ence 000\&re lfNoli tide law <r Ml}qt.I'§Ic arm R-lm •• JlffU" IN Nat be pr.- iD anea • aened tiaea. Meaolitllio pololi,oal :"'or iu 'tence ntAt oorer keepina l1tU• •h•r• atertal •her•peat Dllt it 1a not ｾ＠ that a nd diaoovff7 prelliatorio liai.U.aa prnen, • reaim, r••ia• onen been tM cleane colleoted N~Ul.17 !be rNOrd ot Meaolitllio an.- 11197 •1 a. .AU Naim •1 ••• l• a-im ••• At,. Or, er.a •1 •1 ban NeD 1. be Nell to.ad Mat •rJUI ot tinda be uaerpN,ed? flNa ~). tiJlcll •• ｾ＠ • ••' ia • a-11 t.ep or 1-ebia4 a a1w. ap U.pt there .. ooapl.at .. lalaak araa& re11-. .. tloare' 1a ffnl.7 .lleaoliW.c •1'•· .... to halYe ooanaaiag i.111.li• ertiPce Jr(lbablJ' tor ot ••t• aoaa\1-- tOUD4 • • IIUl• 111)1.aDCl •~•· Pouibl7 auab •1111 peo1a1171a 11P bNII SJa aU .uotiaer arn....-ta NQ~ 0: cmipptap lara• baal4er., tia\ril:Ntioll. ••1• lwDtere •1111their Maolithio aheltere wa.. collecriiaa ot app•l tl'GII oae or '9o a""97 tU.Aia pidt .. 1abipplll& •U•(altMqh Ot tileir abanoiariae dittenn •aidac 1a clittiault7 ttae ••lbeUo Yapri• adeq,aa-17 nadll, Pl'OM'bUit7, apeoiam, r•crdecle IWftr t•-... Clwioua a1, .. ... ari.DN aa geologio.l tozwerd •• apleill p&t 1'heN are OD17 aurtaoe arnnc--• iD tbe oaae ot Thu or ltNA aalae4 p..UW or ••talMliq wAiob ataocweret OINl&piecl. nnw baTe It.- •1 Jlo Mrtlru•ka u, like or • .., wi1ibia -iv erea 1a nenr 1ooa11,1- :tnter,retaUoM a..-enl w lmentoocl. am tae ld.croli~, tliatwOl"k, 'l'hentare 4iatrilNtioa iD the ia.tt.ar. ot tbe n.11111,...._•lT•& rooted . mah .r aot beilti tlllq wlu Wl7 alip\. ot recorcliJI& 1a often la ~gree 'l'be7 bave too '11•1r arobaeologioal pa~ troa kAclaiDC the U..l fhia an t.lae .)at a'IICb •• chaAOM ot 11N9erntieD taotore b11t elao t.he tactor • r• reoo:l"de4. rMaina runt ne.~l ot a\lbeeq,aenU1 reqvJ.nmen• Meaolit.ldo a 1.tM ia ,1aeae al'#• b11t the obanoee ot diaeoYer!Dc ..... or 1a riTer Other arwa 1a 1Ja pNCNU• 1111at.bl• T9&e118ti011would baYe Mtiafied ainoe baa prcwi4ed • ata'ble Te&etet.ion •• 1A the Pemaiusl \llldia~ed, wbtrn tl11Tial. depoai tim Talle,a baa leken ,i. .. obaqe oolleniaaa repreaent "he place w•n ••po111 wh.Ua't ••iti.Dc .a. •-ot flint rauna. soae an or ahi-ldnAt Others, ot tlillt, pieoea rw!.M ten-.ae m.orolit.m, •7 1-e the ot ... •••t• ia wll H •cSe ot 'the •a., A aent1.0ll _, aitea, Mlaol.i\hic ot '11• JlelloU~o 80llt a:pl.a1111Uon t'ltataork •t ~ta 1a M daab' 111111 t thq rrue4 Widely •••tend the lt•• oould baTe per:loda. Age tU.nta that an4 the l't•l4e •U•were uaei, by thN• later ,aplaa4 eree•• tor <rery 1111Gb• the kUla .... ot ill the PenniNa Npect.117 aoubt ot their pz-•111oe iJI tqu theN died with one ot cm• ad.U-top that the •• •• ot en cq,...a.4 ·U. leoli.1ill1c all4 Brou• It l»• aot 7et l»eea tiral.7 ••'bl~ pieoM do¥ aaha it 1a p .. ibl• tbtlt 1 alopea bNY.r ra1• ra. that enbltl A f\lrtber tleab• atn7 had lay MeaoliW.C •cba.lta loai •oeidenlelq rea,iJ:I& plaN ot p• ror ...,......t,a OooeaioDelly, MNoli'lld.c a1t• 1ituaW •• baYe lMeJI 1"114 - beYe .... •7 •PMielly ot an apaaed ••tiered at 111a poet. •peoialq ••pcm.or •Y •rk the the••po1111a 1-uri-4 ill lu • look-out or that peopl•• and lowner, there•••no Jlllll'PC9• •• the ._o1ithiAs ... mmtue. 'l'here are MYenl 5wthern ,-.. n {probeltq ... aooo .e.c. •• -t litble o.altur•• or d.iatl'illutioll tit• ~"1 ind1Tidual NeeAiem ~. 1 ihere iY• of • ..... elaoat or AWltiD&p-GlllP9 •tJl&l.• IJ'OUP, ｾ＠ ot oo.atoaa1 ., or pleoe tbe 4ia,r1but10n ff• repl.,lr ... ..... :ta i.ao- an illdi•U• Ill additicm, IJ."'OIIPOil --..aiTe pot.au ia tillll• 1D Ti .. ot 1Dduatr,y 1a r•pr•••t- Ja117 •it• eooeomd.o inditioa. eD4 ~. ~it.. work a'ftilabl• ot ... oU.thic pepw9, ie or ..... ilbe •••c:aoiated liWo • ihouaanda ot tacnor ot a1, .. •rv .. ,_ 1a 4iatrilNtiOD oy oa=-1 MOloai.•l 19"-rll at ditterelR '-' 111'tbie ..... aatiure and cliatrl.bu,1• •1'91 mYe bNII ODGU.piedb7 iii• le ao praat•• !1>9re i• IIO pnuel .._._. '° ,ooo a.c.), •rk• \be anul Thenhr•, ait;e •7 nr.t la ｾ＠ oertl.S.nl.7 eakne11le4&e • ••aOJ1el or b7, dltterellt i., .. •7 about Uae »-oU.thic prcmeW..,ocmtlllllGUIIOOC111patlon cw.- oCIIE'l'Mpon&I to :rurtb___.., ••nu •• tar •• it 1a kaalr• BriteU.. ot kDO.-n att• to poiata IIODe Tff''.J wAtcb d.eacril> .. au .. ill Smthern up-to-•t•, ._l wmt u Br1t.at.n. with klMMD•bout l1111teed • ael.eo\e4 •r••: the ;. SCN\b-••t bgbnd. ,. Sou.ih-w•• ln,l•ncl· Ulltor\unatel.7. ioa end ••ologicel cbengeJ bu\ • •jor OOG11Pt tioa with la\er tbe lt .. ._oUtld.• au-'"'ot • •ctc• aecrtiom 'fberetGN :latrick, oa tlae beau Bolwl ar .AU.nUo periocll• tl.00!9 ••• ot thee• an ~nt: ot KeeolitibSia tne llan alOllg • etretob ot coaaUiae b ... tMt eTitenc• JU~ iaand ot \he ooeat • (•l•JII aulllbe.r alll"hoe a1t•)• ._~ \be ..- ...... 17 eoeatlilae ot ..UMaat CRJMDOII' mu (1181.at.rltlk et el 19}6) aad LDI ._...1a ｾ＠ belo.tc \o the ot ait .. •7 mu,. . alaoa, Cla7 ot Tery Maaaua iateroalat.1.- the •.1ori'7 ioo.w Boallff . It ..... pr.- Ila••b"a ooaat 1:ben ta ao preciae .. pea••.a.ta• det1Jae4 ahipplltc 11Gr~lan4 IYarJWb_.. t.beae attea rea'l • 'blaa witla J*,lea-claW la\e Dmiaaa •• 1a olitt \0 a.a are ooirerel apa~ lqleDd bee bMD. the orerwhehd.• a.1atr1•(:a.,J.Je). J'liata pelata 1-land rmai.D8. •loltc 1!le peper 'b7 • nc!T•re• ooadi.Uona ot preavq\- taetor Ba......_. 'bT .a. da'-• .i....._ .. f'Nll •rilepool ~eir ~\orio •itae •' •19 tou4 he• bMA wri.U• !bia unc!aabte417 retleeu troa th• aout.b. 1) little 8'.lrpria~l7 a\ aa., u.. 1a ,l the •rl\f ••• Poal-alaeial ' of the pnaen\ oamaeetede at l••t li\Ue --.l4 •t baYe 1-MD l.ooaW U.Dt (••• tta•}). in ~rl Tbentore witb • ooaatal MO work baa 'bND dODa to enable UII to inter Ye'67 llllab l\u'Uaer to \ae thee• a1, .. •7 11'• aa .... Dllt'or-.Mli,, fNa baYe , ... too the !IOQllll cliaouMM 'b7 .. iatrialc tta.. . lmollll at that at1oa, (l93lb), lo atteac,t ~-ltl.1 altboqb •4• •• ot attee IIOte4 the aaaber blat be _..~ ot loa- ,o a111l,ae the nriet7 1a a...a.t tale aitu.ti• anel0&GU8 to tibet 1a Ceza\ral Pe-t ,wa cliaou.uecl by Ballam ( 19'<>)• ~. 2) Radle7 (19'8) •Jon,7 ot laaa aul1aed aitea kaalr11 v-,. ea.a~, llhiab 1- aari.llU \bare ia a •:rited ot 'be ..,.. ot tale •U 1N 1ud• tiad tritalia .U... llaat the ell" permit an !'he .. •7 .U.a clia\ributiaD ia *8 •1.no• b7 Recll.q 'betw.-a 11008' a..S 1,500' ua ;heir at ~• 41.Moffre4 iDWria~ 7 aubeoU, ... 1. •• •bae ddUlllDecl • 1...,.1 that tbl"'ff ,ta. •U oancliti- ot eroaiaa (19'7)• 41N- b7 tire. tile Ute abMDM ot 4etaU .. Central atraU- baye .- A,pneeat, taeta )dtoln VJ)Oloeical ohrcaol.oaiael er other blaa DND deel"$ wi\ll PemliD• •1'- ot '!be •Jorit7 •e• to Oel). m tb• IIDor9 tlaat aN ecwerecl 'b7 PN'• pree..,.,1...CbiJ,iJW iawfaea pea' lte•eeD haa Nell '- witl:a 'fardelloialaa aorarn-4 ail• tib• ohoioe tloon, •• ,o• • ••• lM• peei alld the @4er1Jiltl CC11111eq11an~ U.. .S.l!Ude& tb• pa,,ere td cUavilNtua eaaloe7 -t whiob baa 'bNA ~ad •117 cul:-.anl, to .....-, •1'•• (196o) alld ... Ill aa4 w_pper OOID'S• alaac ttngera 'llbere PM' a117of Uleae olitlwl o11T11ual7 • ta•tor dn• al"N• M N aai.4. poeaible N-ell cliatiDD'l• lie •tAdn•P' an aore _.. 1, ia ••~ia J) and are a°" ~ad •U• are 111111'1 Q..IU, alll MAUI.U<2QIS. ~-- clo Nt 1Ml.olri-• pe.,, and Moe, ot ~-• •i4e the •og\h ot gritatcm. on the 'bread •pine aoore. ll1p aaae •all are tOQDcl an th• undu- b•••e:i•• h•dlla\ere and par'1.oularl7 ot •• ot l.ara• ait• GIi the ncrtb. although •peoul.q •loaa tCNlld t\ar\her the dol•J in billa, •Jori'Y aDOn 1,000• o.»., r1Y_.., .-, the baTe ao tar b"n aitw U011 a little \be peripieral Balf nv, lat1.Da wa\enucta ｾ＠ The IJ'.'Olllld,am ,11.U an wauual rwaiu ot ai\• pauei.'7 l>••tCIWld ia ai.'99 haft t• at la Yi• tiOA 1a .North-Mat Yorkllhiree '° high are oontiWNl alNDdlanoe ot a1woli'-• Jqua~ the •1 t. lara• 111t••~ ot ate11-. Balla• 1ibe aam1.aen,. 1, ..... ot oaapla, areaa, 71. aurtace (wbidl uuall7 •} A well•dretnecl lt) The o) Jfot too t1r t?"Oa riYera pr•.,.• ot en edJeo• 1a not to a,;.y t~t But tld• aoU). .. Dd, itMnt or etnea. aprinc or •terw.1•• Pennine ••••ml> lag• and T~!"denoiaian CIIID be oaapaNd,. the hillll then lam, to higb atirel.J TU riYen ( ... \rib•'tioll acwing clua-tered around rou.,ee eud &llaa 196(), •P ,) , eda• ot promnen rldc• a1, .. ·U• ltball.CM hilla. aclwaoe4 Yer:, tarJ and ~Uabecl ｾ＠ a:,ai-1:10 Aplll ten 1a J.G.D. li "1.e 11,.ra_.. 19'2J Clerk•, AJl&l,u. Altb-,b 1960). !he .. ana Mitllara pr•erwli• ot orpnio Yelleya (et. '!WOMILi m.LIJG, border1Jls •Dd ... 111.. ot aitu.U ...... then f'ort.beGIIUIC IUMJer _.. aen .. bNt t• baa len ••NlhiD& uar...at elacet all •n tor ,be am\duble tloore sre waall¥ Nan ftNDd •' bu .. th llON reoen\ ---.o ( Clark, lomt .. 1A riYer (or. pu.iD aharea or 1&1c.• (or. JIXZA.Mand IJtlflW(, u,- tnoea ••• a-. ta la.- 1ao .. ait•• or 1A clepmi'\a -.e Pam (of'• 1.AMQIPOPJ) •nd PIAOOCX'S r~al() • 'to 'be di.aoo,end OD aaave hi cli.atribution n..trcrc!J • ea aaaq n1CJRD.. iD Che llarto>Jc.), or olclae to ~• Jlort'olkJ I re•i• ｾ＠ Chippiag are aw 19W..). ere lmolrn troa acet and tOUD4 an the IIOMrll aurtaoe, -~1. ..... olithic Ul-apl.on4 1 kiJlda ot ai't:e baa not ooncerniJIIC.. olitbic aN•llbl..1• litbic oanyereel;, ._olithia hea been aya\e•tioell,7 •1'8 !aat q'1ia 'tha_.. 1.1. JN\ b1 no mena all atudy ot the -..riaua Cllll.7 a •inal• 1-114 Wnllalld, Dortll ot ｾ＠ we.lei heTe prcwict.cl •oocl P.,,,iNei ot DDl'Chl (ladle7 - tb• •1'8 'Daer• i.a ffr7 Th .. • aiw ot 1ih1• kincl in '- are emera••trC111\he dat.Yom- well .. dett.necSenaaelld 11hich }'Oim ot P••• aonmenta .. -the wbioh toll• P'iilB .. ae ... 4 to an end ht.U\op,. tar aba~lnc aDC1looali Another peaetnt bllt gi~J..tatone rep.OD But 1n the oentrel aitea 1a thli t ¥... oli lbio ndc•, along the Penn1n.. 1ibrcugtl Y11lleJlh pe i'ln'II loak0'1" paata indiaat.ea that the bwatere d.14 aot keep and ri••r are •"1 eoatave •it• or riv..uae Tb• preaenoe aeolopoal aipltia.noeJ •aal,ata lball u., •t•• • '-be NAd dunea •IV' UD4aio~ clepoai\a• prec1Mly !Ilia wh.t will wbiata baa alr•cl.J aihll Yarie\7 11111 '-• l>MD 72. u.nderlaken. 'l'hrQl&gl':outentern habUa'la to bewe been taTOUre41 ea at ST.Ai?CADR• Coaaequentl7 ••• BrJsl"nd ienersU7, llight lt• auppoaed th,it fiah.1ng end rawling S) fllro-shG11t ~• grwtv aet*l...mt ia 4iaoertaible ri'verin• a r1••rilie Ia prt!.cular 195') • 'l'bli11M,whiob •"• Meaoli~ .c auooist1• wi.tb ~e corridor tor monme:Pi betweeD Nat aDCI surre,, ｾ＠ of the T!Ma.... Am tilldll, Saa.reet aDd Soutb Vial•• atiwe ot e anal Suu•, awwa, 111 the Sauth-••tull eoially •ll7 aaxit-4• b7 ....-oua ha••lteen tnq\lelit, !Id.• diatriuulioa to blt'N lHtea Uae area retlMta uitorll ri•dne ~tterta 11a•tera or 4iatrU.u:Uea are kaolra tra of-• 1D\ .. •1 •it- loaeted retie.et • 1Te ow119'110A, al._.~ 1D4i•tea the w.U•ctreinecl ~n eroheeologioal ABiliGD OClll)I aphaaia; illtereat. or the Wey encl tbe illtluenc. 'l"be Yaat •Jori\y girdl•, GrHnaan4 an4 «very r .. , '!'he or aa .. an tboup again tlaia aucb •• Pill'flAK, ana C>ADANGiER MTe 'been 1DYeatigatecl •.Y8t.•ti•l~. e •tJ'Ol".o8tenderac7 tor the lu·ger poac1a an ta. Sur.N,r-lln1.pahir• Prenahaa pona.. and water tawl. Th .. • etntch 1'h• ... oli'Uaio ••i\lemeni llllnller of intereetina tntioa But the W•l4 • ecmoenU"atioa of archaeolosioal ot ••W••'t tuturea. ahii:,1<111& tloOI'd to b• located border • u~1all1' a.ar lbere lool,tier, at 'the al.H•thern In the ti.ret pleoe '\hen of 1iNDeM\ ex.a alOD&th• nor11b.erllU~ore1 ia .11ur lara• .. ot wa t•r would have bffll "pleie pattern 1• •P- litMrel, eatuar!JM 1ib• The ... JIDle oorr.1.dora w;ca the aonm11l'te of bunten. aurtaee Dore•'*• ill ot ool.OD1aeU0r1 (Raoki .. 195'; 91 Shlae 195&, 1'). •1"- on11iinl1 ._. baa tt¥r aaae workere DMA \Jl410- rep.on the ri•eriae alaoat tlilat tribaiari• ... tnollldilre BllOXJIOURD, LOIIR HALS!Oli • a Dc1the OOLIIJYALLU• ••- ia all 1.nteaae alaac the wrioua aDd Baapbire tbon&b 1 .. then ot 1'11•as. iirail can bi ot 11Nol1*1o lype towa4 along ita e.ntu-e ooure•• into 19ttn11 to haT• been a •Jor ••t - ia41oa-4 tree.cl it were UIIPQl."'\alltaotiY:1.ti•• par\ of Sautitn-D BrHaill (Rr*ille e,nd laik•ide regioll 1a • or the Iale C.lcha.nger •114 •i~ tiall aowa a •:rud oonoeaot Wi.lll'\, ill 7J• depoaita rele~ to the l•'ter •J"li.nJ • uuaar of aNc.ciate(S ot cbippi1>4. noons ahir•,i Utahire IIDE'l'llr. end nora.i, nor do ••ndiJ ac!.la t:l~d eroaion an th•• ot .tai'Rl'OI 1- ev1ci.nt b_.. OCCJU.I*U.OD or the•• erteu1ve •• (19-32) view that Meaolithic 40lffllan4a, Brome .Ap remaim mat ot &mp- ait• •ctiTii. and IWDICI than 1D Ule ell~ the sr•t.er aur.l.7 be rMpoai'bl• obal.kla.a. att.noU.oa for the apprent ill coaa- i M wen l•cliJ:lc ,at •pi.culture baa tendecl to c!el.11111.t r .. urch.; to aand;y aoila to aoil u ;at'-rn But a •I-peer to have be.a. • pot.ent loca Uon factor. thlr1 Clark'• tiJll8•• Kdolithio bND c!i9cOYV.._ cm the cballt °"tar.pa Uaollldi.J1a thu •Jor the riYerbe It WOll14affm 11.kel,y \bat h.••alao aettl ement 1a a ... gre and aporadi.. haYe been looe\ed Sip:U'i•ntl.7 aoulh•••tJ a\lbllll81'1•DOe ot t,ae ~oleat floo~ chip~na tor Meaolithic ms ... herc mdenoe amber Foa-t-alaoiiol alll of x.oli"Mlto laok ot Meao- Uthi.c •teral. 6) Tepoanpbi•ll.J', ( .._..., QaatOGka, BocSlda MDor, X.D4' a the and Bll4eaa), with tiatrifttioa ••ll lars• inteffeld.llc -.ew ot "9eoli'hu I•teaa aitea ua be diTi.cled into e) Colla '-1• ,) livel"llia• c) upi.na. •iha•u 1a c a.atalJ •WT , ... or dutributi.OD lam. !be '-bell then u • ••U.•..ni .... 1a opprent, tbe tol.lcMiJ:rloa'9goriMI e,D4 12por1aat et tiJSlWA.IJ:)aos, YJLLAl'm,am JLJSCOT'l'. beaab pebble tliat, aDI 'lill>e\ area• • IA8ftlll Taunts. a co- i"ina t•tur.. .an ..uau.117 ot RiYer wllq '?be Cllll.7 ille,or1111D1ia••elllbli1• Upl.,Dd llaaolithic oa Dlrtmoor, tJacl...._ '\be !!l.dMn att• ai\M Th••• ooaatal aooopa• an Glll.Joceaaia1111.l.J be.n •4•• f:rm !!BHOP'S !ULL, n•r la a.-,ual •ii l!INDallla 1,10) • !he al.D ftJldll la.Ye Billa, aaa paa-.1 •Jara•• •" and no ii.Teri.De pa\iert1 at.tea •7 ... oli~o ( Qrlmell 1 Ille .Bla.__ et ani.l• 1.Nidenee ot ope all.$ .. an4 na•roh aN no atntltied Jn4. la _.aU.•elJ' a1, .. ot hl&b a110rla1* ot anaJ,.Dd comata \be S•tlt1•t •1'- ba••bMD loaaW en4 DOZJQU POOLon Bodad.a JloOr • cCIIN8 74,. (Wallllrrigbt 19'0) o1a• nl•\iomhipa aot ol•r beWND - do ~ey urel.7 particMlar babitati pt1om •acmathe are or ••aoaa.l a-apeotl 111.~ •trild.Dc f•f.urea lara• ....... ooouw la • t1.nda ot ,raaebet 1111 to a'bou, llereli~o grou.pe tor • IAnati• ait• la ibe ••tb-w•t• ot Qreenaalld oh.rt url.Ted •Nil t•, ban •• el••.bere, clitteNDtate. abert fll-a Portland. and ax• lb• or aoae 1'he pre- ot the ••me groapa? achanoecl •• to enable the Blaakclalm and Baldaa BUla, I• addlti.oa, ot •1te •re, 1.Ddi.mte the pret•reaoe plaoe 'there ia a bi&b boideaoe IA the tint 1nvMt1pte4. tn-a tbeae 41tferent are aot autno1enU7 'there are two acat •.1•t-timll7 t'rom •IIDDI 1ibe •~eho1a. •hereaa the 'p•ti.t tnnahet• ot tb .. • tacstan elw!• preoue •ipiti•DN tor \he .._-. 7) the Mnol1tad.o ai\• WalJlllri&bt (19'J;. *erreta. totel Nf'leot oonoentrat.S gcwernel b7 retleot ih1a •7 • laok ot Nll•rob• • 00011.P9tionOcaN ,.,..iN••eeioa. 'l'he •jort.ty alOD& tb• belt ot lollland triDgillg ••tl4on !be ait• paper b7 bi&hland area ewer 800' O.D. tOl"IIII about be 1.Ddioati.•• ot an e0Glllaa1' WJST). to 'be largel.7 ..... and ao far encleace tor lreaoli.tbio t.bre• 1oaelu1... or l't •7 are tbe •li»Jeat ot a nod 'l'heir diatribuU.oa 1'h• eenv.l ar.e, of W•l• tbe ... ot BtDY B01MIS(ao..r) •••-.i., ..abeo1uteq i.Dolw11Jtc lara• quant1t1• '7Pl•l tu ahon 1,: ot the troa GIily tor the Welah uplaDlla ot X.oli~c Nlltb ea.at: aitea are •19 •e• w {at• llABIBAD, l'IIIBIIU.1'JIR and AlDRIS:tlll'm (C.rdipmhire) ot 11.ttonl •1• ot 'U.11pet aooopa•. iA S01&th-wNt xnai.na, ' M IPTPJ!RAV91er ffll tBTPASffltb IYffPCI la tM lUibio ?be Tart.a U.• l.Ddlaatriea uto • ... _. or on ~. au ot dirtdiJlc A• tar•• JD&laDd and l '•l• 1. The lllgl-iaa 2• lmutriN ,. !be Jlorebaa (ar !he noopt.ti• 1tie7 an b7 c11a,l.lld •ooial elitad.o !Ilea• ll'OIIPUP, _.. of ••ed ot tiaZOIMlaio dinaiMI of :Dll'Opee are cODOerlled, three wt. tb1D tbe MeaoU.\bio iclemifte4 ton ~e •• ill the abap• 11p ... an:ot.nsa• dittennt pea of ld.aroli • •1 tll.la the 11...U tbio 01.rlt. parliaalarly pron.dee • OODYeaieat .... alarolitiba, lna~ r-tm• •Jor grftpbrp are illduatri .. , Ilklaatrie•• atfiJllti•• wi\b Sawnterrba ot t.beae 1enanll7 11-.. ••lc1ea,) ~tri ga-oapi ., ... ... lirael.7 r.-aathe work OOD114erN •• cli.Niallar auMblapa ettea",•• r•pr••~ aep.nte • la ot J.a.o. •111.teotur.4 arobaeelesi• .. 1 -1 '-area. "the 111,1... •l"W around the Balit.o s.. , oen"t.re4 • ot •aae •ai-un diatinotiTe , ... u11 induav:, .... •iallaritiN in.o• DIJBOuR.D, De-rk· .ron.. DIJ,ING), ... !he ... ••t.al ta tu •noJ.oetael ia Saut.bera Brit.la alorolitbio wUib ... ..i. • 1eoaa•r10• the7 an el...- reatric\ecl a'N pnaeat la nnge t•tu.n aillpl.ioit.J'• vi>ea AN 1-J'Se with Nl•'*iTel.7 aillpl.e ill .re tram the The ..... { ot. STABCAD, to TriaDgl .. { oft• 7'. Dle), lrrepJ..r iaoacel•, and rarel.7, irreplar lllgle-ian ait• ot •,1 ... (aee ftcelO) • erblld ~• ••terni-rta loll-~ beiabta aD4 JoHn on ill cm.raot_. 41.tt .. 1an •it .. ill SoutherD Brit.1.D 1• centred ot IDgleD4, lllt '° 1,,00• ot wp la tile JUJISJ:af ana X:.rtaaw and thentare (at Pere~- iA ~. lllcldenftel4 (ladlq Jll»orata S.tla-.•t 1D poiata •uoll •• DIIPCd aD4 on •neral O.D.) at aihe n•r at afffl'al looaW tor eaaple on VeUe, to~ troa 'the TM ... •lao be• a1, .. ban aoae ot W•Ml'll BrttaiaJ ldplaD4 aaat aicroU.tha grol&Jla• The cli.atributioa -• .Abcweall, exceed 1• ill length, torua, (D6), •n.S tnnaitia1111l 'l'npea• (m). oreacenu or oUier troll thoae elcmpW aiiea 196ilt.);aD4 ma •nd ..U.n JnclaDd (1~1 l~O), •PNtall7 DOZIIMU POOL. are ea f•~ -. u• aDd lleakecl l»ladea ••• la •• pl"aeDOe oa aaet 11e, rarer. •1• of 1ibe .... , aze (or •• tDlliaaUoa ot Ua preaenoe in till• tora ,ot abarpem.1111tl.-k•). tNQunt 1D Ti.• lla&l,... • la U.t area• (•dl.q Mek1:11 toreat ao _.. 1:baD ea b1.gblaD4 •it.I ewer•• 1 ... a.me •D4 obn.Oli8 la lligbl.an4 196A.,: 20). talaae 1.DcJuatri• ooaUJlellul • ooatineDt.l iapl.1• 1a Sm1ibtll'll .Brit.1.D wbicb apprcaia'9 SaUYeterrt.aJ altillOlllb nalTOlf.-, ~QIN <-~ •.. 1.. 82), areacena •• ot the tena doea baa.a aDd 1... uer - aTU'ale ~n tball 1• ill llJISthJ · loac• • Dlla), aarrw (D2) aD4 wrla. the produidian 11po11 of 'Yff7 aall • tbaJ 1111Mb ... ibaA • oeaU..'ln ｾ＠ .,.1; oriain tor the P'CNP (Clark 1955; WaUlllrlabt 19'3) • a • terlal tn.o lllorol.1 Moat an are acla aore az• tora, eocnc:111V, the I , ... 1'b•e nsastn•"'1111 ,m11nw olaael.¥ to •• Th• ,_.. ~laD4 wttb • the caateapor.17 •114 Jlellan '!here are lllpq 1D IUterD of "their ellppOMd auocuU• a:pla•U.• nn ian ait• c11au..,1•1W1c Ma !he_, NM ClbaaoteriaU.c •roca•ltlut.d fnpaot4 aD4 •PM'i-• MlallllGlliaa clon .. tora (1>7)• are re-1.q allalte • t~ •re Tria•l• orb~ Tb•7 e4g• •n 4itt~ (Bl la ill olaanot.r \o lflaleaaaua 919 •...U.~o ~nt el•d dittennoe and ot' l•la81 ai\ea PNt-&laaial •t ~• ua JNt occur looal1t1• iheee aurpnaiJls. oomequ•nU7 Coeatal io ~ia (Clark pQlp •1.atr1wt1on, ua t.h• 1a upl.11D4 are.a •orth tbe7 are a1w- It 1a pnenlly 0Jt ire.a ot •• en Dnoo ... ialM, tba t c~ ot at the oliaaa ffell Vl• a1-enoe ua S•UI ai'-9 lnglaD4 and and :North YOl"kahil"a Moon. oaaat. flo .. area (•N Norlbern elld the Jlortb-••i, Aaclta ｾ＠ With one a&•• •glea:.ae1ea PMBiNP Were ftlaiiTel,f TeaeteUon; bNll a~ to ·~• •s.wewrrua• •it.a are looetecl aandy ao.Ua or clOM io a\ecl • all ot t;.nnabei to Wal•, In oontraat end " .. ' ot SnglaD4, part1cularl7 a1t•, ooou.r ewer an B'temiYe auob 1nc1ua1:.r1.. ••i soou..a. •Jori'7 lheN •a.uwi91"1'UA' Britiah fraa Baat AD&lv aDll Linool.aahiN la.la114 tb.e • • \be oaaple\e •• .._. Diairlbu.t:1..U7, tia•lO), tan1. 1a oonaidere4 Corm9U Uft alao l9'J)• 19551 almrriabi ta• lmbe• CJMlfee}!MJtlR AA• t l ••• ot the Borsbaa ll"INP abcllr•• a1x-. •ai.-u• of all tbe 41-UDIUYe &NMtri.e ........ 811d •s.weiwrua• t.,.. ot '- ..i.. ot IIDnbaa a1, .. , _, tatie TaltCed Paula(~) aa4 tbe 'Pe'1i alae ot ld.orolit.ba ea 1a •• the 111111.-.s..a lower• Bonaa• a1-.. 1)pol.osiaa~ d•cr1Md 1-a la aan naui.oiecl Jilt ftriaD1a \ilae Boll---••4 (lonlla..) tarw. 'l'naabei' indiYidlaal aiie 1a • 41ait.mt la nlatioa llw.w•, ia of"• con 1 __. t.b011Pt to be abaranw- o\her Pal.at (P), the •riati• M witla W14e• axe -1.WDt, althOll&b the ta a\lbelalliull7 io alaroliiba (Clark 19J9). theza, llolwha• ••Nblape uv- ... SG11tla-••• ran. and tDDlllde an or •s·-·•err1aa•... ..w..,... 1111,1 ... (ftaelO) • ｾ＠ induat.r, then ot acea aDll ada• prepor'1ca Mtabl7 tJpea, aloroUtblo two Pl"ffi,-~ Blat ｾ＠ io be • oClllplei• i ••- ua ita ranae• !be ot -.i.m, oenved tale Gl&l\ure ..... iO N •re aan wried c......... 1,-,ihe •Jorl.17 ot •1~ oa the 1•14 NprNei*ecl 000\lt' t.baa either Borebaa culture ill the ot lent a..S Suau 1a Ell•\ Malia aa tar FIGU /~ 10. Location map of the principal Mesolithic sites .. ''o .. ,.ce lir.:t ovcrl0.:d a '3auveterri~n e Horsham 0 Coasttll ' (south-west) !·WI er 'ffll ffliEfAL !OOQLIUJic §IDS Il! S9WHJBN fflITtPf MAP:Pf!Jtl 1. Brl&ba• ,. At,. Braxbou.rae Col.ne D"paar 2. 5• ,. 7• 8. 9. 10. 11. . 12. IBUM:I v.u.,. l2• ll• Abinler coaaon Add1qtaa .)I... BeloOlll>e l5• B•edi• Doa••re Poo1 a.rU,pool "· Bla akdon Iokormmw aor 1PlD&ComaD ,a. »• Cberldll l7• BlaahemeU Downton ltO• Fardlaa x.111111 Lower Halatow Mtreden ~. Baaaocka 42• High Boak.a 4J• Iwerne Mim ter Kidd1•07 ｾ＠ ll• Shapdak 14,. · Star Olarr i.,5. 15. 1'ha tchaa 4,6. r1n1·• ,, »• .!Piaw 1'. Battwa../XorU.k• 17. Bnncl•lNrtoll 18. 19. 20. Wood Oekbanger P .. CW'YeD Portland 1,,.7. P•cock'• Para i.a. s .i.. tell 4-9• TUpte Woocl 50• Toa Bill caasw.(s.w.) BOZ'MN Jlo19ton Sldpa• 51• Buffy Bol.Ma 52• ComtaDtine 1-7 53• Da7ligbt Roak 11aaco,, s,... 55- Yree•ter 'MYYBIWH•' 2le 22. Baqer- Slaaka fh• Beaoan 2l• Crin1oA Dene 24,. hrndal• Moor 25. Glen Wb_JU.n 2,. BaU Mar'1 Hill 27. LJD•Bill 28• lf11Tle7CroN 29. Preata tJD JO• Waqtord-1.ekenbee )l• While GUl 5'. Jl(ab S..d 5j. Y.U.na. S1• P..,i~ 58• l' eat.rd th fl•' /Jt•Ba•'- Bol (et• FSA.COCK'SPARJI)J ••t.erda ea C.llbrida•hiN aorih (et. DOtN'l'OlCand Ii,JllN'IMIR3TJI), and •• far •• Dora•t (ot. ill Wiltahire P<ll!LAJQ))and Glouo•tenhlN SG11th Wal.. , and the Iale fer ~h probl-tio.l• Oertainl7 ao aoepl the ... , t.D DffCIIIand Oormall, llow tor the Bonham cul~ traa the three •Jor aloroliWo •te4 ~--t, tn• 1a rev- •1'• ._.,..'been in Jaat Aqlu, Cllll7•• and then •• Cealbric!lae• .A~rt '- further D NOGl'd4t4 Dortll ot tile Tham• Valley olaiald Iu ot Mani 'bllt •rea•ta la . th•e '1'00 BILL). (et. Fo:lnt, baa D.. Bo1.lo.-uae4 r••W it 1a npreadecl &laeolithie •7 eaayen~cmlq or S011i.ber11 Bri'8ia, 1Nllatr1• there that ftrian1:a reoopiae4 20, l.95.5&18J Weinlrript ot ih• .A4ftncecl t, lhll"ri,rala to the inelopaent CRISIWJ,1411, 11)d.ab 0C111tri1NW aiplt1oaaU7 ot the 'S.11Te\erri.e11' illlluatq •-er autaaon ba'N nrioua baY• NeA • fc,u,ri.b .i .... wiUwa ia 1:hi• oautz-1 (Ar.-troltc l925J l9J2s Clark 1'63)• W IW'PX SI W9!9NI9 DTPW acae later To anUaipa'8 comlua:loaa, it -t aa • llilole the JIMolitbiO Brit.in oc:apl.e\e .......... uU.hft017J they Mft }«'9Ga aiaiaD ... Shiia• (1,21..) ke ~ncl iDdlaatriee time, .1.L.Ara1.roltc oomeque11Uy •rk-4 atronc the in Belliua, 1D Jlolderneu 1922, l92J ) • •• eomider ,o reoopia• • ••i• inauatriea, aorolitlii• Br1tiab 'Broad Blacle' and 'HarrGII Blade' ,nc11-ter w at "thl• pala t.D that aDG reqlliNa an b,t • Drietl7 wm Ila. • t. Bllakle7 WN the tint •ND VPC>loaiclal dirtalom CoawenUoaal DNA arrivad wi.ada OODt\laeclaie\e 1a 1Jl a Tflq encl it 1a imtruoUTe Franou diriaiOD n~ N atreuN achocau»c deol•N4 ••n ot 1 .-i ... 1oa or tl»t A.natron,•a ta the Pinmi.,.. ' induatr, • Cllltural 11i1ill •rl.7 conaeotioa. be- (1921) J Tar4enA.rollll4 the the boae poil&a touacS at llorm• that t7PioPl when be c11au...,1abe4 1Bduatr1•, •arc.etBla .. typologi•l oonti•atal cnaltun aoenUODI 111,1,aaeua iato t.ne, •Del en4 Eaatel"'D Jll&lalld (Anr at MDther Grullldy'• Parlour, 61. .u er ... •cae ot ~. l••' ,o hi.a._ •ugg•MCI ortaiJa tor., all iDdigeDOWI iDdwltrua (Araatraarc 1925) a lie uawr- )(.eaolitllio Bri\iah ot poaaibilit7 . ••UJrc a auniwl ot the prorinol.al ,encSene,to poMt.rio 1a l9ll ._.,. IION .,_u.W ~-- •i- eqdwed '!b• •Jor l• •• •n n. woalcl ••• reeei•e4 paaitioa 1ai't1al 1.llduaU'i.• oonUMDtel YeriaU.. ot • ,oPt.u.nd', elld •Pl'••ecl ·rea•roh- ... •Ull •llbHQ\lelltl.7 •al debt to But Jaia Be aaknalrlelcecl the •t, oaiJtC ,o tbetr *-• ocatiDeDt, tbe Bri'1ab •114 •Olll.4 1-tw (Clark Ial• llaa•• 19}2& 92); •ol.0111.aa'1• t.no lnwatri• (19)2: t;wo 18) • •la JION &NN419 : ( '!ardeno1•1.a•') aDd .be 11l&aaa-1• ararieriae4 of•• -.17 apeoul .And ot boae polDta et •&1-1.a11 en aow.l Pare ld.oroUthi• lt7 Ille pna .... to t.bet \be diaenerl• ot tbe BriUab are.a,I-· ot Xort.urll tl"oa t!l9t 4irecRiOllt Ida cli•iaioll lliorolitbio ap119ren~ Cll1t;una 1ibe W.. wi~ 1..-J•• SD&lADdrepnae11W IJ a •114 Ua OODtriblltioa to other llioro- t.a relaUoa tne I .irt.4,J 1a obri.CNII• 1 1.,._ t.be taot •• ._ pal»U.abe4 ta 1932 -· of tbaagbt ... aD4 be aoeepted ~nt mti'we 111.oro- l.oaal or prorill01.al . '"8105)aallU a ,enc1eae1 --..- 1A Jutena to 't' in troa, lbglanct 14eaa he Suni-..1 aat he•• aeasn;pd.o pr-oai.17 A&• 111Britau•, ot • 'Crenelliea perliaenl For.at alaibi' Buakl.Q aDll Cbil4e, l1'1d.o illluavt.•• •b•i.Dg •Dd oore az•• work ot •1111ibeaia• pou~Uit7 •Ol'kff9 •• a1-.. .U.ndiDI lleaolithio woricnw like reprr lMat •lnaQ ffeDU •• 119PR OD 'endad to 4el.1al t patt.rm •rlier ...... 1 ldoroli<tba Clam'• Briuall the kwa 1eneraU.aed -1.tun, t u fC)J'lla. .... 111 Id.a elauio Cbilcle, 'A-utipaau11• ua ,_... of eoDUMD•l induaU'l• li~• aioroUti• ,a..w1u1.,,.., Jloanw, tau. la•el with • det'1111tel7 ~t-f'1eiatooene lb• •rli•t preted i., tbe ...... 'lllero-lNrlD'• 1'•1'danolal.all Ult'lla ..... ~$ ol tamabet atVJJNW aDd 41aUllpiala .. •x• aDd MOl'I auab 1.mullb1.• ,wo aub--O'Wl)91 .u, to 82. ,) ,n •rlter in.a.• 'b) •• • later • netiv• aeoaetn.c ••1•, ••ll 1"4 '1117 geoatrl.c ad.Ml• 'l'H'Cleaoiaun ot -· 'Ta:rduo1.at.an•. evolvi.Jtg au'\ ot 'lb• •rliw, *, alrool.i to W. DO V'i.c .1, .. of •IV dw• ... , JD&laA4, and•• ••1141', 1iplaDd o.r Ia tile 'Dia_. end Limolwbire, Clark l"Napi.M4 'aloro-lMari.A', aD4 tOIIDIItti.ir 11°0Q (•peoiaU, Jlaalwun •11111,1.-.1.aa• •• In oul~• 1•14 ~.a. ••• •1~. bQ\ aaa.J attM Pou• , •• • later ot W.at a.1114 Smtih- •Del 111croltlba ot w- ana ..,i.... Whlcb •PPINDt17 oloa•t Anglia to • wriant ot tbta 1ih•• lowl.aDI aitea au were abaneteriaed 'T•rdeneuw•) 1111trid1MU• •nl \ha leok•4 •1* "the BalUo penllela o•Uaental 1"8ohe'i the lebel uUl later. aoa-geG1D1a-1o 11iorol1tll 'nriaU.• beta,een 'b7 tibe 'ld.m'O'"'burlla', toz,a ot lliaroU.~ lteween the axe -1...nl and he •OU&htto 4-tnte Tara.aoiaun; peru alld narihalrda through ldt Clark aoted • grw't and aew'trri• (1... uplei.M4 ... O"WP •• • whole OLLIIIG aid LOOI HAI.STOW) • elthoup not atri~ •&•suaa Y•llq at oaaatal loatiellll. by Udabe't 41.at,apiahed 1eometri.o \ype. w •• w ,i. • iJ1n1a tf.OII' ot TardeJIOlaian lo lte oontinecl to th• 1Glllen4 GrGlllp II •--d IJ"GIIP •• lat.e Tardeno:la11D OOlllcl'bt rNOpiaed 1he llri.tiab tor ald.lt1,ec1 • pndi.lenioD ••t .11111Jor~ 111BrU:ai.a eca.parabl• llldlaa~• BoweYW., • •U:w• am Corniah at•• Welu '•""°"in.a.• to th1a Clark nternd 1'bia be • t "'5.buted AtlanU. Tb• 'to the a:raQe afflaiii•, He reoapiaecl cmraoter- aracl-nry • udlar at ZDNBOVIM• Penninee all4 , ... •ua .. ｾ＠ but ill wbiah el.-nt. epi•hlaeolit.hic inauatry ••t Jn&laD4'bel-.ie4 On lbe beaia ot b7 the ·~4 Ta~elloi.aS..n ot ZOMIIOVD (lelg~, podibl7 iDdua\ry b•t ot the Pennuaeea ocapenbl• auemblag• (~paaeVi.o) with the •rl7 hre ••a•,repreaente4 tno pre-1 ... a ooraiatellt :lJMliridal Boll.-baae4 ~. he and Ula looal oorrei.,1oa wiUl -~ •rte•• lllah •t Clark'• nllllequen\ 1tO%'ktwa bMD dew"-4 to ••• i' Nlclen ai:tea, a,. end ta 1,,,. he eooorded '° the dd 19a'\ AlfClu, tbo•'belolls..t llhioh be w t.be auooeeling ot t.be •rlier frail 1.D&hatn• la ta. hl'lllb.-m repo~ the I.au and .an,in ot •• v.al-ian '° 1, •• .,.,..,.a'-' ia •• aaltun. a1tU1,1... The •al•aaeS..11 oul .'8ft ihaqbt that; •era•ot oulture or botb, u Cl.•rk'• tnpn"'l'- v.•l• lato onr, araeol.o&i,•l appniaal et•• ua• •• appliecl .. ot t. \hiad»c; iadiaarild.Datu., •- ••>•a•lbareot.-1.aed • cliatiDn .... 1a.nt1. ... of CNt 'b7 aeoerapu.oal prob- ｾ＠ \erri'-7, aDd Clark 'ba•iaJ the l'N'-"t OIi ot oOD'9ot bew ... lol'IIUa ab•iJIC the tao. .. la Jnclaad •114 1-atri &J"GIQlla,pez Up w:aW .a.e ier, Brt.t.111. CNl ture, rr W bi.a oonteap- on r.- 1ihe tent 'Tarcl...U- by luropean pnhlatoriam 1t1 the ·~· •&1--1a•a.S )vbr14 ana atoo4 IIIIDhallena .. uUl ta 1955- the de-uaw T;nolasial ... oliihio •• oa •&1-1-11 ld.cldl• Tarclelloiat-11 ..... , '- Tarcleaoi.aua ai.tu.Uoa ot 111the ••• 41na1oa llapMOllaa, of the nl»Ml'&e4 aor\b S• Ute .. B• 4ropped tllaa h• lla4 'be coino:14ellN Ula t the aoraa.a aituaW araeaeotiola kJM:lia'nto baYe entered 1.mo Xeatern •• the trlJts• apna4, it OGll14 mrtl7 'ftleretore, .i ..... ~•r 1,waa aNMM W.. re,prNenW Olllture... ••1•117. 1'ala H-4 w IN lHlrDe "'941.U.om. cllar1IIII 1ibeBor.l dffelopaent •uoreu11Qalture•, Be thua naopiaecl Tart1--.a1a11 ~ad • •tl•• 19'6} lla4 uquiTOealtl.7 llorNaa the Boraha• he aaalgne4 Cl.ark dno'-4 the atroacl1 _.e t1nhntqu.. atnlll repreaent b1a •z-1191' appniaal • Clas ·~· -eablaa• !DduaU7 aD4 1'8 wi.dier attiaiti•• tltft"llbte end ._.... (OoDUMDtal ••• 1A the AU.nt.1.e pen.o4, (Cl.ark A Benkint l9l9,, the t the axe eleaaDt •• prntoual7 .Bor•l the la'bel (Clerk et .1 is,lt,). 'Tardene1a1aa', and referred the tera he applied (et• Lal'D 8AU!OIJ), ea 1ibe -t perio4 ot tile • •lden 'M • clia..a1on 1•r, 'llozwu• •• the allab •• BROXBOOJINJ alld ailrilar rel..,.11,1.D4wltn• lbe • ._._ ot dr --~ 4en.Ya,1Ye 'L•m- .Bal.ate. CW.tun• p-GIIDc5a~, •• Dl the ... ,o DDD-&eoaetrio alt• ian' Valle7 Tba- aepen :te eul1iual (Clark 19'4-) • !al'deDDiaS..11' • 'Ma&l.... \hea t ... D1qaeJ lNt '° ld.oroli~• INbaeq11eD\ 81+,. led to en •ppreoietlCD r••rab• tNbmque and ~e Uoa ot • d1a t1nei reoopi to the hrdenoiau-. and with a reawioted 119rellela 'bnwMD the Britiah led Clas w re,nat SalffeterriaD imiaUJtc of 1ib• ... e wideaprad , ..... ｾ＠ Id.a Nrlier P"OIIP, uaarelated S•unt~a llOre obri.oua dili'R'il>utiCDe 1.nduatri• end the .Prenab S•UYeterrhn 'i.Dduatn• Wftd.Dol.011 and auba\iM• tor 'Tardenal.aia•'• atfl.n1.ti•' OOCIU'NDOe ot i.bia cm• Preaeb or1&1,JI tor Bri 'tiah with lior COllld be feel .iuatitiecl 'Seunterrt.aa• induatri• ua (Clark 1955, 16,-18). Ill reeent yara to Arabaeolog ~nt \hat -~ triblltional lloilt {195') and bclley are not oantine4 (19'0) •• Wbilat X.U.ra 1~1 end it 1a • reproach II ttempta to accept the to teke a took ot t.bia rN.lit,J ot 1'1gl...-1aa, ••4 a t"tention baa been turned to 41.a- a•PMRS• blapa w1th m••aome to light; workers ••• em Horsham varuna; bnld.ae tt .. taota there mve bMn no aerioua 1.DtonaUOll!I •saUTe,errua•, i _. inc11•W to Soath-••t th• OOGUrNDOe baa ahoarn '-' •al-un (1969) baTe • .-trete4 :lngbn4 aaa...iag• •it.a • bl"Oe4 Blade' ~. •••...- •aila· liaimrigb.t or to un4y 1 ot lfllgl..,.ian tu Pennine tut 1a SOl&tb-w•\ UMUIV7 •• Jnal-n4e •fflD- fJ'CNI1a11land JnclaDd (Redl.e7 A Mell.are 18-22). Detore .,..iderlnl t.wDOld..o aob••••it MODGIQ' aJld a. Ung. the nalU7 11 blperaU•• end illpl.iaatiom w daw ot the OOlfftinti .. l tJie evi4ence tor mbt.t.at1aa., 10 ffll 9JIPZJCI! <rMPQW'fflIQ JDiJffll Th• nicJenae tor cllel.11.Dgl lD MeeoU.tb1c hrope areJ bi.Ii Pl"'NeDt .. teadecl iA .Id.a food qu•t rm•ed ~• u then autftcdent to abanp la 19,9, and tel\ aituati.OD to witb juatiti.a •ua•" tbat •n •••ODIi•Clark tbe 1A c1ietillpiabine a.>11:naooaatruotecl ldr.ldl ot n11t'icial diatinot l.afarmU. Jda b9b1'9Uon a 11hole ta at •• bJ ».olit.bio tao •11 (O..r* 19)9: 9&-107)I a) Light, tliay hape the bu1a b) witb • woocleDtra .. ork, camtn10tiom ot •• Jia'fflao ~- Of .Ariaoa.. palaeo-Aa1- t1.c an4 AJIOieD't Jak1.M ierri oa *• beaia ua-4 1n ot e~phia 81111aff 1 of IION no.At In Ti .. Urttiab ffi.4-- 1111tuftl ahel'\ere dtaoovert• - ••• e.nd roalc be••been taull4 b• •uuaaW Ula• tlw toaw ••n tna. it ia inQl'ell\.UII with o.n be ~red lJI BrU•i.D, ot '-'1•• ill the wiAter .. 111pe,rlic,w.ar Where •wU.ble in&latry i,araU.la, an4 the lat"- llaua• CG11Penbl• ·with t.be •riib dwelliy, Semi•aub,..-raDNll reoalli.Da pu- it .... th1a that. lllaolithio a11.i,.... '\o ... bGlr the Nb•••· lmlatnw loak to wiUl • m.crolitb1o Lwela Parl.au.r. amJIJILL (Anlli.rolfs at llotber ~·• 1925), .IIMG JIBTJIJR'S Clfl (Baaa-G1117e) ~net tblr VIC1'01ll'.li CAO, Se.Ue 19.}2)• eroaiOD l!lql091JII lea clitta In the W•14, Send rook baa prc,nt\e4 nat'Uftl rode aheltere, V.088 ot Jfnolitbio Clark 1,J9s oooapiiaa, -t aotably ot loaer 'l'Wlbridp 1iella which••• JielcSet •it• or 'l'ILG.t.TI WOOD(• .. aoae or the lo6), BALCOMBI (J'eNllp 1970) aD4 BICBRC>C'ra (JIODey l9S.) • ~11 tbftit • t1iDt indl.ultry or Borebam type 1a auoc:tate4 pnotae aignittaanoe ot th••var.laua mtural (Claric aultel"a with burtba• 1n ｾ＠ At !be or •••011al 86. •°'1Yit.iea 1a ..... •zwai t.a ••• D.. illbabiWdi ot Delaadc {Claa l~-"' oc t.eapente .u. nd.•t.1all), el.iaU.c •la•ot .. the II' ｾ＠ , Brit.Uh Iale ot CULVIR I ILL GIi the Jars• .,..,..... ot Jd.taben m.&leal aad lncliaat.1•• or t.aterat."•t alaba •• U..tolle lai4 "rteteeta a11 8NOOiat.e4 sur la) Col.De V•Ue.1 a, De.-r ｾ＠ lr aNGllk BUl. 1a at.au- plat.ton • parallel 7Ja1a ti.l* r••rb'bl¥ - aD •.S.pat1all to • ..-, ot tbe aotml lndio.tea w-.••• ,r ~ro• uelterw • Briiiab •• aitell• bNll cliaOOMNMI 09apa ot 'biftlaoo4 •• at tb• iiiar.l bt. (lak•1del oaa4i,ioaa •1• .r Duw.- •114 flh_. (acCKll!'\'liJlg •11ill Clark'• .. -~ (Clark 19511,). lo dNlliJI& bclffYR MaffiV•• Duv._.. 1.D the loaa-.S •• progabl., the tlOOriJII ot lipt. 1a interpreie4 t.1111111 nalnl •114 ia ia\erpreW 0.ft' · Ai :3VJl CAll1 an arWtoial '811Cible ffi~ ot i.Dlluaia7: •> •• (iD or but. Wi*a Jiagl--1.P OQCRlPeti.cn lwel• lwela 1, - oocu119tic111). • tloar Ia al7 tuu- iJlllt.DOIJS bl'fe uwoea ot ar'Uu,uil. ｾ＠ eore- 19701 S,) 1a • large ooour at. ari_. top ot ibe ad.Mr, tor !Sel:olithio •ellillp I~ ( tena?) •bd _.. ooaatal ld.&IIM (et. PorilaDCI (Palmer - ...... pcuiol.¥ ih• tloar ot a abeltc ( D.-rkJ. Altllaap, ootlldned iD Swt.b lial• waul4 ••• aaadi\tw (Pe.Aell.U.re, u na•ti•• or Glll7 abort ooau.i;.Uaa; elld cml7 -. •1-·ao produoe4 m.4eDN ., 1t r9th4tl' WIDer'alll, fclr •D,J k1.D4 ot babi'tatiGD a\l'\ICR\ll'ee 1-rp the • caaltun ia\o anelGQDIIIIai1ell thQ' ._.. OOll.1}494•••a1all7 111 faa bi.ng aupply, •• iD Uatt ~le ree•rab r••t ureatoo4 llD ... tne• aitWea 801) baa ltaelt Bmffer, that S~nU.,, illS~ilD t.r are ot tM oaaatal the 1•r, ~' jl.). la the Bebri4M augata pen-l Unonl the W'i •tana .1aag ,...ina. •ba911Ce ot Ul1 t•un.l apeakusth••..-u.«.eniaWCllal.4 a.w lbecnt.1oa1i., and •Y .ill ｾ＠ UDae$1Ja, J.A ellalyaia of Dllaillb V.gl-t.11 tvpoUNei. ) b11t. Siar Carr wa• .i..t OOOl&pie44viJlc the water oert.Ull7 or • tnoea S.biteti.on or (X)LQ Le,ard at the aite wu. end clepr ... iaa' V.A!Llf ta la•• (Le,art •ncl -.• deep aa4 conteille4 boll- •N roone aoae ••7• 1a 1Ht wiatw quan.nJ vi..-po:tnt, aoeP' iJlc •o tllaa7 r1-.'8). rill&8' (Rwlt or oiNular bt.rab •Dd •UDc tb• WN'e a1te, • ooaupiecl W~ • Naim ｾ＠ tor a U imt:NniTe P"GIIP ot h ... ｾ＠ 1 OOD0•'1'11tioll ot an acnual ahelter mdenoe at tao• wlue 19~: or Worth traa tbe type atet1a11 ot cJurinc tbe .. ,,,.,. 11IU, •111&•'-•• rocka Butser (Ma~, IIDlltbae BIM*le7 (1924-) tau4 tour abelten, repnaa\ecl (Jt.-5 aquare yardl 1D ana), Of wOJ'ked tlida ua. cnarlJi.Da. OlaJ'k aoeepla to Tb• Beaburaia• a1t .. , to Jwtp ....... Th• nicleno• troa ~. n..n7 1Sa-U"Nt.rri,aa') ha••Npr•ent.a etl"l&OtuNa H"• r91dDiaoeat ai.ld.lar tw:K,tic:m. Cl.-rk (19.)9J U.aa,aaei,era. (S tt&o,cbt to th••atom ••Med to 1.D4i•t• o1ua,uw 'tire-pi•'· .. 19.)71 ~), At aDO"ther .Eunine ot wbet aa a atone Hit1Jla •ilMl.7ot reiDIINr •enebn• fraa • atet:latioal tnoea ｾ＠ aot cluatailar ea- bi.dee ot 'teata (luat l9'2J dOlnl the .,-.. • tipi .lleiMdarf tor or apimt Carr- '!hia tbe7 1n.rpre\e4 la both iatenc A•riaan .a *bee• wcaal4 (19.)~ 1 bypoth•ia, 1a ,.... ... ~7 1D 1:b• llaaburg region •r• w weipt •eel 'Dl-. ri.•e::- graTel.a aD4 ""'9811meltl7 Clark'• s-.r ODe ••• - pciulbl.7 • teDNtence, or tor • ligbt wooclen abeltar , 19'1..). Aa.loaom atODe at~lll'M ot onl plaa OD late- u.N •U•• at ab'9illed (21, or tor ue ot pit;-•el.U.ap, the babiut 'B•rtba at~•. i• ao cJboM* nidenoe Vi_.. ANrtbae auueture a.laoial , al\._.. ••• paMible (Racll.e7 It .. ••ia ot Oa tbe 1927: 500). ot the lat'4tr ot '- aoooped aut to .. 7 that wlaiati wmld that tloore 1.,. b7 MiM '• beep ot reclllenecl h•~ •• 'either wind-Dreeka •, Ql U>erat-17 .k k1Jl4 •ere diaocwerN a• wi4e AJril). (October• ditterent .. b7 aoe••tioa. rn•l l.nterprated IMJlltba Jrabe~ b7 cme 111.tb • eluaiera ot a1te ot BADGIRSLACKS makle7 tauDd a U,t.r of tli.Dta and red ocmre,.aa •ua- roof'ecl witll b1rab wip aDd illteN tlilla7 Of ｾ＠ •~ aacl b•th•r• aiai- lar t.o tbe awaaar abel iva lllterenoe ot the The It ••- akin .._. •helten. Their o•.o. or oonoeiwble ta.t .W.oli~o loaalitiM •' Mare deftld.'- MNoli~ buntera At •1,:.-r...U1 _., trOII fiwe ooai. \.A.0.-1111 l>) l'arrr.a ( ~7) o) ".. b •114 ai.U.r Pallt-aJ.aoS.l iD- upl.nd ~rillC period w.-. tiai.n at ~ent. " a.uookJt e) S•b•ton elona aaawtion 1.z~&.11'17 ot 11r41• Borehaa tnie• fiurrq) •• rn .. 1-4 aipi.ticant aoooped °"t ut ~• t;11e •urt'•c• aam, p!ia ar bolloaa, ta 11111! com.iJwlg lt::ntiom ot tU.at t.aplea.eata, nnd oco.aioa.U7 t'l.uta. Th... or 'pit--1.lup•, hen 'bHD •1cle17lD'-rllr•W so COMtl'\IOt.ec! •• • pnaautiaD ~'bl.7 er braolca, the GrNrlall4 (suaaez) ortU'iouli, •1.Mt •Dl which were apread (Suaaez) thMe ait.e .•rkec! •1• Wood (Alwr.,, oharoo,,.l l'nd t'ire-ei-eaau..4 wit.la gnu a 1t l1ur1Ag the •interl Mah aaaocated. wit.b a rUm Ab1•ar inet.nc• hui tlacre et all, •) .u In r.et. laiata abcMt the kiAda ot dll.UiJl& aW110tur. area'-11>7 Incland, of Sau.th-••t (at 1-at), ot the •rlier ccnUtiom ml.dff, it aot atp1tt•.ntl7 aua•• •• IIIICh. o.n. a'lwar in apaaecl paeittom •GIil.cl OOOIIIO'the PenniNe •bo't• 1,000• lMigbta 1ilutt 1iM oU.-tic ill Ida! •n nat;ure, a.a • aitueUon aon wooden or of light 1:h•• repnaent \o auppoae t!»i praml,.l.e tliall7 ot 1.250• u fNII the Penot,,.. ffidenN r••oatbl• et el.nti.Glla North-•••' /1.ruaaa. ot ot 'Iba l:la'fabo IDdt.m oonre4 with ar ccwere4 with enial aCJIIII woo4en •• the api.Dat rr. ... ark tbltdled 19J9J J..-p akt.lla (Clerk 1970, 5&-61). At SIIM1S1'0N (Curit 1-.l"l•t ot wnlah -· HASSOCIB at~ aClle \bne la pi.-. (Tall 1'1S) om pit•• cliaoowerw4 almlur boUa, o,al 19~) V.099 pur•el.lt.ap a'balat lS' J' clHp, INt lq l>7a• aDd •Ueoc-•ncl. at ABINCl:I OOllllllJ were aaa•W, he" 4,• clMp. 1be 1ibe Aad at la 1951 L.& • .B.Leake,J Vien end nerrc111·ua Clll&Uiae(•• ..... e...-ift.cdal l.Jt.' l>7 lo•)• .A •. f •5 f.. ｾ＠ ii I:. -· 1: i ~., t ! If lｾ＠ 0 g iｾ＠ l • t • - a 0 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ i I· .f.• ·~f. ft • ｾ＠ I f Iｾ＠ 8 - I s'I r tiff~ • :. i ~i ..,', ｾ＠ .ll lt. : & ｾ＠ ea • r ｾ＠ 0 ｾ＠ ｾ＠1 ＠ｾ t f !. ! • i S 5 ｾ＠ i : iI i f I . • • .. f f ｾ＠ a 4 t • i i I 5 • • f f r -;- r i & i :a J f Ii ｾ＠ i Ii ! ! I l f I ; Ii : I fi ! ! f , ' I ' l t , • a, i i I f 1 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ I I a i f • g · U, I i < ii •a- J.:ｾ＠ ｾ＠ Q • ｾ＠ - j I ＠ｾ t I l I r : i il a ... '. '~I Is!.. . · '< ｾ＠ · I Iｾ＠ Ii 1· t ., . t1. Iｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠• ｾ＠ f ~· ｾ＠• I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ i1 ｾ＠a • e'° 1 :! ,••• ｾ＠ r '° •, ';''I I• £ i : I f ·1 i , [ I l i £ f • • f I ｾ＠ .. I I II I a ! i ｾ＠ I • i I 1 5: t , • l t b' • ft ! 1 , R- 3 C1 i f t r f• tf • f 1 i ! ! ! ' f ｾ＠ 1 I l I ! ! i s l . g i ｾ＠ • ｾ＠ • ｾ＠ ' ' J i • •i .. t ｾ＠ i I• ii i• fｾ＠ i; I l .. I' f; • J i l . : ｾ＠ , ｾ＠ ;. 1 ｾ＠ 1 '. r D" i ! ·~ •. ｾ＠ i ' i I I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ &• t • r r ｾ＠ ｾ＠ • ti , •i ~. ,; I, •1 a 1ｾ＠ a t t J r. I!. ｾ＠ ! " ;. ｾ＠ & !. ( l ! . l rr 'ｾ＠ l• ｾ＠, ｾ＠ fr i• a• . ,· 1.. i I j , i • 1 • • ! ｾ＠ . ｾ＠ I fI I • ; tｾ＠ ｾ＠ • i ' ' i r 1 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ i' •r ｾ＠ 1 •£ : ｾ＠I ; I : 3 i •l i f i f l i I !. ·, ! i i 1 i r l ! ＠ ｾ ; I ! t ; i ! ! J t. i I J f .. ' I i f f f I • I 9 1 .. • I • ｾ＠ 1 • ,.a ｾ＠•. I 1::I ir !l ! ia ;r 1' i i! i!, ｾ＠t t ! r 1; 2, ;r •i f.p; ; ; ', ,.. t f -;; 5 ｾ＠ & " ' · f : I .• • f i' 8 1' S ｾ＠ c- =- : ; t t' -- • & !. ; ｾ＠ . ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ J! :i ｾ＠ 1 ti 1 i ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ I i:: ' 9 t !t • .,, f :.C f • I 2 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ I o I 0 • i:: I :!. ... ... f t f I ｾ＠ 8 f It n g if ｾ＠ - f I & I • OD "'• I ; 1 ::i ; i 1· ｾ＠ 1 I it ｾ＠ Ii; !I r• J＠ｾ ,.t,I ! tI, If. .,·,i f 1 ｾ＠ ·' . .. a 1 • . r f g ｾ＠ I f c 'IfI. I ｾ＠ ~~l . :! 1!1 , :{11f r ~, ｾ＠ J J • ｾ＠ • &I I I .. : S I- '. i:: I • i ｾ＠ f .1 it ,: t i I r 1 t ,I • I ' :1 : :.i i e .&= 'I ,i:: ,J ' ' ｾ＠ f . i ic- , ..f 1 fｾ＠ ,. '• a# .f -r -;, £ .. ! f s ,I I .• •. . '.f 1 f i t I f ! ! :j i :I ( t £ t- J • .. J • ｾ＠ 11i: I ｾ＠ iit .i I rI#;!i ! ·I I .! f2 ( r J !a !ｾ＠ ' i• 1" i, •' £• i, . !' .: 1 I ! 'C . i~ : I ! I t c- , I 1 I ' f I J! ; · I a i J .,! ·f , 1 i ｾ＠ i . ii ... I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ... • D . -"" •• • : -. :1 lr I, o 0..._ ｾｉ＠ • ｾ＠ rt' D' ＠ｾ • J'" ' It. I H t ·.I •. 'o ｾ＠ • • I a· · ｾ＠ , ' r I ',f i -J.r. i a I: r i ; • I ｾ＠ s. £ｾ＠ i ｾ＠ 5ｾ＠ l!fi•JP ;:r ｾ＠ rt sr t 4 • Iｾ＠ • ｾ＠ ｾ＠ · :lr~ 'JS a . Ii f ~r •• ·, . I ' I , r I : ｾ＠ . , li i • ,i 'I O "' '.. ｾ＠ • I f , .. . f ｾ＠ l ! r ea{ If ' I r : ｾ＠ ｾ＠ i : ' I ＠ｾ. .r I r £ t , i Iｾ＠ f ｾ＠P- ｾ＠ I ,i1 ,a!, f a.::· A I ,f l, 1 1 • It , R r ., , 111 ! : f f I• a a.• ! I ｾ＠ f i I I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ I ( f { ! f : f :. . i ' . V .: i ·~ .ｾ＠ ' i f I :. ' I ｾ＠i . f. .L3, !fI fi I i ｾ＠ ' ＠ ｾ f ~·if (111 f 8 ', 1 It I • i- ' !Ii ' t ｾ＠ · I ｾ＠ i ' - ｾ＠ en Iｾ＠ iｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ • • ｾ＠ ｾ＠ I ,... J.. It & 1 11 f 1 eE I ｾ＠ 91. be Mfle1.m4ea a'IU"faoe •~ ._.. ttlU) A poiDt •Dd ot am.nl ffanolitbia tbNe Cl,ark ia the aiae tour p•noaa eeabe ｾ＠ 11ooounta tell a ot The aite ot PrMernUoa un i. gl ... (Deepcar, ｾ＠ aooia1 ar-.. IIDder place, wolithlo Taaamam ot ftOtDt that there •.n _.. and tbN• o..~bl.. Dnc- ot holding tbaa three to ':.'here 1a no wy or knolr!JI& precia•l.¥ hm •JIIJ •• preeent an .:illJ one of the n:entionecl :Oriti.ah •it.a 'feotan An4 (19)91 le&) lJ11if1ea'tathat 1D thia reapen DrlMU •7 baTe zwaabled or tour huta tolmd in 1.aD (&.cJaerSlaoka) ait•• 1Atv•~ Sl.gbteent.b o.ritury ... with Horllhall riuea,lag•- \o llonbam (ot, Dmntell), CM . M •s.uw~n• KMol.1'1110 ooaditiGDlh ti..,.., Dug-ol&1a OOOl&l'N41D .gl (ot• Col.DeValle7) a• well•• oon'8na WllftOGk pi....,,., • cultlarel encl aaawtion, ill Tielfi or 1lbe •• _... or hw •IV ..._.. of Ster Carr 1a the GQl.7one wbioh gt"fee poaitiYe 1a cli.aauaae4 in the t'oll.ow~ a.er; '\.oa. ._.. OC011pi.ed et im'oraUan GIie tt.me. aD4 tlt.ia 92. u Pwr buio teoeu az"CIUll9iD bmtbe:rD Britei.DI 1. The IKJ)loUauoa ot mt.urel 2• 'ffle expl.oi~ttoaa 3• The explot111t1aa ot .,..1ten ｾ＠ ~- 1¥, orpm.o 1. rw.aiJIII ,lt.hougb then papws i:-rellela a. tha1: ~1; ia fort.boaaiDC ai.., llbiqlliU.- traa BritUlh as.tee. Ci9 flint aw ta U"l• ot 1ih• llaaolitbio 1-rse prt •7 eYW b--. nta.noe. ｾ＠ •• aaab •• 7Cf'ot be OQllll'Olllec! ot plant ｾ＠ '°'-l tooda• c!uooYered are ,anaU catlb• at stAR CAa eJM! •' • t• ausgaat.1.n ot d.eliblll'll\e 41el ot th• a..... •1• ｾ＠ tile 1Dtem1w 41.t •111111 --'lbe Cllll.Jplan et oarbald.ae4 lauel lil the w.. 1a. oolleriiOlle ~tatioa or•• foo4 t.raa tbNe a1tee 111 IIJ&lam all4 •• i.., ot llodm'll ..... 9attfl IIZ T1M Jrtd.ao• ｾ＠ aotiYitiell ot 'lib.a tact tut• auge11t bt iJIC ,nd •tbert.lla gr-,. Thee• en eNPIIIJdC Ullt'ortwaatel.7, tram the ooUeotiaD aad OCl"IIIJIIPti.ODoL the ...aa •114 A,d.U •114 pJ..meJ •* a.a. oppenrml\J• •ilaa• d.1-a~reand • aet• ••\lllptica 4eriYe4 naatm 1cag fFPlo1ffll9P !I emA ;Jae It ..... wt.a •D'a •11.iM, 'b7 vtrtu a.ft NGO\ll"Cela aid al.t.·u.c and pogn5talc Cllll.Ja ulllU'ul. ot end avian lllilat na•tt"Ceh ,t •IV t.ima 'tlGU14baYe c1eperded i.rae17 ot ... t.Daible ffideDoe tor ».oJ.itbio hoa too&a. ot inl.em e'J'li'tic iaprianoe aq;aa aw.U.'biUV, plent ot aea tood reaourcaa. 'l'h• aplo1tetion rei.u~e ot tSrrol.tlblo mq be pr.awnecl wiWD the eoonoa:L• reaauroee Sa ｾ＠ . ~ ' 'I.• Ill,. ·· I r ' I I' :f f• :; f i I i l3..I 'I I · · !r ｾ＠ t \II ｾ＠ ·=- ｾ＠ .. :, • ｾ＠ 1 ｾ＠ i ... I "i " '- ... :r • • f I --.., f I. ';."' Si f 1• 0 ·i ·•• . r -.f ｾ＠ i 1 ｾ＠ l ｾ＠ & ｾ＠ I; i;3 , f! •1 l1 f1 -. ; ,z : [ • . .. 1 l • ·E: ' !t I 1· 2 ( ·• ,:t '2 I, 4 • r • - r • I i , . .1 · ll .. • : ; I ! f ~. l . ' J, -i. I ·=- ( f :11 1 5 i 1 f r • ｾ＠ f i ＠ｾ ! ｾ＠ .t .. ! II i fl !t ll • I, Ii. ' ; i r f f f l f r • ; c- I . . s. ; I• ｾ＠ if pi ; I• I : I i~ 'i r i I ! .. I f . r i a ｾ＠ i . n • .--. . . f . i ! l f ! ! J : i ; : i ! i [ i ｾ＠ ; ! I I .r,!1 l - i f I E' £ 1 1::, . t ! f - .. ,ia,i i ·1"l!g· . ;_fi.'.ie! ｾ＠ ! .. I ::.1 . - , f i t :! I . . I.: l I ! i g J ! : t ! !' • i ｾ＠ • ｾ＠ r ·ft I r ...i Ji ' it, · ｾ＠ i; I l ｾ＠ I ·, ｾｉ＠ J ·, :. ~ i I :I: { I= ! i P , ｾ＠ ·(· j : . i ｾ＠ ; f i ｾ＠ 1. ·t. r f [ tt. = ｾ＠ ff - . f!" - :z J 1 ::.2 I ' s.: ｾ＠ • . • - r! . 1 ,. i I r r J ! i f at i 5 £- l !. • • a i 1;: i 't i... IILf f r & I g 1 i. ! 1· • I. ,. i . i fl fl '! f .i 11- I I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ij,- ! i 1 i . tJ : J. ｾ＠ i. if .t-' : • I· ｾ＠ f I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ 't' r • 1I, rI ; ! \0 \,,I • . 94,. . uw be.a lnY•UaiaW • i:Dd one S.brid.-; .a al ibouBta• -.bole tnoee dMr, or apeoi• ~!IC• P.,•...ii.,. a-ntl_J fta04 wlue ot wr1111111apeei• UH • ._. tanih tno• ot 1-rpr ..... "9o, ,talw the OroaM:, tqo4 a,aMatiaal.1-J baa b .. •lculaU.. _. .It .... birdl1 ol•r ·~ •' .-.pt ot ooeat.l 20 people. •ugg•til _...ill Gblterw,t.o11 la.• -ble4 Mlaolitllto Alao, cl.1.•ttc ht 00011.Ptioa IIDIII ot gl"Glll'8• u1Skel.y tbat obt:Ailled by Melle19' have b1dcl8D or 4•voye4. ,tor- lb• ooeatal ~nii tialli ._. ._, tluQ' ._.. ocn1U..t.lcam •••oml, •• oacnr 11..S•II 4urin8 only. ODe taot hoWner ta oertela. a wq t• , and• .... t1BbJ a,'GC!that abell of .. • D..,.,.,. ot 111tel- Sootu.b aona't1or.w oaapl.etelJ' Obaaun gr,aup •' lN8'9 auai;eau thlit aiBd.l&itr evidttDDe will be tor1iboca:l.ag trOll ai"'9 •• roe t.be reeai.Dt or aaba. tS.Alh.•• llh.U .. ｾ＠ our p:lctw-. ot tb• t,OG11011Jot •• n14eno• .... a.er, ("4 baa al.Noct_J nv•l.414 an4 11 would .... 6una1 rwim Th• .re,tulW al~4y wa\ Uapeit, • In eddU,lOII ｾ＠ and preliJli.,mry Vm'WOftl", •reM ·tt.a ol _.. IIClllliba C«i1 'TV'S S,MiaDlf'1,aant la the too4 wppl.7 (PeJ.eJINlal"II, as..- an -u 511111,aia Oil the The balk ot '- ot tb4t ntea. alllllb • •lk reoovff\94e ot 8CQI09 e1a.Uoll). ｾ＠ AU,,,... •• ｾ＠ ｾ＠ .._. oonoern1n&aoat.l taterenc.a ple4 lq' alllala a JWJmnJR the ek•) , l111·p 111-i. or nah, !be naim ｾ＠ paraGDal oa the ( t_... ot •ifflDI ~. !he t .. ftl,Tele ta nleW •n haa 'begua n-8'COl'•t1.0IA of' the midclu ot ~00 •tudied• 1.. -· the tuet orcne.7- Tb... reoorct.a. p1s}, • Dt.llti>er or fia h boliee, •• and wild • •• 1.1111Sa lap ot ah.lla 1 J,Pl"ticultrl1 ot the 'bOllell ot ... birtll SLI<aai ref\ae fQOd <>rma.1(IDier Clll Beat laM:Jlln or 'ihe Oben •it.II nna• ot CJ..\'B trm 'Wbiob e wide ud.da.A •'-rial ot Obaftt thrN '\be Iale ot R1-QII in LoGh Sunert. CID •2.~•ruiu~ .nee. \o the ill the •ne - tbrN -- ODe ｾ＠ Ri.eUlS •• •IV tun.II& 1iba •rl.7 ooeatal ai'Me• ...-wine or lit.. -. i.,.i. ｾ＠ ,ADA -. 90lltb. .Poat-gl.oal t.be lN1k ot the UndalbtecUT, "C,be oaplal -..ol.itllio. al.Mr indua'r.J ,. 11mree bnllkvl Paual r-1• hlln .-. CAa all4 fflA!CBAX(Berka.) Durlaaa ooeat •• •-la, ,a-.1ewtrio (althaup m••beea loaeW bud ell\irel7 .. roe a at tale edge ot • i.u, a.er, U S.---'ebra'- ., ..... 8U&•I • alaCIII-\200 aquan an•••'· l~ a. \otal flt Oil W.. people Iii.pt ~ti• .... baw lte.a aupporie4 ,-z,a, Siar loabD4 C.rr 1,.i.DL ot ••• -.1 the •it. •Y -a•• M that iil»t ta clepoa1ta altout the P'OlliP d14 _. alN.e Mll folaDI t.D the aite ..... • to lmlat larp waa oocu.pi..S PM• 4uriDc 11DIIaben4c1Dedclm-1lll tbe aun rr• tor 6 aJl4 the ••• ot " ot ill• anU-nt; tldeat 4epUI ot aultunl ot tile ... , NPNSeD-4 trca Odaller to AJll"il, U-15 ... •U-'- 1a "111'-r, !he •real S were acJlalt l&-2S 1n41Yichaala of wh• ot 1be 1a .-11 \be •-lua ataUar ••ta Cladt •ua•• tba\ •1.Dter dd •PJ'iac ( OdGMZ" - April) b9aia ot Nd ..... ••l,ata ~t the •erii.•l ot '1le net deer anUen The ••'• ta-. 5 ot wild Pia, tcptbel" With )t Boiila pollen -~elillP'd9'• tonet .,.._, la the rN tm, •ol.t, badaer, ban 9114beclpMc. -~ today ( Clal'k l9S,..: 70-9S) . arU•ta to I\ .... flle •-lt.D 80 Ua41Yidu.la ot elk, 9 ot wU. ea ( c:w.roc..hl> ••r,i.11& .... rot'-••_., ftata or ot tbeae •1'•· preeenae. ot woodl.114 ton,, : at; l•el u IJ'OIIP and •oae NMOad.o Utenat ta reaor11e4 by \heir lUe by •fff'7 .. ( eo.,i.m 19,9 ) . ta b7 tar the .. t 1..iplrteat STil Odl Sautlr-••' •114 anaU to ihe 'S.lffeterrua• are i.c~dnc) fora THI BIAOOR, near •• 1.aduatJ7abanoieriaecl wi1.h • tU.at wt• 'bona are aNooia'W ot wil4 m, wil.4 pig, ltirta, .net wbiob oaal4 be aaoru..4 lllorolitu, 1ao i.Dl.Dd •i\ell& Stia alliaal •it•, A third produoed r...im all auooatect aqua\ia ID botb aaa•, un tUnt induatry. a llagl ... traa oal.7 ncorencl by ... ,-:ra. hma.l Blat t.D probable•• NeD Npeeteclly ot oollentaa, •1• ot •Cllle Oil t;he 20 a .. acaal oocna- ••a-table oocnap1e4 tO/t' ., tboda 1 •• , poaau.l.7 •1 th aoae U~ioaa• ia lllliq11e 'la the pi.o'un The general it aubllateno. i-twra (•uatu-) •• ,ueaen,, wu.b Ulll duriJtc tna t .... -. Wut a1.- ot V.olithio ilabitat u tbaaaght ·• ••• .i.a.,~°'91 ~•ta tu-ppenecl to \be P'OIIP dl&rinc •• • 1D bMD •• • ..., aan,a ..,..._la, bat oomtden~ priaarU.J •1tu.te4 • It ... tonaW tllri:NIDMlat. a .-...1 •Setlart,7 repne....S, lb• •1'-, ｾ＠ ntl.- bare encl wU4 •• •Ub • t• t1ab aD4 ._.. •ar ••',.., __ an 1-rs• - o.-..lliq ｾ＠ ｾ＠ Cl&ltunl period UMt (• ntleou • ~• s,noiaaq 1J191ot-. iaa 1'he au-,-.-rre4 Botb •s... wild ｾ＠ are putaa19 avepat1•• ••--l hetar :i:.u-i it•• ｾ＠ .at 1a ｾ＠ N1'111aat11, w _.. •a1-ua ..a prcr- reooww .. wlalab wttll Ster ot wilater ooouptS... aNOOiaW Witla JIMolltldo ... _.. lSUli, raoaptae4 aultunJ t.•mt 1.d.o D41111F Star a.no, • 1-1-114 ol•r- aa11>J •• alao ~PI oaeatal ailaa ot eat an aature '° 1ib• .A'1.ntio niMDoe ... te \be ,......11;r l.Mlawtae, t.aseth.- ar ban• ... Qll peri_o4ioall.J ·, .Pre- Ban.l Jla ba dg er, ot tnia, the •• 1\ waa naitecl ... 1191.a) • laGIIIUlia Nla• terrun• •1• 1be f1De_...., t.ban 20 taatYidlMlal _.. tut poll• tar a •1•, •• • wua'-r .. 1.s. Red cleer •• ot OOG1aptua. wt \be oloa• aildlarili• •••• Bri'lab aature ot . ot ~• O"OUP, al 'tbo• pcaailtly a.er the U.m frca C.1"1' la 01:ber :napeo'9 lNI • •vu-• ••1.aot 1'Gllld N ~ec!, •ta•.-Ver a, *llat ttat. aD4 ooa.allllalq probabl7 1-7_.. •bl-7 latend. ttenl.7, aJl.ilala ._.. •1.A• or tb• ••'"1_..,.... 111K pouible; or the abaN tar t__. roe deer; •UcS pi&, tat-. birdllJ traa U.. a1'4t . la tu auba1.a-.... all IM2•••117 ot • lake la a 1ibl edp • 4ift'_.... alao eupplied. tat, .nal.ogoua to Star \be fa1111aliaentGr;y la ｾ＠ elwnt •UIT'l •atna tar.ta 1A •19 •79 abunclanoe ot am.la •~l i.lprt,aat 1a tibat ot i.>tr.r C.1"1', ~- witb wl:d.ab •7 • \he _, Konower, ｾ＠ tood WGlll4 be awUa'ble •eptr.'ble ot 1'11Af<JWf(1,111111' 19'2) !b. eite C.rre .... ..... Uttanl --. •7 111417 n~•' •U•abon 1,000• Bonba• ai'-9 bliw NIii ｾ＠ o.D. •&1-- la * Plll'IIU*I'• N1111Ja*ialla• la *- Puatr• end .ia.hen 'DI• •7 ..U ODl.y auriJ11 tibe atanrr •1Pit1.•DGe ot all theae 1191ha•r4 taota obamnJ •pecd.all¥ paitterm ba••beeD oaaapiecl • la•• ••enoe AIL kiaMII ot Brttiab ot aileil• ·S. to .. .,. the '-IJCibl• n14eDN 'tor aaatbl. 1-at aubeiatenc,e • f'IJII I i! I i J I ! I • ,'.I r,r ｾ＠- r1 I..ｾ＠ r. IR •,f ..r= if'l r• fｾ＠ I I $ g i t !I [ ! ;~ ; C f f f I t ｾ＠ ! 1ｾ＠I [' 1=11 !- , a- 'f f..If 1 f·I ., ,... .. 1 I 1i!F11 ,; t r ｾ＠ £-If 5 I f ,1...f J ' f• •' I... ｾ＠ ' ,· • .._ If £ • ｾ＠ f f I ! ! f I i i ｾ＠ f I 1 1 f 1t• • - :i I ri ·1 !j!: 1.. i!1r I g • 11 1 l..l I ! , ; I ! ; ; f . ! ( Jl i ; ! J J• i i f ｾ＠ J i I , . t - ｾ＠ i P ,!'•11 ' I ,.. I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ i.. ..t· ' , i... i J;I.. i I 1· 'I t I t I • ｾ＠.. •I ｾ＠ ! • I ! ' j I ; ' i I 1 .. f • • rf j r l ｾ＠ , . l 1 i I IJ• r ·: i! ...,_ • I N • , f i.' i: ·. ' I • I~ ti n ,J ' .;• C P ｾ＠ f 0 Ii. i ! I f , .. ... l .. 11 :Z ! 'f ;l I I ;I • ... I IF i c1 .,. . 0 • ' p ii i • ' 'J.. 1f!;I .i., .. c-'§ ,1 ,. i . 'ｾ＠ ' . ' ... ,I ｾ＠ 0. ｾ＠ • f(i !i 'i ｾ＠ I :, s r ·r: ;-. -i: f If O .• i ft!!, -.a.. t f-. m ...v - -e . . . ; · 1 ~t ! i[l:1:1 J.,.I-, - ... ｾ＠ ! 5! i I f ft il!ll' I ; i. ｾ＠ ｾ＠ i: 1 , : &:J'" II• - ｾ＠ 1 • • ,.. . • _ I - " -e l i.· '"' I S: , ai • .g~ i f . !. - :1. . r · I:' i , !~ .. . • '!C .... a~c'i! ; ·. 1~:ｾ＠ I• t'!'C ! ir ,, . i• . ｾ＠ la -, . r !!f J 1...1• f I "'.Ji ! s..,ae- :l ｾ＠ :£I,· l:a f... I t'f J•,•, • t D I { • i 1 - J. i'i •i i 1! i lii~ l •• .•. .!PI ,r .~.. f • , PP, I, £ ' : ' l . i8 ... ... s [ ! :t i;: !I ~'(I) ! f& is ｾ＠ I £ｾ＠ ,l f ... i i= ,11 • • i ｾ＠ i f i ,. p ,'...p' -!;a"'ｾ＠ .. p• , .~• - ｾ＠• ~. j O • I ff j • • i !ｾ＠ !1·I fｾ＠ ; a. ... • t; .. f• r~ .,.. t · i! II fr: s;~ｾ＠ n.- f --,~l ,.. • tl'r·· · : , I ' ｾ＠ i - 0 1 i I~ ｾ＠ E • I •I .. , ｾ＠ I, f , .. 'I e 0 If I fI lr;,r, ~,t I~f,..1 I!ｾ＠ I ,lI rI ,i· Ia If ;i ; 1r J, J 5 t r 'I ( _ ｾ＠ • ,o ';" N ~ . & ~,, i • .,.:; . l • I ._ • I r • i f ., • ｾ＠ s: a ·= ,.. 'f l ｾ＠ f~· ,f 1 I i !~ I .. l. , :iI I'a '..i t a..,ｾ＠ •.. f • ·•· ｾ＠ｾ＠ • iiｾ＠ 1 5ｾ＠ !r ｾ＠g :! ;; .a - • I • ＠ｾ ｾ＠ ... I:' I. '8,: 2 :-" -~ ' • • • rr .... ... l. 'I ,~ " _,. .. f .. ; .. f ｾ＠ ! 5\ ｾ＠c.o •f Ia .. ｾ＠ ｾ＠ & f e & 11i .il · i 1· I lJ I' 1 'I : , i ••i ｾ＠ ij n' ii i •... , • i 1 ii- ... , r ..; ｾ＠ ｾ＠ • f r ｾ＠ t ,~ Ii ｾ＠ -ｾ＠ ~;: i , 1I J ｾ＠ I :: a • .I ｾ＠ 1. 1 ; . .. i f i. ｾ＠ i t: : . • ｾ＠ t: ｾ＠ • 100. u •re 1.lltenaUJts• !belt• Nlllll 1.ea iaduatr, .u.,1 ... prior bet.De--1'eot\&Nd 'tu well •itb s.. '11• BalUo I.A Brlt.ia _.. •• a 2. •ld after Oil bolfner, tor t.a. were hrthe1..-., l*riode 1aa ali• el'Ollll4 Jan>cRbea• ooatra-. ... aooepi.4 ot ibe Britt.ah lDduatq. oaaU... ... ..W.&• clicl Jaal,-ian 6ooo J.C.? MDn CW.c11iteaare requiNd to before t.b1a auJi,JNt• •stn•HD111'1,trB:\w Tta.n are 110n41~•non ... •i.,... u tilll • thalle Obt.laecl f'J'Gla11a,1... alld afflniti.N Th• qUNUOII ..._l.M be•• t.be PrebOl"Nl Col'a9eqlMD'17, the7 4o IIOt tbe onplla Q~ aur~ aua-t •A4 tbtti Mlab auNl>la.- to 6000 B.C., tD 8r1tai.D clateil oaapan Tbv ell !hia taot el-. &it.a tor detiDitel.7 enlla'ble ,o 'Nlard p.rOllla• 'Sa11Yeterr:un• Pl'"OIErll• ta ».oU.tbio •tudt.•· .At S1'UIIP cacm atnUfied wlUwa (ranca. Pe•1.,..) o1.n • poll.eD-b•rtaa: Mu..d.s ｾ＠ -.lab litb8 OOllld 'Nloag (Maal-ian au ... ••"'°"Blade' ta Brit.au, the •~ ( 'S.11We'terria11') or a 'Brae4 Dla.cle' PBACOCX'SPAIII oomia.r.cl 'Swvet.rrm' ｾ＠ 195'; • (lelker are IIIID-'tt.a, ID ac1c!iUcm, lbe pnaeat writer J ocm'9Xt. laa• boa aite ot to • (At,lanUo) ot ttwt aueablaa• etttnitua 'th• PNOiN aiarolttm ~1- • OU. .. te ot Aa.500 !'. ,10 .B.C., en4 • apeotzwa aNi,aDabl• to at.me fft. ~. "* 1.11• b7 Clark la .... QODN5*ion ot • Borabaa 1nduatz7, a..pite 1D tb• (1955) teela tat to be ｾ＠ keepuac11U,b am-. Ula •• (apparent?} t~ ,__..1 of• oon axe el_.. Boaewr, poll• a11a1¥U0tl nta.no. •• quNUOD ot ' the obroaolOQ ot tb• bri.Uab OD tbe J.lo:nb Yorkahlre Koon •ilwtttied bl peat e'bau.t tbe poeittoa bn*•11 tl'Ga a'bn• ot Atb8'to tn,t..lq (VIX., 'be lal'OUPt to DNr 'Sa\tteterru11•. 'SaUYe'erriaa' a.~. end sooo- lOOOa.c. (Ra41-., 19'8). 1b At WHIT.Iam.. aiorolltu tOWld •Re ••ill aub-bonel or Ula 'e1a daol.iae' J ·tma talli.Jlg \lpoll peat at w1 tibia a obrollologiaal oa the P•at• 1,000• O.J). • l,o1:b 'X.l"l"OIIalacla' aD4 • ar,c,.4 Bi. .. • ~triea moorurada •n 101. Umarialtl.7 taulld •t ~• Pollea atudW ht halve aban a.~.T. the tlae ot ~· qlMDU,, \be Femtne nearl.3 nn,when (YI/YIIa - m•SOOO a.c.) (.North \11111• ) •• attoa (•ff aaia prortdN •••tlllblagee •en • but at l.••t 11eeol.itbic than do• to an •rl1 The utating (ll) ooou.-Uon lay•ra are pr•eotz 1.DFiwno. ( trca lcaafflp•) 7cw.5,"'°20, B•·C• • Boreel dew PIA<X)(JC'S PAD peric:14)• are ••ilabl• (ea•): n.5'So ｾ＠ 5 Borebt11 a1tea: 150 a.c. (Q.587) alao poll• 5280 ! 14,0 Be c. CHIPBJU, (Wil ta} : - ｾ＠ • to Obliqul7 Blunt.a •114 'lTtaDglllar a:1.oroli t.ba b--th tuh· ｾ＠ lCMer ( Oztorda) : G1 bODe ••lei "'500 ! 150 B. C. (llf89) wi:tb fU.n• U tor 6eUYete1Tien 1A the 61ib Mill.4Nlium or l- t.11 _.. - tor the X.olittd.o oocu.piit10D lwelJ aatea to Zelle VI (Jlc>zwl) • - .trca d ih• upper l.a7er • •sauftterrun• •• ••lect (U.1) The roak la ilatereatiJ»& 1JI Ul1a na ..-ct• Bsnbe• 1Ptmk1M (t) bOlr peraonel ac s •D1•ttcn ) . (F•A•lileU.ra, bdi~•rlKm Wora- Preciael7 oamot 'be a.oide4• of Sb•tti.U) 1Adultr,, tba t bel.CIIP to • aore It u el.a ,o 1.ntereatt.nc tct note that ·the aDly CU.. datell J• pm•• ot 1D Brit. iD by, • t t.be the K.gl•1111»iaa. lbere •• 4.t •IV, oontella1ng • waale,..ian .B.C. (of• 1951t,). Come- 1D t.vh at l?US'?AffH per104 (c.500() B.O.). two dta1:iuaot llnol1'1lio induatrie• to torm at lete :eoz.e.1 in age oriwrie bttiJII •llllhctund at 'lf!ORPICXUIION (••t induatrr Con.7 (but only taa.t ) Uae •sawet..rian' abraDolcciaaJ. owrlep, 1111Gb la1er {••• vw, aoent7 1.ncliaati.OD9 it wml.4 eppur o~ ~• rec•• Jlba•• ot the Apperentl.7, pe.t Cl.ric l-9'8) . tbe eD4 ot the Bonal ahelter bepn thia •••NDlea•avatitied been ... 1gne4 on aeologla.l pvio4 ' Sa11T•terrian' la ,teat, •1'-• .,.. 'SaUYeterrian' riDBl.1-J, • •s.uvetemP' OD tu aoS.l •Dd OY9rl.Jinl peet. at..n.nl B. c.) ( VIo - prr,000 the Ail,anUc b•••• ilnfffaoe tut.. (iT) O>JQWiGII (Haata) , USO ! l.20 :a.c. (I•t•.Arob- •rt.taou tawad at l lnel•i cla~ relatea w -~I•• PA i.Ddiat.l •ll l9"l.a NlCJDC to , U.nta period (ma ) . ( T) BI<ll RCUS (Jtut), 3780t ,100 t ,1 A 68) IM••II 150 B.c. 150 a.c. ot at.nititied h•~, ••oot.tea •Uh aDCS Ebbatl•t JO''Cel7(1) • Suppor*e4 lt7 P.A.(1) - trGlll o~rooal tl.illia 'l'b••a.tea inda'lr7 be1Jtl allllflotund •• (z ... •rut.•~ tbea• ..... wltb pott..-, dotlll the ... oc1at1oa the grcaapa bullUJlg ia SmtherD 1nsi.na 1111t.il•ell 1.Ato the ttae ot 1::1:w Jteol.ithic aD4 attor or a alarolitaic 1D {Hare.II) ... ..i.,. 1a a1ira&itie4 clepaaita deDO~ an t100lll1il&l-.te4 llllaoliiaaic, ( t. •· twU.- 1.Dd9~nd•t •nd th.t ot prt ot BIGH JlOC&C1 (MaDey1950, 1962) 1a aipit1a.Dt 1'h• •1\• oolontNtion. ,bi.a r•PN't' i.aea pereiate4 utter •• •• :a.c.), 'by a..5,00 if' not up unW period, the t the Borahaa The 1.AteNDOe la at 1••t. •• •rl.7 VIo - at. 1-•t .Boniil period the Atlan\io •eri•• tcma • onclibl• a11 n tber U.a alri,Gl&l turei), 9D cma1,u,ter1.M4 'by lluatiJIS :Bbbetl .. t ovl.ture explalla U.CIIIIWGlll.4 o• !be ~-, or • M•oli~ lieoli W.0 .OODWI°'• A •l a1&14n.n t•tun onrlap J.»gleaaaieD •11ib. Uaia• ml.le• ld.aroli\ba t.o olaMU)' and• NID8•1JI:50 ••ll • • i\e QAlaU.HDR la a,aoi.el • .a 'la OOIIIINUoa or cme aqu.ere w.-. IIOl"e or aut 1D 1952 ea •atu •• • i.gl-1-a•. ot u,..e• 1'). 1960) l"ff•le4 tiDda, oallt...,.Hm...-, Ra*iDa But aub1Jeq11•t. NCOW•N4 trica •a1te II', 1D v 1• 1... 1" wb1ab procJuoed Bo1.lolf-'b.ae4 pot.a\ (P). (Renld.N A DuDlebJ I•. q\Ull9U.• *heft ............ of }*)pl.• (Ranktne lj5', •~• 'rodlJ' were ｾ＠ f'cra . • 11°'9 Witb.ill •• ana p,MP tbtJ •NNitla&• tu other ait• be.aecl Pelata tra u• w...-oarrie4 acefttiom •'lomat. alt• abrollolast- 1a: tb• iAterred 8Ql"lb. of UI• opt.ntOD that aU •• 1'h• produot at t.be ~1-V'io •t Ben 5 diatillot fur~ -· ot 1he ...... 1'11• .-fftor the tirtlt i.p,ecl cwerup, if ••• iadullV'i•? date. Horebt• •s.u••Ml"l'UJI•S.-.trtea be aaked: ·•t ... , .. onr1J w1tb , ot th.-• • totall.7 •• eace..clitter- enl 2 Bollow- • 114ea the be• w ot 10.}. AD ilitereatillg thlt abcaat tb• chronol.oa ot 'tbe Borsua point appears to be mon or 1... it grol&P ia tu CoaU.0.tal oon,eaponmoua wi~ fi&ell) • Tt1rclenotai•11 (•• OULYIRYrlLL(Poril.and, Doraet) :5200:!: 1,5 a.c. a:lctci.a with avatft.e4 tUn auMlbl.ea•• (1) - tor• > (U.) I JSi'trARD HOI (DnoD} 4':,5 ! lJ O a.c. (Q.672) • for the ~pill" ,• of all 8• pae \ be4t a. ... qilla a ai.d4ell OODte1Jd.llaa llllaroUlbio iDISllltr:J• PA giv• Ati..dio (VIIa) date. (1U.) l"RJS JIIAmt OS! ) .fe,010t 120 B.C. (Q•5l0) 1.nduatr,- oont.u.a iA aa.atal (i ..-. • tor a ld.arolithtc pat ( •WNlil!'Secltcnat ) . ot ZOM Yila (•U.Dt.lo ) . PA • ld,4clle ••raea Same pa tterD pl.a•• Ul• •1'- arouna the tiae ot the a •.A.T.• er 1D the tta.l and F'REIIWADB i' ltl! .AtleDUo; Current pologioel oplld.oo •• am prombl;J 1D tb• letter littoral •au.l.d appar (ChuroblU l9'S) • t,lat '° lb• lat'-r ....... tba t ••14 \he AU.AU• to haft 'bMD an ara or balt 'ia l.eY-1 aahined ... pw1.oa(:,OOOBn•tol fll• ot nNeQ\Mllt the AOtbiltg ait• ult lffelJ DGII ot {a• a.m.aaa •U• et pra.at the A'U.DUO •• l>olh 11• i• ooeatel am tbereton r• l •k ,OOO a.c.,, ct»•el . lomted oa or w ban been)• wcall.clrebte lnel period .... 1'8 ooea1;el ••blllt7 ANUld.D& tba ·t aaw coeatal ld&.n ait. •• Bo& and Frea ... ter "·•' pna• pi.a•• ot the 'lben period,. ai.1t ot tbat perio4e the OOD'tNll«•rJ' •bore U.. IIIIL&h't toll• lt u.. lilr1III paaii10D at HIie pnaat. to tb9 llid-A\lalltic the •rliR' t.o ill tbia• aurpriaiqE •t CULYD • ILL wml.4 appear 141"1ocS. fiE ?'WA RD 1:1)1 aen 'be aaaigDacl to BoNal wr a. '*e tor 'lb• here• 1t at the •rl1- (4,000 - ,ooo B.C.) I Nward pe9ta to• • t• teet beloll the loww, .IJID4camequ.utly .," t ~., •• , • Cl-::·rr:~·~::T ..:..a:;1 e Pollen .3.tl l'.1IH J.htes t:,~oo--l- 200 + Tha. tc r:.1::: 7540 .0:::1 ....:: - . . 1-: 0 200 t r-1 0 >1 Jtar lo 7538 -~ ｾ＠ "I i-'· 0 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ <T l':J.oG t er lu :1d ~~oc~-;~loG terlund .~ .... c., .... ~J I-' ::s I-' ;;;a. .;:::uvet-:r~·i 'ln :1ouf i'i,..;r.o.c ::0 0 • 0 - 1L•O - 150 7040 6l•'•O + I!artle1,ool 70!..5 6420 c:, ::, • c-t- • !:j -1-'· Ickcrnsh::i.w ::s "' I-' I·;r 6750 6150 -++ 180 100 6150 - 18 0 '.:' 'J rdP. r: o i:-;ian 5850 .!ouffi:nac Peacoc!:. • s Fm . 5650 n ..) Cherhill Culver ·.ielJ. ｾ＠ ｾ＠ <:l . <T r.: 4625 Eoedic C.l ...., -+ 350 0 >1 -.... • <TI -6' ..... ..... -~ (') ~fostward I!o ! :3lns lle mre 11 Ca!-:hancer .?,re shwn t er ~[ Hi:;h C.1 0 ,., "' .... r~ - + 'Joinc::,·-cn-TardE:!! O i s + . 3C•)O - 350 + 'i')O 27 90 - , i :coli t 'lic ~u:rnic lt030 . .<OCks - - - - - - Fu:;;~;el.1.'z; 5280 5200 !•635 l.500 r.350 '•010 - I 130 -+ 150 3230 -+ 7,140 + - I-' I + - - 0 ｾ＠ 1 1lfO 135 --+ 120 -+ 120 + 3780 150 + 150 370c - Lod,,;e I!e:1bur~r -+ +. -· 1-i . -+ 150 .... u, 0 j roxbourne Ipin5 Co .;,;,.on . Q !'..I 0 -++ 210 - 350 .... 0 • ,. 7600 Ca.rr 1A0 Narrow ' ·.ihite t Gill •• •• • •• ••' •• • . .•.....e .;.cu. •• .. • I I - I •? .. CT •• , '2lade Pre.::.tat:rn ••• - - 130 P•nine ｾ＠ I-' ::, .... c-t- (') ,.iill - •rllw, lwel• •• with 1:ihla b,Jpotheaia. •ooord d1a.-.tnbl7 "1ate ·--••l' io e-.u.. ... , •urelJ' be It toll .. Atlantic '- d9ua •114 poll• , theretc:w-e '-t .,.,, the Korth COl"llia~Soutb •lore ei._ Withta lf aot ell, "telala littonl •1'• •rli.w Slp1tio.ntl7 period. ••lJa• •\lbiiersed. io be •rUer WClll14 •fflNr CIJI,VJR YrlU, cllt.4 ai\•• tbaa tbe ot.ber •o ot 11a loc.•lOD ._.. But the o~tanoea •h IIQt ty tbe •a.ftMr ol•r 1'70). (hlaer ot t.heae oo..'91 !be aft111lt1• oomU.. the ... M\rie --i.,. tra w Uluavau .. ot llollner, alMI MD-& .... ,r.,oloaim~ '1-io ea .. , ol-.rl7 ot •• ••IIIWa ... are t1i11t zaatve. a.tea alreecl.J to ell• tale ••rtt.J aD4 I "ICWleD'- 'peUt ot ｾ＠ ere tCIIIIMSe .PI tile 111.arolit.bl ...a• tnnoheta• turlher tb••••ih-w•tooaat.l tbe •Del Corta1ll, Dnm VPOlOCi•l oaapriaollll ill the Rorabaa ｾ＠ iena:lte •crecwezo, tbe --~ ait• core•• rw•l • aub- owvlap witb the llaNbaa arouP aitea• clu:•olcas1.ael Clark (19.}2, l955J ... 1- Al_..tinlJ, au..-. ot aeo- oon •• deftld.M la Sauth l•l•, Potata, abt.ellle4 tor • la omnrier- 11Dtbe llarabaa sreap. att• of llolloPlleN4 ... IIDNONI', I••• ••ll t;oo el•r1' ft&el)• •114..-..-.a-10 , 1.a paralleled ataatt.l lllarolUlba (1'70, 'bel.. Both, ..-trio OCNftll"NDOe .i .... tw OONt.l •al-ta• CULVlll "ILL ,o • ｾ＠ Palaar (1970) ere • key ••· •1• •1111.ler a1te of~ Bot.h 1--'1-1.M ' I both•••,"'4io-aarbaD la '° Id.a Norlb Dnan and eor-11 BAY•il4 POUBAffl (all ' S• llfttlll'riea' la eorm.U) en the ca.at.1 ｾ＠ ••Nb1-pe ot FINIITH, oaNSTANfDil ea..,:l•• b1a •• !be aiattaa ' 4oea _, .u •• •••cSJottb1.a IIOt.1.oala at.a.• a1t• Gbillit (tb• OIM.t.que~ Bla-4 ftaa• 22, aJ. II.. 2J) • Nin, a •llf Yl8J• unure •• la of•--'"-· •en alld .... IIUlla in~• , ... ... tr1e Clas tne- 1,,1, lo6. 1, PISaSSI9! tJu>t )Mllolitbic It ia IIO Ulldarll•t--t ot tla. •••• MeaoUtld.o ni4eaoe >.p 1D Brit.ill' •W-N4 tn .... aaattered ol•r Jlaoh ._ tilat ooael•t• • tor "1• parpoa• t.QII oanaider •tnah ••P..- ot ._ 1'be OGIIYeDU.0.l •111 ｾ＠ .... obaerwDle .i ... t. •114 •s. ... ｾ＠ ~11• ot the ot.ber )vbr141NUan Ill the laat t• u.Dand cU.tt...-t ,_re, augg .. tiom •sauveten-1an• wrunt, (• ta groul) proc1eflna ha••bMa i.Dduatrue i»n •¥ 1JIIO •lMly • of••n-'•dae the .. ,1 ... 1.an 1a taot cU:ffereat blurriJlc ot Claric '• _..1.Np4 •• • traa the ttae of tbe pert~ ..-pbolol1,oell.Y dllrina diMiaUa-r •"- 1-Mt the Br1:t:1.ah 'been ... i.oturN a ataln' •~ by oetween thla beiD& puNl.7 .._.u.oa1a iiba\ 'l'be end 1ibe •s.uvewrrun' aoU:Yi.U.ea .,_.. aOOOUllb forth• oulturee, Bors•• (Col• end B1gp l.96~h 70-5). 1a • wua\er ht ｾ＠ lllllbere ot • •iD&l• aoois 'l IX'OIIP, the difference •••Ollll (ill etten abailDOe ~Uy ocmtineDtal two tn4it1om, to upon the 1mui. t1a11 ot nr1 taiAe a.A. f. , OOIIII~ Magl ... or wo a~tiDct '?be llllller- imaatr.1• ll_•ol.iUaie •Dd ahape11 of ad.wolitbl •U\IIYd lllltU. qui\e or1&ual arp1111nt, C'1-l'k 19S5). tbt.11 ••• •ad Horabla - la beaecl llpGft aJld 1ibe pnaenoe aam.llS fr'OII 4ittff91lt auah K•ner, 111 SGllthWII Brit.ai.n. ot the ~1,tab repreaenW aad it a it ia wtNDti•• !llnertbel... \be ».aol.itbie au, l'na.J, aener.Uy lt •• ｾ＠ ~o trio rea•rab end o~i•• UD, 'S.uYeWft'iaD' iJl \be wri.9UODI nporta; tore ot \ha taota ta oalle4 olaaaiticeUon - ... ,l ... , ... wur',...1 ... Jca&r11ala and excawUae ot th1a p.per. 'Tbe All ot th1a illtorm.tiOD 11• ill 19.}2. rMPPl'91Nl mah aore 4Uipllt Nl&ld require aMWNlttecl ai.Dae C1-rk'• •• perio41.oela, l"OIII 1D BrUiaiD are 111• atudi• tu lllgl-ian wr1e11,, illpl.yiltc end •int•; IWll'Ol1'1d.o ... and bt ..i•s•• 1ihai tb1a 11°' oanaiclend induatrJ 1a !be......_. 1A tb1'1 erpaut tor fWlotianal Yeria~Ui'Y• arel7 u of t.he Maa].eaceaD variant• noluUoa Allart troll the thrN boiill ea ••119ra,. ildaatr1••, ibe ooeatel Ill •&Uti• oCld.•ecl •• • diatiJlcti'Ye aneloaoua ha••b•• •coordecl aepante nell.¥ neel.•• Jut boar real • al \eraati•el.¥, the iw--enatiOD at.tu.. W.olitbic illcluatri• ~np " ot tile id•titiecl 1.ndull\ri•• 11.• ta.ta u.... •i~ that to .n.bl• ｾ＠ •o 14en·Utiede a wortbwld.le 41'1auui• ot nriOIIII pro\,l .... U19WiWtI: MfFP '?be ....-wt U.tbio •terlal Alaaat ilffcru'bl,J Tberetan 'to tliat ••eaoe oalwral can diNrew It ao, what 1a the •i&niftaanoe ot tibe .. peola ooneerne4 be••taY°'lret are the OOJWention.l t.xODOld.o cli:ri.aiw 'Dlft"e ere autticiellt be••bHII reo- Brit.ill wo. ino tile DriUab wi'tbin eleaena. It ta illt_...t1ng ot ibe .britiu pJd>l ... ~•el.Tea ._oli"tbio 1. 19',). wbare oonc11Uam Tb• .t.Jnerproetetioaal a. ot Sout.b-w•t (W•imrrtpt Cl'Ollp atill (C1-rk 1955, We!Jllrright and •• c011tributGr7 i.Jlcbatri .. aC11eeutbore aroupinp, auninla' •1'• 1D ScoU.nd, or l>aae •r'•taoa, 1. '7P01,ogioal ot 'Creawellian tile pouibilit7 entertaia l"J), pri.Doipel ill thia oouatr, 4iYiai• ••emblapaJ at\141.M WitkiA tu to ol.auU) 1N.a1e-Qpee or .tDdua trt .. ) , -. or 't.he ia.ture .. ol.i~io ot ll•o- ot the ••1'8aoe• relate. to t.be lliorol11ihic iDd.uatry. apec1tioall7 c~t (u b lara.- tool tarwaJ• eun:blape a •t cl.-aaUiattiOD ot occnqatiOII U a liW.o •Dd in prtieular .,-,-,10 I.a • t'-Ptina c:mr-•~ 1a the tile onl,J ildimtiOD '.Jpolactael or to .. ajeotiw •iD&l• Nat.ale 0110• lato Wlli•flll taoe4 •t 1ib \be ll'OIIPI ( euer ala--'ocwt.. ot 106. prniaua or oolleoUon, 1n r•peat 1'0l"k_.., ha••bMn t• 111.erol.iW.c a.. ellbleg .. and Ulua'1'1aUam ill a1\e be ayat.a.\t.U1 n"17 IIN enalyaec! eaeordllla Yer7 to Clark .'• a,atea; acoo~ ｾ＠ oaa.pram1Ye• tbrclup a •D111.orolU.bio --- oi.eaiti.S. AppenMx I la • liat ta olaaait1-d appreobits.OD ot 'the vpea repnaer.ted qwntiteti•• blaa• N;pc:rla NOOrdi»&and pwbl.icat.ioa. ot \ha.e to Clark'• ait• iD ll!JWl~radend ola•.1.fioatiOD, ao t.r •l• bNn that haft •• the preaent writer .-..re. v11m n•e AA>11WP Tht •• Dellpt\e lack ot guantitetive tb9 auenl t th• a'tandard Wipartit 1a U. one, aDd broedl7 1. .e ayat.a • .,.114 •peeking illt'cratiaQ of t)'pol.aaical 41YiaiOD ia • u.aetul Certa1Al.7' CIIMI oall or». rt .. a peraaml ~·: charact.era.a by • bigb ~J,JOrt.ica or DCDa.Dlt• • traac air/.... eleaallt )• .Aaa-1>l..g• , ... ,r1o aicro11 '-• u,.g1,_,.1-n •1th • laigb pi-oporlioa ot ..U geGMtria alorol11iba, a114 l.aak.u.g ••• and ••• ( 'Sawe ·arri.aa'). 2• J.Nablap9 ,. Aaatnl>la... .... \Uy , ... aholfiq t.i-10 ~. • aenuine •lob& •1~ lllx•• Tb•._. applud to lheae sroupa an pi-aavwaae attiUatioaa• dlmia ot &MMlrio aD4 e.l.eaun (BorahallJ• aD. ·- aoa111.ha, i... .. ,sataotory But they are re'81M4 hen •• •1.Doe or taa111ar1t7. Cl•rl7, on the -.llll)lA,..... iJI beau ot the alcroli~ 1n Smthffll a1, .. IIIE'l'IR, ldlbt be aHr1"4 rortumW1, end t. to autp •"_.. nideJIN an ot oer1aln •D7 allbllt.nial theae are not diaoreM !nclenct, auab •• '!00 to ei\her aiaplitied •1.-nt, \be lla;leaoeian b7 ｾ＠ c11apae,1c m1ol"olitbio •• tnee• BIU, •114 Iw-.&NB • er Horeha• ot duatributioaal Ana ••abla1•to gr'Glll'i8• criteria it abau.14 IJl'OT• pauibl• •it.bar a,1..,.1,an, •9nt•tlU,n Sun1!Plt' bl.ua' aDd '•edle- Certata waaaual 111.orol.11ibic t;n,ea { • a.Qgl..,..okad poinu•) ahap-4 OIi Na:Lm.aoent or Upper .PeullOU~ oooaaioll bMD NOOrded 1'rola aaleamian iri teU. '!bi.• b. ·• l:)ewa••en •• ,r.ditioaa into la'- a&t oloa• 1nduatrul :.-nUela •uu•t that ait• ··fi...t c.l1~u-.(u .1DM1'111iaclial(Zane 11: •· . alaaift entirel.7 fra i-•i.• •iib or Crenell.iaD tbe atend.r4 Ii 1'0llld .... 'bt coau..nt.l :i.DCJulllri• TJoacarlall the r r ... ellitill 'b•Jenaa to c-&i~ p{I\A..(e 10000 - 9000 a.c.)Aeq GD 1a aild ta. ~11-64 be••preolua.4 MoseowR• laimriaht'• .artta1!.n. bA:JA-9 lY&v4w lauaaa OGCRr 'angle-'beoud be aoacaa.S.W o1oaer illapeotion. of lliorolitba. cl ... 1.fic.tiOD tbu tren.Ulan of l'Mt.. s-,c.cee d ,~ bladea' alld 'DHdl.rahaped poUata' oan. wiuu,a 1D Scaatb-w•t MMoUthic pmod ('t•lmrrtabi 196J). ｾ＠ ».pleman •U• tor ~. •urvival ffid.ao. m.cS.Do• for tb• date ot the 3.ritieh Direet •li&bt. and coaatel ba•• tw. Crea•ellt.n the .DOtum ot •er.wellun .i\&l"wivela' a an Cofftel l,trtk1M la reeP"' l aiarright al.Ill ｾ＠ (19':S ) ooaaiden • tri• ot ooaatel ow.tual awe1,J repnaent ｾ＠ t)'pol.ociael oo.a1iel aaaar:i,lage•• leOIDlltri.o 111.orolithio group. •1t.a ill Sou1ib it Juatif'lable The preaent ｾ＠ coa;pariAona •rt Wri ...-•a lllglaD4, 'littoral •i• lq \he ••U OOIIPID1t1.ell' 1a $llat ｾ＠ ••• D&ltala Jloruaa aiN ot •87 ·1111.Xture of ceocnetrio alld IIGD- But the epper.nt taraa. the ooourrenoe of U. Jlollow-baee4 Polat at tn Pel!lbrGlt•hire. •ll eontut w •PNk ot • OOM1ial Tari.ant ot the sou,hull •1'• (.... l :IS':'Yr"RD OOJ olld P'RJSIMJ.rlft ax• ••l••D4 S ca&t.b-w•t .. C1-rk tbaugbt ) . im~t• • ~JS!)• •nd • oono.-ra~1• 111:,nbam oettst (noi • laD¥ ot vaaabet •a,unterriall• \ \ 110. 2. mwnw origiJ:l tor th• Lritiah AD iaaigenoua •m unJ ikel1; iaa tica •de 1a ea • tinc1.iYM¥ wi1ib reprd liW.o or a Clal'k' • h.Jpotheeia • IIWllber ot p»1Dta aan be lloWner, ot .Bri\iab ocm'U..Mntel etti.DitiM MNo- ~. Th• aunbla~• r•tllllltl• fflAmwt floQII ~• d.tea like BROXBO~ from ConUnimtal COLIN VALtff, D1ZPCARend •tt• ｾ＠ ilffento17 f'l'oll the Brittah ot ~- tJae proporU.• and tu 41ttenac• {•" 1-ak ot ttne, •rraa •• 'b• •ND••apeoi.al a"1"1bl&•Dl• k cli.ttwnne• 119piie11l boUl .bri ,tuh ot • _.. .. r1a-i1w ar aon likely ta Tni>M• tw. .Araba-,logimll.7 1'be •114 tbeae •~!Jig 1•1Mrnliaecl culture, to c!iffereraceia ill geo- •ffl.nltiN S.u.•wrri•n theae Y.h--• • aitea, 18), in .... ｾ＠ 'tb• the tl,o g!"Glllp9 •re ot their aNNID1-£• aiaroUthio m•• •tf4...nit1• 11Nn t.lwt ihe7 ere nto .. ru, 'Die altft"Nltt.v.- Pa-.. StpU'i•ntly, 'S.w•wrrt.•a' Sou\h ••lM 'i.Dduatri• oloe•t with Sa11n~n pareillela .not preou~ ~ent. with P.renah s1.a1.lar (•• Clark 19552 .Tat btlc»ua• oez1ein ld.th Yrenah S1niTeterri8D the product ot am aD4 4-velop11e11t? grQIIIII · ait• doea an , reeoburc Jn&land tNII the p:-eaent •riter !a ••re, ao :ia kllowD 111 !ngl.l!Dd aouth ot t.he Tha_. • eurp.--iairW it Ja, .,_t qUNtion ts ein 1n,U,18lll0m ori,line ao fir•• •it. tiJld their at.tM •re at lltgl.-ua b M19glemcaian apr•d 1a the qUMt1.0D ot Britiah cnacial 1 Brittah •• 1ibetr ocat:1.Delltal aD11l0p&•• to 1Dter:pret H"• •• Non dll*- augpiat bt awU.bl• •• •r~ BriU.h 1JI •1•, apeoUt.lq laaaU-. fhe t• 1_.t dittereDOM ri.. 1951.,: 180) • Clark 1'1t the 'ld.oro11W.O \)'POl.oaS.0.111'auipi.-, S'!Ai CABB•• ... la&• abClle lllpcrunt OOIRtmDtal ail• ot Bona1 •P 1-n ait• w.,1 ... SVADDBllO.. MOLLDUP, tDMOAARD,and DUVJNSD)• (••I• t.ben •M• wow.d dl»l uwaa1GD ri th aubaeq\Mllt b,J'brij- aimpl.e 0111h •uaa•ted to the illutr1• W.ollt.hic t.be lritiab inct\la\r,J 4id re}'NltPt parel7 ••lleJ P ar 1n apemiOD \ 1u. of th • :'renoh !:lauv•terru.u (noutttpao aite J'Nllob oomt.ner.t.l and i.te to 1ib• A.Urntic th•t ,7 ,itiab aaoh •rlier Boreal •U• dated The oontinental to lld.c!-Bor.l •seweterrua' •i'- will eftlltutlly S.UYeterrian oo • to aza at t1m1T• part or luro~ Falaeolltio • api-Pitl•eolitbic' paau»ili'7 l9ll•i Do\ i.ra•• 1"4,;. or• period. Karecwer, 1awtr10 •u•mble.-, 1.a4Wael• 'l'ranglN end in-egu].-r n.tiYe reaote, 1A •1• .... . tollowiJI& • • 0\11.tural b.Jpot,h•ia' ill aoaa llaglwai,iin ) ta tbat ooaoarden (Ratatriclk tn- ot al.orol11:ba are th•• aliboaa&h edaitMcSly C"N9oeP• H .. Bolrffff1 ... ' aeome\ric typee do oooaaioaall7 •ddiU.• •Olll'C• l'l"OII B011ffff, '\b• poaaibil.ity aow ltD01rn to" ot •n:1.t'•t.ttaaa atead.ag or the I011DC•rDrJa• {aU.ll Radle7 A aleU.re UNCEM Cllt often . aurrinla tn Hort.hem !nglend •n ata\rtwU.om ot aeY_..l or1&1Dtor our geomt.ric 1Ddua~• ot ov eool.oaiaal ~l4ICII• Th• ttn.l there 1a • paaaibility cca:ie to light. 1a only me wcn ·•••attally tor the cent.rt ao rar • de tee!' beloag Adldtt.sl7 perioda• •mi Opper aal.7 CJ.4. de\ernlna ticm tcr a ih• •nearl.1 •ua•ta ) irlduatf7• J lao graup. 1:be ohroaolqp.oel occur ( et. 1'& TCfWf - tnt.-.noe ia that I)• J.~1• •M the lll!l-emaatan u_. I.a 1.llduatr., btlcap to ·the periocl NWeen 8300 B.C. end 6ooo B.C. (7.0De8 IV•VI), ancl the 'SeUYet- emaa• to VIC • VIIw ' VIlb) t al~ th• th• bet.MD period .,.U.nce 1a too ·eli,tht DO'UOII or • llagleaoea'll ex.a • NI40ialq' •• aameriaall¥ 'that tbe au, .. )• 'Ral'NII' MIJ~ .on aN It ~Atl obetecl• cm the pri ｾ＠ GD aClllla 'S.w•terria•' (at• millX>N DINI, FU.;U.TrN, m..a.• indua,17 ot ....... \be PenniNB or •robaeol.Hc.nv, IDglaDd. 1a 111CarM'1.ltcw to 't:h• t.he •haenoe or tnnahet •114 • conaiatein't failure Obliqldl.7 BlwaW f'oinia PaDrd.M 'Jllaff'OltD1-de' thougbt noluti tatermec:U..at• 5.Dduatrue iD tOl"IIII •n IIGII-IMIM\rio to be oonnluai••• - 'S.uYeterrua• •it•, •s.weterriaD' oetata to recopiae 6ooo ]3.C. aD4 3000 B.C. (~an. , •1'9111 end .... 111 19'2 Clark ba4 nolwcl-' ot ua. am ,1111t 111,l~li.. (196o) the 'Broad &lade' lnduau,-; \he baai,o t.nolaaical ex• •• Dffff diati.mUon- ~. from h,lcoak'• l"ara •• en I) eDd t.hffe are dltini.te t.be are oaaplN1eDl1117J ao JM>Nf.WW1 ot Darib t., .Adhffi.Dg induatri appioaala __. to~ the mtun lM dra•J sill "t.hen are .m. ' ::»euva"arrun• J:laraba• w '°9 ataodllrd .. , auttioient problem ot ot tbia lllfGl'UtioD cml.J' •ua•UODa ••• t•, tor~. it.-:,, ts.a-10). ar-pa int'l!'llletion o'f'1&illa t»Ye b ... ware Uaurpretat.S.on 'aultlinl' ._ onrlep diatribut.iOM aiaiuri-.s... (•" ei'8e a Uae fl'DII Hereford to Cambriclc• (•• bNa ｾ＠ litbio wlley, t.o Uae Horaha• iD- f"nd ' Si.-uyetarrt.aa• iiorsh&ll •wicl\l-7 'SeUYeterrian' llltclalld aouth of tb• '!'b.- i\ 1- pcaa,- .Appendia bi.ma -tmt t.be Borablaa 1n4•VJ" pcat- abraaologia.l •a1-un. 1- coueot, l\Yl,ri.41-tica, ,no1,o&1a1l diaUJ:lct the OCDt.1- (ea tile 'baaia ot the a.it• reapeeti•• Their with opiaioa trom the »tgl...,.un and Wal•• ... "9Dt p_..tber then• .volut!cm direct ｾ＠ 19'0), IICdern geologlc•l .remte tmt ot tb• ooo.aiOlle& 'b7 inlw.ar o'! ltinll oam.eotlom Chu-bill). in SOllibtlrll ~lld da~ the oor• •it•• • )Vbri4iNt:1• ~n41t1one, I! ~emblapa 1.ble a 11rsu- tar• (;,aimrtght re1Nae'nta fl'OQ t.i..e ｾ＠ 5000 a.c. (:a.~.,.). then c~ia duatry 0Ulff•tionsll7 reaul'ting MDt ercwad 1~~•0, in t.h.1B a.pl.an4 rag:laa. ano ' Se11v•t.rrisa• •~ei:.oai.l1 dnelopaeata '° reeopi•e ..-en Yer'I atraog ele:.ior..t on •E\r(l.td ·-1"'4•' {llagl-ull) • 'lh• licrliba• p,NP mU•• retuaed noor4e4 Jlo.raba• ait• 9l'Ollal.7oani...,DNl'J'• ot the Brl\iab &rOlll41P 1a au.oh that no 4-tiJliw • tNab tdentU'1e4• H~ ocmcluaica paoblld The l!l!lin tnte}NtiiaUaa.1 a g__..l lack. ot quanti t.it.iYe 1nfo11•ticn tllixOlnllc cli.vaiou b) the ,...,.1la& 'll,5lCII& wbidl comia\ent cen be bPeet\. of atratified aiMa wUh o.roor-4 or pollllll •it•; en4 '11• ••ll •t... :ar.o- to atbulate areunct r •) in .u1d it baa elNed;J 1a ••U.ble •Jor diatrilMtioal naam.~ ot 0.11 rfl'ol..,• ll,J. ,. THJ9Yl1UOftW IWQ'I9WcJ6VtWWD Tbe •ltel'lleii•• vul pciupinp t.,.. (Col• •iti.D ot a •~• t.n dittennt arcupa wauld ban induat.17 relaW •de b7 lllllb .. eeoacwd.o •otiYiti•, at 1a that t.n winter a '*al-un• the lowlanc9a prodl.lO:l• mon4 law eld 1D aumae,: tb., • ditt_.. ~t WGllld •• • \o be tt.t '?he 1Dtff'e00e ariiviti•; ia:hlll- been ronu1..tec1 ua YaOAe to ditterent ilababi-4 the obeerYe4 in&aatri ....... loa.tta111. to the •••oaal. •rN•to the upl.Dd anq Their •J'IIIMl>t g:raup •ad related ...... lfeeoUtbio 25.>) • to expuia ha• iaD 8J'ld'S.wetenua• aoot.l cl1tteNDt ttae Meeolithio, alld B1&ga l~9, Mafil. ... the DltiYe wbiah a.- !Qpoth•a prodLlo1llg • 'S•UTetan"lan' ba'bit.t, i.nd\11\17. llell.1'11 c1,1c) ... ity• in atone thi• •~• \oal tuW aNabla&NJ tora - that by • •i.Dal• aootal by 00Dli4encl t\moUanall7 ｾ＠ - •an eYi.deDN whloh •ba ComiAeriJrc the W.gl._.t.11 ｾ＠ .. t 'tbe Col• poealble to ..,,., .So date, 1) but me •n ot 'tunctiaml ciu•ii• CCIRn•UAg aueablaa• Tirtually .. a\lOh •A in•rl'l"•tati• •ppeer •Dd ' S•uveterrtaa' to oer'aia it Yer'¥ Ulllikel.7' • la Dot atriOU, llb1ob to apNitio ••t auapioiaiD on •wU.ble a.tea •uq•t that tl» ' S• UT• tarria•' :ta nib_. ｾ＠ tbe f\anatianal b;,potbeab aurely tm11 t.he • ale-s..a nqldna 'ViAr oaattlllll)On•ty ~t the &anti• ot the The t• later 2) 11:MoU. U\io period) • . There ta aot a ol•r-o11t ditteNDCM in cUatributia. S.t.ber ｾ＠ tUa\ributlOD ot Mlal,.-.ce1an and ' SaVYetefft.D' 1a ooaoordan" noentJ.¥ the Mtgl ... tan baa bMD taun4 ill l&Pland 1.Dalud1ag the Pemdnee• •rN•, to baw Nell both w1Jlt.r an4 •waer oaqa. trCIIDStar C.rr tbet the •1 te •a OOOl&Pied bet.ND .April •114 October• Al'tel'l'l9t1Yely, ' Breed Ba4e' ill the P•mai,,.., •t bes.gbta 1,000• o.n. at 1... t, wcaa14 ha~ haw• bMD. 000\&Pi..Sduring the wiJJter .mat.ha. .>) u. ai-s-n •1' ...... ! b• ta1111al ｾ＠ .u .. auas•• •'bcn• ill be • paatble 'Iii 1h Nteruoe r.ow apa ., .. ot beiDI poeiU.vel.7 r.- tno.pble ~-la ••rbbil- •are •a&t.aturect eTidenoe' • bl&t 1ibat it •7 aD4 Bigp point aot. and be ccmolu4M that bJ'poth• k1D4 or •rohaeol.ccical 91q to •dduoe tb• 114. ~. lh• t\mcti.aml t.k• bypoth•S. ao eccowat or the Borahe• 1Dduatz7• ID ora.r, to •ube~nt.t.te data cm •••oaal or retuie ooau.~tioa •pecuU, 9 'beWMl'l ld.orolit.bio ..... i. •• clitt••noea \o oba_...'bl• SJL111S1'0Man4 PSHAK. etatua wittwa an aree of - eoal..-.rJ't 2 Holl • s1 '- 11 •, .-. 1 81"- .&'•,B'• IY', 'rod' 50 *" aipifiaaDt Sautb-11•• BrUaiJI II 1a pouible v• bi all4 the cleNio the ooaatal looatum OIi the ,._.. mtplolted ~a ot ' •••osal ld.gb\ N e Win\ff 8\llaU' •' a..e cli.tt--' JIO te be m.oroli Ula 1') augpeta .induatrul. •otivit7 or aatiY- 1a UDCerlaille befiNeD •it• in oca•t.1 ill uu.114 loc»tiom. • a1-1.ea. - 1.11an ilatU"IIDOe tm, 41.tt"ennt tnJeD4 ••aamJ D()W}i'lOI( (• ai&bt irater bt Bezmadabt _. 1t7 llendlt 1111oalao eixpl.oitea the '° ci.n•a •~ (• the ::> urn7 t.be 1 1.lubire allt) (19.)9) are,nesllll) lllab\ be a OIUll)e SiaUarly CII ..-geoaetrio (195': hllldlle t.1148• l'.ARNIWl•'- •I(),WMJ."N8 ft-GIi a a\&Oh•• ,.JB'l't\Alm 801 9 U' tbe7 ._.. ~-- oiiber band:, ~re I', T (oQllrlatllg Site titter.-,. ait• 1a aot pau- it lbliQl&el.1 BllllaW Potata Bcrahllm iDdUlliri• .u-y•r-l"Cllllld ••,u--1111..... AiJaterla~. unol:n4 perbapa a.re~ that GIi or aome apeoial ta •• iada '•••m.11 lbe~ • Site m •, • t• .i,,...te.t P rar.). alld .. au911blap 1\i•• cm 'Site A• )'•t and whiab are beliwe4 tOWli • ._.. an4 orer 1,000 a:torolitha and C'•, ' -bait •• r .... wri.a Ucm, w at ~I <lWiGIR 5 •11• 9 aquan llll• 1111lNl-.4 poU'8 tor MMlb 41Yff&eD- ••• of the ai1iee• llo1Nftr 'be DOW troll . PARNWI, •&•,np.wl la aol1111-. • poli',iti~• •• 'bel'Nell the ,auealapa dltt___. IJ'tlUP loaau4 oa wit.b Clark (l9}9& 95) polAta are •nwal . pouible 'ltl_.. 1D 1ihe (t\allotioaal) to off• •am wriat.ic:a .trait Jlolwha111 •it•• Ua det.U - ahanoea ot 41aoaft17, ibl• ill auooiation tel&Ael. NlllliM turlber, To take lb• 4iaauM1GII a l.itUe diaierlti• 11"4 aore Nlubl• •• 9 •••-1ag... •sal.ffetem.A. o1• the ~heaS. there •• a ... OOCIIIP7 l.ol,1.an4 •it .. lib -.1 s~ ••l*Rto the CAlll ill w1Dttr, 11;. Uk• Dl'.IPCA.Rill •nd upl..,Dd •it.a be •Dit•ted in r•pective In •ll the" thia l.aU.om bea .. ••rutioM •re likely ot ... lNt •Y nlate ,....-1 betaeen cU.tfennc• e1gll1t1.c.nt and •Y DO"t ~-- wboUy ar 1D s-rt 1A the ~t. are a.en baaed 11pon eGlll)l.ete wol-kU11. obael"ftble ditte"J"ebc• be'heen •aa...i.pa MODOalc aotiYitiN, ditterencee eoollGld.o •cliviti•• ｾ＠ woul.c! t'orm 1a probl.-ttoal. Ulli.Dg tut to reflect equlpaent, •terial \o De· •4e, the, ahaw.d •t l••t then in aiarolit.bic 1a the a.nger •Nemblag• ld.croliW.o Haw ~r euch •••ea.lit., 8\Ullllm'• purely to 1eopapiioal elld ditt ....... lbenton, \IPOD lnduat;rul b.J'poth•• diai-n:U• ot t\&rlot.ional wrtabili'7 abOllld not be maecl •lane. SIJ¥W1J 1) flle Meaolitbio induat.ri• ot swihern lrita!A b9n b .. a 41vide4 uato 3 preaeooe or •.1or ~, beaed llpGll the aha~ ot lllarol.itba ena ｾ＠ • batDCNtot oore •••: lltgl-ian •j l» o ':":t IntluatriN Horeham . With SNffet.erri.aD •ft'i.Diti• . The ial>r'IHiOD 1a ti9t theae ｾ＠ DOi aa •beol.111:,el.7dUCl"ete cl•NN, to ...... .I!! be braa4l,J diatiAgu.i.ah.S, b\at •• ~Olla Workffe MYe t..W ' .' 2) DliirlbuU.u.U7, ｾ＠ U.glemaaan iJlduatr7 .... to be w1d.. l'r'•4 1A lng1-lld , ill botb lwland • n4 bigbland •rw•; bCIIIItaar, U at all , t.i 1a repa"tl8ented ill a l• ia probl ... t.iaal• The 4iatrihlli1om or ' SaUYet- to be ~ementery . .E\an wriaD' end &orama 1ncl.lat.r119 ｾ＠ 'SaUYeteni.aD' •ulllblepe la•e 'nc. lieen twb4 awtb ot '- Tba ... wU.7 or iJI South •l• • 'l'h• Borabam cli.atribllt.1• •1' be wider than waa prnt.aual.J \booat,i, b\lt do.a aoi aeem to •tencl IIOrib ot • lim ｾ＠ Cambridc• and Heretard. ,) TM awU.11~• ohrollolopoal nidenoe •uu•ta that. Bonham and 'S.11Yeterrlan' ·ll'OIIP9 ere 'broecll7 oaal41111»01•17(paMlb17 ••'°°'¥'5500 JOOO &C. ) • !he gl ... ten induat.17 .... to ~te ~b (••8.)0(>6000 BeCe), al.Uto!agh 1:h4idegrM of aqJ CW«l"lapla \IDCe$Ule - ll6. IJ'GUPinaa wit.bi.II tile Britiab 1be ewU.ble nei '-r MNol~:W.o. OD ,.ery ol•rly mild, the otber reMed• tvPotb•ta' Die '1Jwea10lil •114 h,JbricliuU.oa e) to tit tor ehrallolau end diatributiaa; ffideaoe o.n be paai ti"17 oiaed • Hei,her ..... (C~rk l9J9) aaD be ariti- • IUliHar ot OGUDtel TMn en • •s.uwterrian' when oae ...U ai tea 1D Smtbara to n.na tb• u}leOt 1Dglall4l preoiaely it the iJMlaaW.J••• deriv .. from rnnoe• b) '?he 'S.uftMl'riara' Borebaa o) 4) i.Dduat:17 -.ppae41.J \ban , en ao 'S•u'N~' c!Sa\:rilNU.... •ft~-- .ert,iab 'l'h• al\erlla,iYe DOI" ( COl• It tak• b) •ai-un DO ao ap~nat de! 'S.uwternan' pno1.Ml.7 a ial.lar to 'Iba u •rl.J• 4e-tnlu1' lllal.-.un wbiab aNka to ezpleiD •• & B1gl •ai--s..n in4a 1;ry la _. ~-1- induatri• 'S.11Yetvriall' •trs•w .....,, but, Jngland •hen 'S.we1errU11' F1"91M1b 1Jkl.latr.,, •••~l aapeota ot tM ..... 1969) • ..... ..,_ 1 ... encl olit.b.ic OCIDYUICiDg• aooount ot tta. Bortlh9a 1.nduatl-7 •114 'S11unter:rua• iD llart.bara ID&laild 4iatributiolll c,r:.,,oorclent encl IIOt oomplwnt.ey. •N a) aiua, 1D Jonbern •) tbaa the ill SOll\b- ... i IDal,eD4 •hen a lQltrl.cUM\i.oD ~bricU•"-• popalad.GD •rlier illduatz7• 'lben •• TIie DO' d..-vebl7 ta Mlgle ... ian 8114 1Sallfttlll"l'UD ~'17• The oonw.-e 1 incSulltriea are IIOt a..amtnbly •PI>NN to be ｾ＠ ceae: the Jillgl..-UD eppeera to precede the 'S•w•tarrt.11'. dJ rbere .... to be • ... aoaal aapeo\ ep~l'91ltl,1 retl~ecl 1A ld.orol.1~ Bawner, both th•• bypoth•• en ••ted'b,J \be avaU.'Dle ff'id...._ CIPIDOt be to tile v.g1 ... 1an, aot ••Nlbl.ea•• tOIW&laW ill tfflll9 •uab that tbe,y 1'he preaent ·•ri\er W.oli\ld.o \be aot1an u pcpOl• to anl.opnenurr. Wtial Wldttterent.ut.ecl •• iD tact, geo- rba 'te.ndenoyta11arda in8NIII , to ha••protwo Therefore prcwiDc•• tll• urit:l.ah ..,_olithta: witlwl reoogalaed countr,-, thia Jlllglemoaun: 1D the northen2 (SeuTeterrun') mi&bt'be lDto ead ameUer aiae ot 111.crolitha woul4 oreaaed pGaltrioity ceedea turtber Maglnaaian elld Horamm 1nduatr1N ot an ewol..a aa.gleaceua». 'ftru1'l9 aore OOllt'orta'bl7 •1 tbiA culture eDYtuge boUl 'S.unt.errun• ｾ＠ eonoel'llin& tbe the Britiab tbet eh extenaioo ot the l!ltltio 1\: arastat•l tbe klllMD taota be aooc · xtat.t •D jooepttna indua'tr,J repnaenta I :that ia Smt.ber:1 Bri'-SA • 1.h1rd b.JPot.beaia• i,eriodl avapeta .a.c.: tbe gn&aal colonaeti<lll ot Brit.in by peopl• * ... un or Proto-Millgl-1.Dn tratit.ion 1a the Ire-Baral perio4; l\nd tb• gnbl edaptetiola to cmncin«ecological ｾ＠ et COD- and a nnp ot eDTU"OllllalJ.U aot Mt with 1a lolrlaD4 o%"tharr1 !Urope• Th_.. •1 w.U. h,iq been• coeatal eapeot, 4itum wideDOe tor wlaicb II ｾ＠ JIGlr tbe aublarge4. 1:9•' with np:-eilentatiTM ot two NlaW UW4iUmaa Souihern Briuin, botb ate tram the Nrlier un; '11• 'S.uveterrara• ill llartti.rn Snfll•lld eacl lel•J •Del tha H~m u ->outbern ~nd end l.111•• Both probably a,p4e4 lnlo the lieoU.thio perioc!e ＠ｾ Magl ... Alamt •na Oer'hiDl7 bu.t S.t •en• a) u th1Jtp to illuatnte • point. 'b• dllt to • teUlal'"e reoop1ae aw,b ma le4 • elbld.o' wran• .i.tber •a.a1... '1.D~te' or • _,.t 1.Dduatri• •••enl>upa000\U" '° • atria\ •• poillta (•M U.U.a •UM aotta11 ot aetegoriatioa Tha writer b•tltND (l~O) 'N•rrar '° ait .. like 1960, AR,~U INCl..Ua> ot arobaeologiata ux!.Uble 8,U.a do Bi.ate Pemia a two oowiu1 pouibl• • ·the ~r' 'S.UYeterrta11•. 1nchlatriM d1Jlt:1notioa Blade' 1aa• OD tba hit.berto ia4ua1rt.•: IIIID4el. augg•t, I1'1XJSTRIJSIN .IQfflWUI .na 'S•u••Ml'l"laD') betatND Jlegl-~11 Thie •7 ｾ＠ CriUoua THI A.l:-f'ARBL?l' LACS c>' •nrmll!DIAR' (1 ... •Ulll••• Ulia D0t. qu.i:te ea ._.. ot to two ••i-nu •-embl•1• •• •ugg•ta tt»t retuaM to mke •'DY Bade' COOK'S STODt ·C: ttg.5). end 'nro.cS CII whiab 'miucS' 1 ｾ＠ r .t ;1 .e:. • 1 a • ( ·~ : f t 1 I , r t f f r i f 1. I i ! I E. a r&. r f.~.e: • r, I~ , ' • I . r f , !. i... E • • ;._ • i' ｾ＠ I (1:i : ... f f., 1l. 5r f• 111 if r ｾ＠ f lE ;i I! .i j! tI fI~ｾ＠: r£ I.. f i ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ! f ' l = t J & i ! { ｾ＠ 1 j l { i 1 J l I i !i ｾ＠ ｾ＠ E i i I : ｾ＠ f ｾ＠ t • '1 ·i.~ :JI 11 • ·1 rf I!. c i Q t ...;-. i ｾ＠ r· : f ｾ＠ ' I a I i ｾ＠ ｾ＠ I l : I .. i ｾ＠ i • { 4 i ! ; s ; f E l 1 i I ; ｾ＠ i , ' i ?l g i l ! ! ! t ( =11·1s: I. t Iｾ＠ ;I : ! 'f 1 .... 21. ｾ＠ I f f .. I f ｾ＠ f i I• •8 tI ｾ＠ l i i a.. ｾ＠l I ｾ＠ I .. ｾ＠ - • ｾ＠ • ｾ＠ o I l f ｾ＠ E~f r... r I .i :. ..... I I: 1.. i fi 1 f tr 8 i O 'f !.. :.c ..,. !• f• i ｾ＠ 1 ! [• fi i.ｾ＠ fｾ＠ •ｾ＠ ｾ＠ rt I ｾ＠ • ｾ＠ Ii f 8 ·• :;' 2 • i• t!f I'B. •i I, '4C t f I E1 ! .. ＠ｾ • • I D' • ::. 8 i , I i' f t ｾ＠ =- ｾ＠ f r!i ij ｾ＠ ..P • S B. S. • f r .. • ' I • = II ri ! ! l f i= C I .. ｾ,＠ I= 1:ac i r I f ( r, I I 5 • i I J I. i l . ; 1 : e =Ii . ( i fｾ＠ ... r i i! i CIJ I j: I I. a • ｾ＠ I ; JI ·i f • • f t: :i R- I ｾ＠ : I toC • • I .. ｾ＠1 1I a ,- .,ｾ＠ •• '• a. i.. .. ,. J· e; ;:z ., tI'" ; I .. i;, Ir I a • B. 1-1 E • l'ART IY ABClfADA)CICAL D'llf(J)QLOGI IM MISOLI'lBIC STUDIIS 'Dae V.ol.i'tbio ot .dritaiD OOCGP1tiall 1a repruent-4 al.aoilt , ent:iNl.7 'b7 1111NrOUa 11u.1c ••Nblaa•• U.• l&n4entending •~'bUabiJlc 1D the aaal.Jaia : ot '1lee• ocnaiatat ••emlaa•, clinatom tiJl)Oloeioal •um a ... ot objectivi\7 'be•~ oaa piooe,t4. tollostna la iDt.....S ｾ＠ In ih• 1D'4n- or t.h• daia ot llbat ld.gbt be iDd!aeUcm •• •• to, u It; a GWJDtii:tative reprMematioa and olerit¥, Th• w1 tb • vi• and nriatiom• t!ln' ...ninlf\ll inYrPretaU.aa upon 1a requ1Ncl. to 11a aohir,ed. PlfHM'MPMM Altw• all., \;be p-ee'teat cbataole •1•t••ot 1a tbe laGk ot a at.at.I'd QPM• aingl• Cone 2. R•~ .,. U.-.wuall.a ;.... Retaacbe4"uWued ,. .fur• artehcti •Del DOt.tioa ci.aaitt.catioD fiYe tunaa~l One m:lght 41.atUlgllUh l. to \&l'idnwtandUJs the V..olithio ci. .... ci. .... tlak• ••tie't'lak8e to •n.J olaNitiaaUGD. aaa tlexibil:tt.:, 10 beJ'Obdtht.• bllaio divialcDe I• Clark'• l9J9) bu bND the onl.7aenoue•t,eapt, .JA 01,JnJaal 'b1liti7 within ot tu f\lll rana• ot .1:1ritiab aNeml.ag• ｾ＠ Borde'• oldaif1eat1oa of '\he *-teriaD •obi.n.d ~riaa «.II ot •• •Nnblage: divalom J •nd At,ere aQ.JdJszh.t•J'IU9bl• 4iY1aiom; Cl.au• or artet.ct objeoti•• but Uleir ·won..- ban ner but nm t.b1a •• vseni, a 'tti41111>t.ed to required, after ot nrubUit,i7 (l9Jlta, lta l.ild.t.ttom and uabniael (Bal'dea 195,)• •nd •lle~U waal.4 ot ad.arolilba olaNU'iaaUM ertet.9'-\JPM 1-lualala wru• the •nner Osll.1-- • ot awa 1a prooNCL 120. tlM42e •eA raw1:eP!e1Ar9betolm &sneer ot the f\mntom A ~l.age to idea• •bout o1-uitica\ione rel9te4 kwl.-la• of 'the tuaoU•{• liklNe¥er, it. •ou.14 .... DO •it.a Brtt.iab OIi ot 11ti11Mc1 (....-.uuohe4 ) tlak•• 1JI thia '° oi...U)? •IC'i»c to m.D4 - JliorOll•r little about whiata ._,,, to .Brit.tab au..i. -~oaa ot llllla• 11D11•n ot •IV •tudt• s...-. Sa W.olithio u, ta, boa Th•~- ot ·~ Mtbcdi .Arobaeolao. ot lliorilll•r (1'5') patt.eraa ni.w an tbN17 •114 ot kWleda• 19'a..)J aad l ortere C1111 be .. eaaeaiQ •• •oate rel.9ftDt •D4 EKperimental ... , elt;laoup • whole~ ( ... ｾ＠ u wrl-.. 1'lae Jll'Neal Iani .. bJ.7, .. amdi• ocaneot.iGDe there 1a an 11.nanaaUy large lleHli~o 11u, Wldoub\edl.1 tbelte •en •• aigDltiean, iJI ｾ＠ n\ouahec! vs-. and ao a!aou14 fipre 111·~ ••l.Jaia• end DZwaat. -- ta »oOJ" or anetact-\7149 retoaahe4 \el.1 1a lllti• IIIMle111teteaent that our to ad.114iliDedia\el..J• OCIQ tut artet.ct-tn- I\ 1a ) ot ~ill JliorolUha acm-uiatell\• •• ot indiYidual baa 11141-W ｾ＠ 'ftlu at.11111.ea. lent m:1111nmwif •94 1:es:1PUI• •tnH•tJee 'Jhe taae of c11Nript1ft ta qld.M fnJlkq and it ｾ＠ anl7 fliia atlltta\ica •••tnc that to •erk 1A o1ilNr •na• vpea end ... Nblepe ot &laeolitbto t.a lbat. abJen1-,1t7 .. -aureMllta TimallJ'J .,,. llarpi-trio d•••1PUTe ope4 al"OIID4 the Seale•" l9"J wpe. '\h.. t'NQ111911q ••ta ot •••-la ... SUllb ｾ＠ clia\rilNt.iOD t, •ntqu• -.4 to at.mple Roe ｾ＠ ... Dl• t.n,eaend •i.,, 'retsJi••t.' 4nel• alld 19'81 •••lape ta Mleolithic the aD4 laiato- .iAfon..t.lGD •• aDCl t.,pea (•• haw DOt NU of' -..ah OUl"T.. uaet\11 oaroli.17 pananera 11u au•• <••I• ilW•ttpttGD ..._Dile4 b.J ~•t.t.Dg alld • oarpaa ot •1bodo1.0ai,•l OolU.w 1'70)• so tar all4 taau 1a t:oo1a an• ot •-- •tud.rot Ulhio be OCllll!Pare4 • the ...a, ia JllrUGlll.r aml.Ja• ataU.tia; ta b-e ta Br1'8ta. 1'be w1- Bardea 1~50 et. NCI•J Doh ,re 195'J Roe 1961.,aid 1968) • Mt.boda ap\aoeJ C· •t.hocla t. .... Olll.y atat.iattoel a~ ot Maaolit.hic uaec1 ill the aftl.y u lD oa11taeet. iJI ArohaeolGC7 ta W to and .trohaeol.OQ 121. MM 1S1DEHMt!f U1\1e IF 921J7Gtr •Pt\uif lillall 11rcbaeoloaioel eeacmottete ,,. plot. tlllo-diamialll91 diNn ot aa1u-a1-1.ona1 thta kind apeie4 ~'-" A wide nnp Bia~ ~•tr appliati.a •'-C.. Ill a-.n1. tbat rill lblt atatuUaal arahaeolosUta ocapla a.ta that•• ta Cluaw te cU.rta a ibe a a..de to ard>aeol.opa.l pertlalal..r atnteo proaedm • UIP'B-'ial~e oil mlliwria\a aiaplit) ... ...i.pa tntQl'lllatum. r... 1bl• beea -.a la w awilebl•• at the u::pertNntal loakina tor auitable withla lat.at ae .. ｾ＠ 1~ Olle ot a lllllber ot -rl.c:$1 A.mlyaia. 1.'hia aak• at•• ｾ＠ ot llllita into hcallleneo.aa ~. mmnN-ei weHE\M ,. s (scu1 • u> llll»-c11rm1e1 wHr (Ja) (Sbei:ard thia _, !b1a Jd.114 ot -~u- &laeoli'Ud.o a ta Bod9ca 1"6J ltodll• abauata DO .... sne.t.h 1~,, in &1-eolitld.o tb8 lalllbw ot ｾ＠ and Opper PaI.eoU. tbto au--1.ac• a.a 1,10), t.rcll 1~ .. ••ta arobaeololical .-paw am uJ)RiaaDt.l Boc1MD~, 1961) aftilabl ia. so tar, •~•• bliw bND ot • lWW et al 19"J J--• 19'2, Xrtaaal or olaaaU'iaaUGll pai-t:tmi.i-ly Jkluat.rilln s.o.1 ill oomaeot10D•ii:11 atu41.M or lithio s.) t.ak, -1,1.-cu. ... uae4 to a.ta are: widely - al~ ,an ... -17. ago. •tructure an4 rffNl 1• •peot.lly lnel. ••lJ-1'1 ot p-ooe4ilna •till aDDOt Thu ..w. .. et.ta 1a •till P"e alld • auttatioa, oonoepta at 'the ... baa •de da'8 IA •.JII ta.t .... 1A •""'•• •• witb l&IOb clea~in ot mlldlJ.mc ni.tioNbip lbe laip ta aal.tiwrtate illtOl'IIIIUGD ••i,.. or nature (Doaa A OODNl'lle4 wU.b ••te:ie a.repe. ra,,wMPma 2.'be baalo p.na,O>re Anal191i1, •1 be Cl*Hl-4 tar tl&• ~iall •• talloaaa ot • olaNU'im1olall by Cl1111ter 1) !he llllita to b• CUNi t 1ecl (••&• 8Neal>lapa ) •re •ffdpcl 1A a 4at. aDd the aillilarit1• betltffn •ll pauibla pairtl ot unite •N ooapatecl 1-aea upa11 all their ettributN (••8• artehot-Q'Pe8)• A wriety or •thM9ti<»l ca.ttiobnta l»n bMD 4ffiae4 to repainUarit.,y be•een llllita ( ... R•nh'Mr and St.ru4 1969) . •tris, lb• ra•t 2) TM •1.ld.1-ri1i7 co.tt1c1enta an ｾ＠ •trl.x' wbi.ab abCllle tibe ai.aUariV tD fferJ other \ln1 t. TM 1118trix •'¥ hn ｾ＠ 1D Tna..,.i.r ,) be ordered tut 90 •1-c the du ... U1oaU.an ot Ulllta 1Dto IJ"'OUPI• ~) rar ｾ＠ out 1.a • '•111:llerii;,J wd.t With r•pect prtatecl -nl1&e or •oh ldp aiad.larit7 •lUM conde,,.. l. tia ,Jiel.61 • ralllb olau- 110N p.reciae claNi.ft.oeu ... , • variety ot ~i•l oluateri.Dc • .,.been a...i.ope4, ancl an •1Tie4 can apill uailfl • oo.- p&ter• 11i... inol\&de: ( 1) BI!RABC'BICAL CLtBftRil(G SatJMJB •i ! b (u) SJJtsl• A._.p link 11.Dkanal.JaU enal,1111- 0 Dole1- U. d Ooaple- link anal19ia f'lnal,sia MULTIDIMINSI01'AL SCI.LINO <Xher oluaterina c!ffelope4 1.adel*ldenU7 ot 1:b1a generel. (Baran 19'<>), Cloae Pl-ar1.ait7 A Sterwt 1969J , aD4 Prinoi»al ec.tDIWlta Allaqaia ( ... prooeclJNe 'bod1'ot tlaear7, iaol11cla J'aotar >.nalpia (R~ BodaOll l.970) • ADeqllia 5) Th• reaul:ta ot a Cluater AJ»lyaia en• •ud.1'ir1t7 •tnz •7 be reprr •et.a ia • aaber ｾ＠ 4ittff'ellt ._,., _, tNquen1iJ.7uae4 are& 1) c-~ •tno• UJ ~iaa.l ·2-41aaaioal .,..,. 111) Yema 41.agn• (•l~ olatue ••~nte4 aD4 encloee4 ri tbiJI bamc1ari•) (lY) ~(Pber:,gw• ) , abOlfi»c the PIOSr•••tva 1\ailiOll ot Ullita iDto larger oi. .... ! ot • Clualer Amlye:la Uaen, ta w •• ...-ia.l !be ｾ＠ io diTtae • gi'ftD IJ'GIIP ot -.1.'9 1Dtio bolaaa..,.. ArohaeolacJ, en of Palaeoli\bio euew>J .... attribla'-8) ( •• • wd.1ill) • ihe 1.'b• 'beaio Ida ｾ＠ their o I• the ocmtext awt-~· epplioatiea ••ta ot ｾ＠ ot 1a the ol.Niticatian Mi••' arletao ... 1;J'pea ( tibe ot U.e PI ua+lN •N obJeoUrli,1 •114 repea.,.. aitillv• IIMtl Nftllt lDdiTidlul wt wcric ta• betll clireeW oluateriltg auita-1• '-bmq\MII, ai61 to olaaaiticatiOD abaw.cl be boa'M 1A al.DcS. toardll and wa.rda "9l•tilla ta..etta-turc (Baclloa 19'9, ｾ＠ wli41 V ot llb1ab are tohe 1970}• But •n_..1 poillta u,. 1) • thocJa ot Clullter Anal,aSa 1A ltaelf '1D~ta• arcbllDM ot ｾ＠ •eoloei•l m terul.. All ~t 1a auppoaMl.7aah1ne4 ia '•• obJectiT-17 oan'rOll.-4 re-pr-.-ente~OD ot 1:be a.ta, ao that. inter1Nt.t1oll avaigb\tOJ'lllr4' (BoilOD 1969) . HOO• 2) Qoo4 queU nau.l ta are IIOt .... ""4 b.J tbe 5r00edure ua.a. ao aada •• 'b1 the ci•liQ' aD4 •1111ab1l1t7 ot tu iApa\ • t.rtal • v .J) Tb.n 1a DO geDt1nU7 aooeptecl olateri.Da -'bocL D1tteren\ •t.bocll yiN4 tiff'e"Dt J'NUlta (aN ffOdNA 1~70, • Baab ba• ita GIID Ull)licit •UWIPtiam, aD4 tbeM ... , alwa,a be~ 1D alJlde ｾ＠ BwU!le ｾ＠ Warit.W ... \llll>ttom ebOllt their \hat the QPel8 (or a\~•) eleerq Dot the .... •19 tha\ oiaeq • ｾ＠ orclillal ... llllle4 of eqaal aiFlficaDN• '1laia 1a •tbocll ell t.n la 1ilM -~ pr•ent "-olltblo ... .was- PftMi». writer r.lt to t.unewto Pr.- nmtM •~ Cll"it1•11¥• ta.,• WCllll4'be a uaetul me4 tor a ..., appwoh •-'• tor •rameoloeioll - la •11¥ wen, taa.7 ahclal4 be n•rded ~• .bav• hith...-0 l)l"GSreM 1Mol"'1 Jiwertbel_., JlriUQ cml7.ua,l• W ak• an ••lu OQIIPlt«rUled llbat ｾ＠ ooaplter _..,t.iA:lm •re natrieUTe lt• .... -~ c»'-, DOllplWI' ••1-Yaia ot cmnribuUaa. lJI •1• prabl.-. The ot tolloltiJla t aeoUaa •rk:a ......,... 1, 1a tbe tuwt. atNl7 aD aperlalll,, aWlll.7 ot Ua ld.114 1a lleaol.1~ •114 ｾ＠ mtboaa •n4 naulte Araba.alagJ an oritioal.ly lau\ 15 4 'PR1tORNW:DJSer12YPSitJMQM8PN:6fP PP: PtTA '?he idae bebind tb1II snal191a to,.- • taXOIIDllio 41.villiOII of ... c... ..,i.g.-tnea) t'.- (••• euab fill an.~ia Clan. taund OD ( 19,-, w, ._,. ta DO Mon taportan, DA!A.Sft1 age...nt ._n PP3,5I I 19 iibia, •to• It••• •t 1a takea ._.. pcuOle taa,18Mllt SON worknw ea to~ ld.arol.11ihio pert-' ~. tne- 'there ｾ＠ 1lbe broe4 h8w det1Dec1aub-ca,ep-i•; or det'ini'U.Olla• 1a 11:Mlt aubJ-ive; aJ\Y t,prlia't altlaough XICROLI'DllC •••amblagea (••e 11.at 1) .,,rppuw,t.he percentap categori .. ot t.t• Wic1el.¥ eppl.s..4- been th•• tor ibe Britiab type-liat b.ia olaaaitiaa of' •crolltt.to bur1m punl atanard DO aD4 tOIUl4 1D 1!aia 1 1baQp uaet1&1.,i• far fNa, ta 110 at,.nderd obaeit'toatum of aori!pers, or a11 edequate or artet.otrtypa lSJ9 ) pnaen'-4 ,ai'9a• Britt.ah ia F.a41.e.,1'68) J am f.t baa nner m"tegoriea 0114 to ', be diaocwerec! OOllld b•t ia the ew1labU1t7 tJnfoz-'W. 'WJ' there •Neml,lapa. Kaaoli tbio. •••NblageaJ Jfaaolithic cwaaaitim tioa aA4 aaotatiOD widel.ruaed tu baaia adDe quanti'tatiYel.7 lllto • OCllplt.r. w Crucu.l 'to .. 'tbe Britiah dete!'llllne 11ti.lhar !JM!uatriM by t"4tlls •• ( table to at~ troa ex<1awticm re~· ot tool.a 1D -· ot 20 tJpe-liat I, Ap}*l41x 2) • actual ••eal>laa.. J hen d1aoO'ftl'94 1llbioh 1-4 been cl.Meit1e4 ao, ｾ＠ ocmequnt~ 19 .taroli\hia •ooor41Acto CJ..rk'• .u the cltta ... eabl.apa aiarolitld.o 12.5. o1-uitiaetioa, t.be writ.er wow.4 m'Tt pnterred altboup ~r uapl.ea to aM114 oerleill fclwad. neoeaHry (J5 - IIIIIHr ot lliarolitba and 11biob i.a • 're~erdil!t1••' ot at 1... , ,0). uoavatonl' It .. DOteti.OD Clll the baaia or \heir llluatrau.aaa. Ral:B' DA?ASIT2 'TO'?AL' auNJbla1• 1J (•M lui 1:,va,,..z 2) tn- tbe pero.me&• · ot 9 retouobecl ,..,i...,t (•aroU.tbic aDd tolel mioro11tba) (•M table II, Appendix 2). ;pouible ·~ ttnd lJ aua:ab~g• It••~ or ver., genenl tie.S; and than ODl)t 1A napeot vaa,se,Th• .. M DJ.TASff' Uk»vw : illpl.___. whioh had 'been ad.a:iuatsl.7 claui- arlahct cotegorua. lJ aaaub1-g ... ot 8 Ntouohe4 •crolitbic the pecentagae a.tegoriM Uat III, ( ... Appendix 2) TflJSJHILA,RJTI OOlfl,ICIE!flB l) iTMe.r..oo-ebaence coettioient 2) ~idecn J) Rank order di.a'8noe - t-.a.ncUoo - cla~ncs ( et. Cla:rite 1~62; (at, Donn & Bodaan 1366} tunaciQJl (tor •ob uaeamlage \b• percenteg .. . ot •ah tJPe •ere given 2, , eta - aA4 the ... eablapa ,._.. ocm;ar-4 on Mle beaia ot tb•e order the approprt.."9 ndt Ol"der 't'al.Q - l, •1u .. ) . 1, •• boped tbet • aore •cou.nte appniaa the uaa ot J 4U'tertnt l of t.be wlidit.¥ ooefficient;a end pnotiao'bilit1 "* would taoilit.M ot the -~ WHtde Ill all , aaparet. ot •ah 1a tnoludecl progre• wen uecle aa AppendiX ,. A prl.Dt-Ollt troll tu . ftllal run LIS%1 19J1m1Jt,bic «'!•eettlese(rip. 1) ｾ＠ ｾ＠ BDDING lotl> ( &ent J liPIGHAK( Yorkae) OOLQ VALLJ:'J·(Baa•) il 10 11 12 1' J4 15 1' 17 l8 19 DDfOAR (Yoru ) DOltNTOB( Wilt&. ) DOZIIIARSl:'OOL ( CoZ'DlaU) pMU'ffl,\K (SUrNy ) IPiliG CQOPi (S11U8J D !RNBMD6'llR (ltU .ta) NABHIAD (P..._) 0.flL'V'NCIR(Ranta. ) PIACIIIAVIN (suaaa) ~OD'S F ABK(O.mbe•) PRJS'lAffN , Unta. J 1 SJLMIS'l'Oli Sauex) STAR CABR lorka• ) 1'HAT® l! (Berka• ) TOGHIIL ( c.late) WAROOOC JQrnt (Yorbe ) ws;a BRIGIWI !Yark••) ISlfCAJl 'lorka• ( D<lfM'ON WU•• ( PAINEAX Surrq , r RJS.. ATIR 11ST {Puma.) IPllfG CXIDPT(Sua•ax) ,HDIG lltm!BR (1111.ta) (Banta. ) ~CJRAVJN (SuaaGJ STJ.B CAB ( ICll"U) amwma 1'f1'1fflWI (Berka, TOGJlt1L ( aloe.) WAR<XU r«:Rft ( 'loib• ) 12. lJ •114 14) 127. I. !h1a prcsraa •• DeP'• ot inst••tirat ｾ＠ •ab :e.,.1.aa,Shett1.i4) 'l'be nnlt 1a aalalllet.4, l Nlaret. 'b7 141-.D.AJ"19 (~ute, ill 1971, 1D m.. l.900 ••rue ell4 tbeD pri.DW &ataN'I wntua ••• 'POlmlAB IY ror ot aill:l.1-rit.J ooettt.cienta out tbeae Yalaee 1a •1111.larlV •trtoea. tor •at& or J a.taae1a ( ... •triaea prta- ca&t1) Pw+-PI11SU9ML §GeHffli P\MTt• lp>: II• ｾ＠ ...... 1 (Bell TelepM)lle Laban\orua, la A.S.A. PCRTJWilIV• Aa:1 •• a1t,7 ICL 1"'1 .-.pater Sbeffi.eld lj71) Jfilrn7 Hlll, Sbettiel.d ｾｯ＠ t.eobaiqu• dnia-4 All l JWN7 - 196,) ... O·L•ela (Dept. ot PaJabolau, 2) m. WP689WWca.mmgqJSPSDp: ot PaJ'Dbol.oa,~ttieldJ tbia •• wn\ten 'b7 c.r...ab aDI!s.Saltb lDept. or liil••gwnt b7 s.Jablllaoa. (• .. Jcu»OD GIi Ille Sbettiel4 flle7 uael ｾ＠ re9ul.'9 1$'67: 24,l-~ UDiT.. (Dept. StwU•, - 1~70) MAICL 1900 .. riea r.LGOL. PJ'OCI•• ._.. 1'1111 .r... 1»7 llr• tor Ille oa tbe Sheffl.elc1 UlllTer- actlpkct lt7 S.Slll1ib •n4 (• .. pn.n-wt wri.._ '1b1a •• • ,> (prin~Gllt i\7 ICS. 1,07 ooapater (1'7lJ• THJl&kleli lt -· lll~W Cluater Anal,aia et.ta .. ,, i.a.a a 1) ~· • dlttN'ellt Ill tb• tint • OQIIPleu ••' •s1-,• (l,d.Dt-wt the"-'• tu. 1 1' z 19 (AM-1ta&• ~clidean N l"UII OD both (J fell' •Clb cliat.noe alld •--•l ot renlta. •tricea were P"N 1). 1... A) DfteU\ (IJ In 9 IIDorderN aiad.1-rity pl.• abaa)d d.1.ata11ee t\&lloUomJ abaald oe nm wt.ai ltotla tibe CluateriJlc PK..-•• did aot eU. fl"aa 'Smt• j \MIClrdere4 atrieea That 1a that and Bienrah.laal ilftDl- .u -~ 19, f3PN 2C) •trl.Jt 11S111111tc f a• I II ｾ＠ It I ｾ＠ ,~~Jli a. r Jf 'i ,!.. ,.,i. "'= !.i ... I t E: f . ....' N :, :,,.. p -1,~; ( .. f • ,•t;;e f I i . ,, t - 1 . ｾ＠ ! • I II ,•j.f·~ i .t f f s i11,:1 · • • ｾ＠ ｾ＠ i ｾ＠ ｾ＠ i I f. i r t : i i t 'i I { i ｾ＠ i i I ｾ＠ j 1. Ii i ｾ＠ I I i f I .s:: ,. - i { f f ｾ＠ °" I ｾ＠ I... I ' ｾ＠ M 51 Ii' f f !• ; ｾ＠ l ｾ＠- i li =,. 1f I,I ｾ＠ f ｾ＠ i i g i ｾ＠ti ｾ＠• rt §.. i· •; ; l 1 &; i • t!' f' ,_. , :r ｾ＠ ｾ＠ i . ?' ?. I I • a ,. £ 2 i i :i f • t 0 UI : l ; ｾ＠ ! I . '1l I 0 Q_ ｾ＠ fr '1 0 i ? .I ! i 2! :,f'l _, i'='' l • l ! f r ｾ＠ f i r i • I I ｾ＠ , ' : II i• I i J . f I i I ｾ＠ -!... -r: •• e-= s: ...ｾ＠ ..( , I ' i l l r· = , i: i;: !(-'~Ji 1. · 1 1 ' i! £;·'i ｾ＠ f a. i f E ,.. : l I ' l I i l i ! ii ｾ＠ t I f I! t i r I i ! I ! a. I l i J f i : J i a•i;J ,~ E I ' " ｾ＠ t: t: llC .. t: t: i i ｾ＠ ｾ＠ l I. .. i ｾ＠ ! r r I I 1 ! • "' t: 1 e ,-... I iI aI f ! t: \0 F la Ol'lldelJ U.1118 •illlFle to oo.pen deHriptiv• 1111eot .... • fll11 ott• • pGINlibl.e ..... aal.U.-Mmaai.Ollll Here the .naulte pro1,1 .. 1. wlU be ｾ＠ ot or Oluater- O"t ccai.arl.DC lol"I• D:lllbere ot a•elll>la1• a1J11l,Jaa of 'Meraol!.ihic aaaed:>l.agea, ana •oaie cu..... .a.. po115U»l.. 1.atoawttaa _.iiW,Wn._ it 1a • a-ers-l, •'-tiJitic:al pawftll. 111 ｾ＠ N oon:-' .Ill Clwater .ADalJ111aen e1M·ILl)tioa infarmstian but 1 ... to •k• ..-. one will pc,we:rt\&1 •t.tat.iaul aa .it•, data, P.-nd one can i.Dp&t t.oolaJ ba:t cmo u '.rhe t .... well 'the mare aaawiq,1;1.0IJII ex» trca tbo wUl l>e obt.tn.d tbN• ••MIP1ii.olae A) Teabn:lqUM PZ'U? ti ..... illiU.l 1A cl.aai:!"1otion. and •lao to ••• With e,q atat!attoa:. .,... ••embl.aeatoa•tbni, t• than • nnc• or data ill the i-•t it bia Pt'(J't'e4 4U'fiault at.tietica ~ivel.7 A•lJaia •iaa b7 Leeab •114 (1970)• Sllltb •k• baa••cltY1M4 • ... 11\11."eol aillUariV d4 to ... l~ .1-_..,th• _.. be obteinecla tool.a, and involn r. ••• ...the _.. •k• •• ot • lllat.lte li.kel7 -. .All tana 1n ta to of • ,...,.,. ot wU,b 11.a Olm ... umpttom. Iii ftftfflif 1he Jl:8 •-lpia auunq,tloau ilnolYM 2 atatilstu,al , •eh proc ..... _ 1) 2) 1) wbat date Jie •"-' diatana&" •t.) ~. tbe -•ure 1 the Mll3ｾ＠ a.N ar4i.Del (or ra• ot a111tiaUa.l u tDDJu-4 aiat.lariti.111 ( ~IIIB) (Pn11tn0.-.lalltnoe• wUl ~1-..,e nk• Baa:ariar idantioel 1 JIIOJ14•• -uapU.cmaJ arier) aulllll",laaa abaut 1ibe date end an atlllwl. lJO. n.t ta, to,: •ah tba1. ta all or datanaee peir 1:Ut. cen be said Pbcut itJ tude ot the cU.tterence. if' one le lerger -than the other, put in, Por a:Niple; notbiJl.i aen be a.aid 8bout 1be ag:nt- if II diatanoe of 20 ond a 41.atanoe ot 10 an pu1i ilno \he ... 1,-1- - 10 20 ;be el19l)'aia will - eU 7hua the actual cllt.e. lnput l.D ~. other prooecau-e .11Dke8a ram order Mll, t.tw. a.anae, it lil • Ye.r7 p.r:rul whioh in&k• w17 f• 2) 11uun;,ticna, ••r•aptiom the first ｾ＠ 'l'b1a nU anat ot 10. •• • dat.ooe iuwlve4 Type A -. teabld.qu ere tboae involYecl ea••• l aaperah a !UCLIDIAN dilltanoe i'here wUl 'be airoumltenoea iJI wbiob -.oh s1»a 21' "' Siif l §1\f 2 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ •. ibe tmt • diataooe o~ ( ••1•) 20 ·la 2s •• §1511 (1) sr-t. very poa,ffful rea\11.ta. Ill tbe pnaent dataoet aNW18 ia 2z •• •••umptioD abcut ••lJaie (ar ~•--)• tor •eh t1ml,-ia lt at.tietiaal -nd cou.1..1! give •cle by the ~te la oel.aaleUJag aild.larU,S.. •) 20 ia ) 10, not th.t aay 1a that , la arableo.lagiaal ｾ＠ 4ifterent llllbt f'rca ｾ＠ an" ten8 ·t.be aite with ~ ; aite with-.. Ye¥ clittertlllt ot tn,t ot tne .A. lli&ht be ftt'I Ai whene• tbe ath frma the aite with 50,~ with NA••l.Jata lJl. 11111Jag a Euolldean '*h••pab11 be~ bolb tan BI••••hat •1 ~ . TIie aeeorod .-qaia be • Yer, oruoial ot a.ta.et. •Gb tat Ule cliataDOe ?be amlJllta ihlll'e- dittareme• ilffol.y.S a PRISINCI-.AIBDCZ 4iat.DN ure iznolw4 ot oertaia typaa the aere Pl'.'N._ ...... ot attee U i4ent.ta.l.. '?be ••Wllftiom hDD'iaDe •ill tunoU• diat.llN It. 1a mt ODlT are clbYi.... ta iJl&,Orten', but alao b t.i»t qunU ttea ill wbiab they OCIOUr• •) ot •oh Tbe 1ibll'd ••l.yata 111 JIB lbeor7, it 1-. aU "-' aNt• rs GIily ODIi 41.atame 1a greater about tt. oan 'be uid 1:h.ta• Sud.l.rl..Y 'l'heontiGaUy, the B&ol.14-A 41- 'laDOe f\lllnicn, the 1.ntonatioa Camia.r contaiMd tbta W> (2) \n,e B 0 (1) ,. ｾ＠ t~ liallk orde:t-d1•t.ance ). Therefore ata•••~ioa) arueul lAtoraU. ~· At bct.h att.a a....,tiallll tma ot LO.Val&&e (2) (l) 1. A • 2 {nllidac tna B ia prea.ni ill the ... u .. t doee DQt. pie'k up wbl t •1 i.., •-•· be • oruotal •, aite 1. 1Jatbta oaaple it ia (end thf) oon•pcmcltng t;o weip WHUr:J !hat, ta, c109I tt •ttv up llblt it' .. one ff¥r the a.olic191i •re goilll lGM ｾ＠ to be._ •~ ot ? Therefore• it ie wortblrhil• to tiff_.... 1... t.r SU. g .,, B. M the bnk Order ~riND 4itf•rence ta 111 the -...b6re. 1 \)'pe A to ~-, '&bat at the ooet ot the loM ot ._. but LO.Value ti tban dO'iber, the remc GN1er t\&nat.iOII •k• *1a ｾ＠ .uaanoe ePllll)le , ,, '"' nitih ｾ＠ d91a .. , iDvolTed • iwtt •nal.18• •IV' a.t. clia1ienoe t"m1ot1oDI,'CO diJIOOW"er tf e:lmlar •OD01"41111 to • ....,.. reaulta are obi.iJlecl. of lj2. It ao, '11• arael,1Ma m,J be oonai4ere4 DOI Obiieilled ｾ＠ '° weip •itih the arch..,.eolosl~l i <litter iJa eom ~nt t~que at.tiatietl it •k•, aad ... 1.t tbea• aaumptiom then the C011-pondi.Dg 1."\llv:Uon •tab Ul>l,1... 1a Ill) they it 41-t.noe In other worm, U' 1ib• ••nmpiioa titw~ tne diat.nc• ua.a, GIiie ua 1a It they ,o not m1toh (i ... ••\IJl'l,IltiODII• napeot) abould not be uaede ｾ＠ •hf.te'rer up the •••umpticma 1"99111• are I..t audlar to look 111__.. cle~U •t the lapli•tiOIII it la neca••r:, ot tbe vartc,ua aM\WPtiODI• utlatectoq. tmaoUoa ill •rabaeoloaiaal ot c:Wdoua wl.141i1, U1en -. al:'.ialld HOi .we thll t di.a t.ance t\aaottc;ia. All tna lmalrins brinp 11hi, t aaSU,I\Jtiomt the7 &ive all •9tuli~l• out a11eget.ieml point. the E-~pl~tioD aw daili (1 ... puo•, .P"ri- 'WCl!'kve,tena ~· Cl•rl7 methoda requine at to pot.at to oertiaia tbe Clater .Aaa.l,... Mn~ or 'buri.M• • ip:l.tioei nc.. 1apc1rua, ta Por .. tba'\ llh_...•,iJI u l°' and hen ot ._,..,i. aD4 tllaae 1J1 1... with ｾ＠ bac! mob 11"911 tM,1 •Y well. ••• re-ahe~ '.rr.DObet ax• oca.paN4 •7, aktll wou.14be Ul901Ye4 ta •kins "'_.. r.diq aa •• ta.a OD 1be olber ~lld, ,u.w -.. ot •re ot equal aipitt- -et•, X.olitbic ear... -i..ce, let ea.._•lly .... pralaa'bl.7 c11ecarded after '•eicb'!Jr&'-'I 4-orl'l*S tb&t More tial • IMll"aper, and ax• tbi* aaaumptiODI lllpl.ici• ,o-UM1111uv1au.1 tn- lb1a ia aut tbe _... •-" nrel,J •uriaall¥ atrtiJltialt ot or t,Jpaa). quentitiell Ia \be til9t W31J>e the iJllpn'ta.,. Rnd lJ& a atre:lc;ht.!"orwal"\, •Y• of atati,.tia:,l .m .. s_, ia :)eJ'Oll4 'Wa, Jlr...et peoplt. ar e D•de• the amr1ere abply It. Ml,iQNia..a 1tlua tb• ｾ＠ aarepae QV,IIIUoll lie oona1.dere4. and will lnffitllbl.Y tnolft .r orwpl•ili.- alld aubjecrliY--•• Alao• • a9l"OY11lw • tor o~i.ll \JPN due '° the taat 1ibat • 11) ltmmMM\ Qlwter1r 4RPlJl31 'Dala aDa'l,aia parti~r al'teapfa ar-i> la aa anel,aia are aot aeo•••rilJ 414 not •ma~oture to 4ia00Yfl' whether the 4-t. 1hOM tn-• oan be aOOOlllltecl l ' 'I . c; .g.. 0 " r ｾ＠ 9 ,._ ｾ＠ I?> ｾ＠ 1) II 11.f-IS ll, Diameter l°l IC., It C. 10 4- f 1q !llet hod 'STRESS' = 316 + I ! ' I l I r r 2) ,/ ' Fi , ·ure 12 : Connectedness Computed hicrarcJdcal of 19 111icrolil.hic ..llist ance function) method solution .:u::Gemhlnces . 1 for the ~na lycis (Presence·· - · absence tor :I.a tua or aome acrt ot hien~. •re :lDYolved. Nab Yr.ltb S...icit •thoda iat.ioel l) '!he =-•ure 2) 'rhe aotual 1) The wriaua Jwn elrsq 2) 11M anaqaa ... Ulfi'tialaa, •~tati•l hienrdlicol sneilJBia clitt11NDt 4iataaoe in •iltg eMUIIP1.toal inYol•ed t\mcilom been cliaeu11ae4. it.ae~t can wricus US• moth• ,,t oluste~ (a!n8,le lt.llk, 4.; ot tbeae sae~11ona ~nealih 196.H liooaoa 1970); bu.t Mt ot data (~1;p11e9 Dae caaneateGZ»N !!ethod b) ~e Dieaeter :,,._.. 1D acirae in lllllllllUZoins au1 table or (UJ It pero.nta~• ( ... -they en th8 conmDU the ~gram di.tferer.t 1a ordffe 8N 2 •clutt .. produo• the dob t. e, thff'e or •OC\11'901' duff to leok plaoe, ta hee not bNII dt-'tlt, but the pro~m tor !Jlllt&nce, oaa be ·':hen eitberi the trtrJ, iii in the tirllt l'OC0\.11\~d probl.am iJI ill a ..... aowuanareq11ire •'Git» or b7 ror by • hiera~; IIOt uaiJlg • ,~Jid the:ratore aor.iei kind of 11:6 alllll:,a!JI. iD& •bethe:r tb• 2 aalu.tiana D&Lrwrio"l expre••ion or theu- {1970) n.ve the •au.ea general ｾ＠ f\lnc 'tion there 1a e DN4 to perlo.ra 'be aallecl 1a eG1NWhat0Gllplia.1.e4 then t1e m,n e1i1 thrt 1t propel•ly; diatane. 1'*7• i...a1a end ~llitb r.. r.r;JX.1.Dt at srror large Die ckte oamot be 'lh• •U ot JlethoJ 1 hien.l.'Cl\}· in acme 1 1"8111 able to rff9l I 11::atris), a) aoooam1.iid f'or b;; • hiC"Jroby• ( t) Bowrnr, .a eppnu,al wbiab iJI taot are qu.ite ldAial. If tbea• , a.i..luw.oza are •i.J:c:ihr, •1 auwnpU.011u ot du tanoe ~tam •i&Di,fimaoe ~or •eh Dae 2 2 ••• lJJak eic) • and eucb of these inv ilYf'II • ~tffe1•,mt eet ot (cr.ttml) everap Sokal ••l.Jltia, lilce tibe O ADd, aevieed e\Mltl • •l•' •• wlMI aa & r• sria.l •olut.iaa. are ab4lar. degree ot aildlazexp1 na1eft 1 ｾ＠ , 'Conn-'-4.,..•' •nd 'Du•ter• p,"()81'9-, and • •noe atriola ted int o the aoluUom alao oalau.l.atecl ( ... •• wl.ue auttioienU.7 beat ti, The •• to l• OJRSHII (n.taaet 1 (ti)). 12. •tnx For •• illpat auttioi~ 1t7j WGQl4 'be < 100. •uae•t tor •ah wlue• In DO OM ibat the 2 •olutiom '•tnu vel11e 1 ) ot peir oaae _. thia were aiad.lar. obt.tDecl ·tor \be •• The reaalturc cleDdrqp,aa are ahOlllll 111 ttgure ot 1.bu '•treaa l.Glt •atreu Jrtntl-au\ ,). (lGa•I aol.111\iall wre obtaiMd tor •11 9 &11- aol.u\iom wlue' Ia •ta•(19 x 19) (aor1•palkl1wc tan to• '•tnaa' ill the Leaoh OODai&tra tbet • ,ooaw•ure ot aiadlaz- tbia oa•• 1a }16. 19 r19E9HIlls •MrtkW N!tlDJN 29 PPM Pel• fntMPrtW:W '•"tnlla••lue' 'lb• aoluUam wlu.•' -. (ft&.12), or }16 ta aot • pod walll"e but it -uer ta 'ft17 ·atpfteaaU., ao the aoll.tltoa elmaat oer'-ilaly Holl.._., aoae a!Jdlaril,1 ｾ＠ ot ••embla&• are ao.. DOt reir-en oan be obeftff4 be..._ by both ( ~·l"ft4 bathe .tor th!a Mt tor the ot.lier 41.atenoe t'llncRian OQIIPriNm tor ot atld1-r1t7 tbe 2 •au.a .r a.t.. • b1 ... ~. l the 2 a.n4rogre•I tsa.12) • c) In •i.. of ihen ..... that tiw, illp&t the tact 11iu. &i ta oannosbe aooOllme4 tor 'b7 • po11a, 1a p-o1onc1,ng • cliaouu10A oomia.riJls OG1Wentiollltl .. aurprsa.. The aitea ｾ＠ iA cl.1U&io t.xCIIGlllr, A ,re ｾ＠ ot tihea• Naul•· Bt&t A end C a.uae DO OOUY.att1.0D9U.,chllnoteraecl ·illdua'\17, aD4 tboa• 1D Sl'Gllp c by • lltal, ... bitnrchy ua 1Dduafir7• b,1 • Borei.a Table l (Appendix a - ~Irr;... ~" :a_ ,5 1 I ; i 1 ·. •ｾ＠ 1 '!r i::e· .· •t1 r ｾ＠ ,. i f t , ｾ＠ J ｾ＠ a 5 I =f I iI 1 I ... • t: l ! f. ; r i I f • l,f I fJ • C' ,. .i V q; O '.1 ~f i. ' I• 'f~ ffJ;1] ｾ＠ r • i I i ｾ＠ "' :· 1 t ~' ! .. & a 5 I l 1·i : 5I i ! I t 'ii ' " .. fi ... l! .. ' • i a. i ·'· ;! i:I !• f! • "' 0 " \,e I! I t: -1 I f : I f .... f I I • { f g ti r I ~ 5 r l, = t ! ! ' i! & ._ a '= ... • i i Ii'• f ' f ! ｾ＠ I Ii ; I J; . - i ... ｾ＠ ! • i 1 ' I '- IS' I i ｾ＠ I I a• I. I." · r ｾ＠ t ; t Ii I m ｾ＠ '- I p : •ｾ＠ •ｾ＠ i. , ｾ＠ t ｾ＠ f rt- r a . ,, s 1r .i ｾ＠ ｾ＠ t!f~ 1 .. a 1r • i ｾ＠ , .. ;- f e I r if :r "'• a " 'I ｾ＠ ! ... Ii 'fI s I J ' fI "J ii ;f f1 i' I gf i. • r i 8 : • • ｾ＠ I ff ! I:: • Iｾ＠ i I . r f =I· •r •I 1 - , ; . ; '!II J...f ! ! ! I I a:, ｾ＠•, r :;;lI rt I -' r. r i! f • : , , • • ｾ＠ f • ff t ｾ＠ • 4' :i , . 1 rt# r Jｾ＠ i: ! {f~1· ; &lo .... i J 1, r; • . t'o I ,; .+ • -· I ;;! .,. - s. 1· I ｾ＠ D" 1 i. 1 , t,,t 3 I ' ＠ｾ o l., · ff I ... ; • ｾ＠ I- i s. ; " ｾ＠ｾ＠ I f , 1 I 1.ｾ＠f' i• -ｾ＠ "O ,- IP t I ,: Il ! 1ii1, 11 8 ｾ＠ a ! { ｾ＠ l I 11! ,! ; i• I !·:a.:;le!.losian ' ...~u \rotcrri.: : 0 . 045 0 u.i' 0 0 Horshn'1.· 0 ., • II. 0 l't '• 0' 38 13 I ,s 0 - - ____ __ Q J ｾ＠ --- - - ----ｾ＠ I • 2 '$ Oq O I 0 5 Ill. ..e•"' I I 0 11 II 0 - . - -··o· © ｾ＠ •e 11 e q ,, ~ 3 I ,s 00 _____ _____ ....8__ "___ _1 0________ _ ____ ____ © . ""• · 9 2 I 0s ., o, • '~ 0 I( • S'01t2 I 0 0,3 I . "•Oq ~,e,c ------...---- ------- - - - -- IO I I "o 0 17 12. . p o' ,} i& ·- ---- 7'9"- o,~ I •... 0 .... I o,o Co· _;.;t,:?d 3 - :i1::cns ional ( ~ucl~.ean co:ifi_:;ur~tio!l l ist ~~c c fu nc tion) -.-· . of 19 :.,i c ::o:!..it:li c as::.e1:1blaces io 0 I 1 0 f'f @ I 0 l- 0 1. 07 © IS I) 0 I f. � 8 _____________________________ o __ __________________ o __--� Q ', "o 17 03 oq e" o" .. 5 0 1$ ,q 0 'STRESS' = 0.102 Figure 14: Computed 2-Dimensional configuration of 19 microlithic assemblages (Euclidean distance function). r l... . il l fi ｾ＠, 5 , t •;: r r1 I... ｾ＠; ', ;°' I., ... I i ; i J ｾ＠ t ; i • , • I ; ,I i : 1'; .. • ｾ＠ p I • i f : fr. ｾ＠ t ' i ' I .. ll: • ; i • . r1 l t · .. .. t If t I • :a s. i a. r t : ｾ＠ i - I ( a i ( ; I f I ＠ｾ t I f f' ,I I ;,f i '1II t i' 1l ＠ｾrr i i I ｾ＠ l i ! ｾ＠ ! ! I J...if ' i f I• It •f "• ｾ＠ . ,.s: '• I II .. • • 1·' t ' I l i ! ,f... • ｾ＠ : J ' : I- ｾ＠ ｾ＠ , ; ; ! JI i I f i : l i I &I f• ;• ii 0. i. I ff l ;i JI af ffr ..I i ...i jfi. r°' .ｾ＠; ｾ＠ 'lI l~;f !ｾ＠ ｾ＠ 1· I~ I s: : f 1 . l • •tJ 'I Ii f I .. It i I ｾ＠ : • t I__ ; ＠ｾ; I. A ... II I: .., J ! I ...1! ! r : I l 'S.f;" I • I ; rt1f• = ｾ＠ ｾ＠ t :fl'tf I • . , = ｾ＠ ' a .,.. I -.. l 2ill ·ｾ＠'. .II f I ri rtI f'-' "'• ... ｾ＠ .. ,.z,l I .. rC' t; ,- ;' ! ｾ＠ t tl ｾ＠ ｾ＠ 1· Iｾ＠ I .. I -• • I I 1, : i .. f ' . & Ei • I:::: ... , 1 i i f ..,. I~ 1· ,,_ •f ,1 ! " f f I • D ... IL f • ｾ＠ • l i !!, I I .. \ C I f I f I ' • f r r 1. f ｾ＠ i ) : t .f f.; [ : I 'U ; , , =i f ｾ＠t f 1' If ! i i l .. .. ff ｾ＠ｾ＠ .f t ｾ＠f c-ｾ＠ 'I , f i; I - a· w £. I '~ ｾ＠ !?, f!i:' i'! PI!! i1 i r!ｾ＠ f JI !J f Ii !If ,;: u !i i; f .!,.~ ., !1 I= s:: l fI . !• I di I .e Ii It f ,If ｾ＠ f E 'f , I It. I P f ! I f I J I ｾ＠ ...J !! !,; ｾ＠ 1] i f' a 5 l R. ; : 0 II ;- i · I, I' r! ,r ｾ＠• ·I i' .iI ｾ＠ • ...l ie: E .. li'; t}l l: LlJ;. ,· f ·,:: .. .. .. 1 ｾ＠ r r .i • :I lif!it: 1 .. !!Ii 1·z i ... 1 1i , r 1I i f ｾ＠ 1 ｾ＠ .. f " r ,; I • ! ,J • I ii f ;> - · t i • .. ' . t ｾ＠ •·a II • • '.,"i- rｾ＠ ｾ＠ a •.'iis: i;ff . i .; ,I i C" '1' rI s i 1 -:t l I i f i i~.f i=f •fif i;!f "I I. It fI lI I: !t '!I ｾ＠• " ! l. l I -• I f ~: ((;c Ii fi !iii' r, l. 1' ·tl1 1{ I. ~f i .i t 1 i( sf f ' f f qi .,I .. ·,= (. ..ｾ＠ , =- fc 'i g~ ＠ ｾ ' f .. ｾ＠ J,.. le" :. I . -··, ｾ＠ i ｾ＠ ft 1 t .. ... ,ii a::"1 1' ;1.1 f• f , I 1 · t ·• l !. ｾ＠ f ii:,' ; I 1! 2 , ft s; '• f• .If i C ｾ＠ C f • rt I I ｾ＠ I 'i1Ii' f i I... .. Qi 1 :" I.: . r l I ｾ＠ 0 -~ {i .. f; 141. Com1derin& tigura lJ • it ia pcuible be'-•• idle •'9oiD& ot a11iea ill •• to IBk• 41.,..,.ioD, ｾ＠ WI 4 Cs,) ｾ＠ ll a,.s ao.s netmnaez, v• llUC Oil ,.u.., Sle,.4, Co1ne 1lt,.9 73-7 72.9 ~toba• Deepaa~ 1....- 16) 2) .. Doa-re Star O.rr ter P11o1. 70.2 ,o., 56.9 ,,., 52.0 5'.o Briaba• '1.S P•oebaftll foe JIUl s.i..too 5 · Dontca Fanabaa 1 ｾ＠ t) 10) 4,0.9, 1) u~ 15 • hl'Wl Waroook 1lor1ill 4,1..2 !N:M.n& Wood KabB•4 17.1 s•r BMc1:1J1s Wood '• lfana S.,._tiOII P•oet.YeD bWlaa J Col.De Velle7 Bnaba• Iw ........ 5 8 J)antOD lplac Caaoa o.klaana•r Y Doa-n i'oOl. !~ foa :~·"°*--Deepcal" BUl '2.7 20.0 ,o., as.1 u., u.., a., 1., 40e7 hrabaa ~} 'U) c1 G5l¥1DIQJ:9PI J)lb O...tria lt,lt.O Carr 1--* ,,.o '2.7 Prat. .. Bab B•c1 2 27.9 JJ.) ｾＭ＠ Paooak PPfllI9JI ｾ＠ 7) ot • and \be YHi.a\ioD PI¥11U9Jl U) 3) 11) •ort or oorreletiall 119nmater, .. tolloaa i-r'tou.lar 8) aOille Atl-4 1-7•S lJ•8 22., i,..o ~2 a.2 10.1 16.8 !lt-5 4-2 .. a.9 2., , 21., 19.1 1., '°-• 15., 21.2 a.1 u .• 5-.J - 17.1 2.a ,., .,., ,., ,.2 ,.2 a.a ).9 ,.o le,.l 1.a 2., J.1 2.0 --- ,.1 - 142. m, I PWPll<il l 10 ,o.o 11\U.4 Preat.a'FPaooc*. hJ"lll 1J lt.-7 17.9 Toa Bl11 l8 19 J5.4, ,1.2 1faroook Jlortla Star ~ff 1' - ｾ＠r) 9.5 hrabl• n., ,., 28.8 DQlrntaD Brllba• 23.7 Deepaar s.i..t111 Doa-n Pool ｾ＠ 21.0 15.5 i. ....... coin. Y•llQ t.ood 1.5.:, »-•• a.9 ,., lJ·' a.a heCMbe"911 m 8) bW.. O.khaapr V ,.o Ipina Oa ara lD Diw1arl eD4 the percMDtep ｾ＠ •••lea•• reaperi1•• 'n.-. ot tne • (~iquly ta .-. ., ... tb• •1199lnc ot altea ia Dialllai_.2 ｾ＠ _..ean (or t1uat 11nangl•, Dt_ioD-,ancl 1b• 4acrnte t:raa tbS. i .t •7 (i.• •114 1:be Plll'O_..P ot g ... Wl7loaae anti• be- trio b•••• ocrnlatlola la TUIIJ of tbe lllilllber ot tn,tlll . ._, ot Id.ah.aipitiaaw be ooaoluclH tbal 'ritlaill • •iDBl• t~ w para•ter '*• oorrel- )• baa.a olaMitioetiom . 1lpaD an i1ot .iuatiti ... oluatne• Bllt 11 ta •U..Dl• 1a tb• e11ai.,.1a, lr.l.a»ll• oornletiall (20) it , ia not to be ｾ＠ a'1ona aboul4 'be wrJ' pnoiae 'Vi• nria\iGII m), faln"t}, lD BluaW aori ot ...-.1 of Qpe Bot ~ge 1Dtolw4 la tbia ••~ia b...- C5f) taU. ..U 'tlGllld ... that FRJISTAftl (1'J tile ｾ＠ aper' trca ｾ＠ 1io •OOGUDtfor tbia) • ｾ＠ 'Selffe~a• ai~ ( tibe ldall ~iCIII ot llh-1:ber, U mn 'Sew•terri.ea' ｾ＠ Ii f t , f i t 'i. ..r·- r .. , , e ; , f I ｾ＠ .. I - f :1 l :· t: • f . '" t I It .. rt Q ｾ＠ I I: tic s fl-t:J - I i I :: ' . !l •• • t r i, ｾ＠ ｾ＠ o .._ I I i - '; !i i t i r ! l: i ! I : I . ' 1 ! ｾ＠ I • - • ; • · 1 a, ··It,~,,., A' .,.. i gf ·1· ; 1; · : , 1 t 11 , ·ｾ＠ i"• : l r ·1 , "' _ .. ｾ＠ X i • .. -• !r :s. II Ii 2 tl ,· f :. f ; J'I l i i I ' : l 'l I l t • • i J . ' . I . • i ,... " ,. 3" , ,: r .·(' - 1i &·r ｾ＠ I. I I . • ; ,i ; ｾ＠ C°t.c • ! e I .- •.. .;, .. • ｾ＠ • a ••ｾ＠ ~ts i1 1t • 1 · 9.. a~ • ,;!-~'- ,1 ｾ＠ i .I I lif : i1 rlif11lf~·1,1.~1efi~!~11'1l f ; t l I r ' ', ｾ＠ f r i ; · t · l t ! .r • · • ' • 11 • i , I .• ... !rt :? .. ., i IItr ' J :It 1 • .i I ,;, • 1; I: r C' l Ji f f ! • 1 if l i f ｾ＠ f .. f :. ... Ii ｾ＠ . . ｾ＠ • ' ·c- a- r. i J r; -•.:f i• ,... : 3.' I• f. ! I i ·I ' . ' f ' C - J· !1 I 1f, Jf f ! f r f 1 j .• ,. '·Ii! ·1 ; ｾ＠ f • I r I; l~, } !A 2 ( • ,• , ｾ＠ :1: - t i • - r •.. 'cIC~.r - ｾ＠ ! ' f i ! . ~ ·, E, S • l ;:.~r 2 ' II ｾ＠ f i I f : a r 5 ! r ＠ ｾ • r i r f ~j· ( ! 11f I:. l ll • r 1 1 it f ! ij : i ; f ) Ii J ｾ＠ l J -- I I @ I "'o ,:ao , I ® o~ 0 1(i) ------------- f I I I c," Ql, 'o" I 0 '~ ---~ ! ____e• I_ ~ e,. 110 -$'0 0~ © ." ---------- - ---- -,o. - - -- - - ------ - --- ----orJ' 2 o' Q ' •'° • 7 @ -- -------- - -------- ---- ----- - ------- •• 0 ''e I I 2 -· et' o,.. 0 I '1 e"' o' o,~ o"" f Cor.-.pu ted 3 - :)i :.1ension 1l conficur1 tion of 13 "..:'ota l ' osse i.::bl o.~;es ( Buclideo.n distan c e function) . . .,.,.... @ q C, I I I I I i 0 701 I ?. I I I I 'o •o I ,, I O ll. , I Q t 0~ qO 0 & - © - ------. ---- - I -0 f) I I 4 - --- . - ..- .- -11 • •1 I I I I 0,1 I I ,0 1 I I ®--- -----·----------------- .::& I o' Os Olj. IO~ I II II ---- -- ------ - ,o~.;o,~-- --- 0~ o, 13~ 8 1~ 0~ '"e'I I o, '.<'i ·ure 16 : '.:0::10-.ited 3 - ) i :·1ensio!la,. l confi c-uratio 'o' I n of 13 ' ':'ot o.1' a s se i'..l b l o.:,;es ( Presencc - o.bsen ce diGt n.nce f un cti on ) . 'o i 0 " . o•:l. 5' 0 I (D --------------- ----- I ----- - , -- ---- -----------" I • o .. 10 :t Oq CoP1:1ntcd 2-D.i.; 1cnnion:1l confi ";Uro.tion of 1.:-{Ge:1bln 7ca (' ro::-;c-ncc - nh:::-:lnCe cocffic:ic:1t) / 13 ' 'l'ot.:d • . f· i ·i~ J ! ｾ＠ l. I f i . t I I'11 ! e ....c,~ I! ! : i ( i ! I ｾ＠ I II·- lit•= !tt t i i- !. 'i ·.- if~f;•·~~,i' af• ; f ... § ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ i' 1 ｾ＠ • ｾ＠ I' B • 'r 8 i f ! i r ' • &I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ I I ｾ＠ 'll!f ;if(lJI 1 1! r: 3 ｾ＠ i 'If ii 1 ~•1 ~a!J1a 1 i ,,, r ｾ＠ t , • 1· lif1r •sliJf '"'I • ! I... I r: - i ·r·~ii.~ i5!i r~i ... .. r,. ;~1i ift 1Jr·:1r(f •fls I 1 1 l · l ( -J=f ~1,1; .~ i' r ~!«+ 1' t• •~ f 12,~i ~,a ~! 1 I i ! J I ｾ＠ l- i f t I ' ＠ｾ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ "I f 1 • 1. r f.•" : l I~J•tt11I fi; : fi :1 -i Ia i f f :3 if it I, It i• i. I1 I• ~i!I 11,r J 1,;~;;a !f I = ｾ＠ i l i i I"f' I f i5 !r i. ! ｾ＠ !!, . f 2'•'c+ i f .. & ｾ＠ • r 1 I rf!i t 11~~f .J I" :i ｾ＠ iJr ' ;( (! i? i • ;if ｾ＠ ::1 • 1n ii:f : 1 f ｾ＠ v,' • • ::t.. 'l • , • ; f r.t & Ii - • I I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ • ｾ＠ ft ; o• ;' f; f Ii ! N .!!.~ i : I i l ｾ＠ I ｾ＠ fI 't E ｾ＠ • - i f ; ' I ! ＠ｾ r : [ I ' l 2 ' 5f i l f ｾ＠ : i i ｾ＠ ｾ＠ I I f Il I :i. I ~1.1 I i . t Il fi I ! ! :; f I I I ｾ＠ ＠ｾ ( f ' ; r.t 1.1:· i • .... .• • 1~,·1 • ;~&1l2f ~.; f ..fi ! i'r Ill l f ,s ! !ftJ' 8 •• ff' lr •• :a f ' ... • ｾ＠ fｾ＠ ,t t ｾ＠1 ( tl • t• tｾ＠ ｾ＠1· lｾ＠ ti ｾ＠ 1J ｾ＠ I :• 5 ｾ＠ f ｾ＠1t f ｾ＠ , I... ｾ＠ I ;• •B. ｾ＠• ｾ＠ • r .. ; i & r 1 I I ~l' ' ! ! r, ｾ＠ 1 , , ; : • ｾ＠ 1 -~ ｾ＠ , ｾ＠ ... J =t, •, rｾ＠ 11 ,. II!,•-·I~" •• i 1 .•'" i ｾ＠ f ｾ＠ t I f : l ｾ＠ ｾ＠ 1 .. • r , ! i : i t ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ' , , I i ; ｾ＠ 1 1 t i ! , ; 1 , ; 1 I ' I • • I ; ｾ＠ I • r I 1 ｾ＠ r ; f r ｾ＠ I f; ｾ＠ et ·! t l. f ｾ＠ ｾ＠ i .. ft di: a ; ; ｾ＠ l I ｾ＠ i f ' ｾ＠ I i i I g f - ｾ＠ ! i I I " f f K ? ? '1 i; •1 I ｾ＠ I ｾ＠t ,r !f aｾ＠ aI t J 5f tt :2 ;• i • • , 1 ; ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ti' ｾ＠ t:: .. ; I I i • " ｾ＠ ｾ＠ r i r, ｾ＠ ｾ＠ g t: 'i " f • ! i r5 ｾ＠ r S:-il • ... t ; Jｾ＠ l, ｾｧ＠ io f f - i• .. 4 ' 1; : ai ;• ii I • lI ., , f II ｾ＠ ""et I ｾ＠ I ( f J • f I t:' If • f • r • ; I .. 2 { t ｾ＠ l ( f I ｾ＠ ! r • i ...f 'J i I I [ i • O ｾ＠ !,i. ｾ＠ • C ~I• ｾ＠ IS- ｾ＠ ! f _o 111 t ; -I ｾ＠ t I ' ｾ＠ '1 ' I i : : • ｾ＠ I • I It i 2• r ! i f ! , .. ai ! f i ｾ＠ • f ! ｾ＠ I ;IS- if ｾ＠ . ｾ＠f '-f t'f i i ; t I I i ·i'i! ci' • Ii:ri ii ~,1ir1 r ffi : : I r ! I 1...t; •I Iｾ＠ 'f I rt: i. ; [ l ｾ＠ 1 f f r1e ,t, i. 1 I ; ｾ＠ 0 l; I I • ｾ＠ ~f..:~ • I 2 I t (~ . . " ｾ＠• f ! I . i '1 i ' f• 149. for oedlll7, large qanU~ ewer • • wide ana troll fOl'IIII 'b7 ~banns...._ ot a trant.on ot Brit.ta the••~ot GUI' ooU_..., a-..W7 ~nti.Tel.7 to~. •ra •• 'ftda, r••vcni•e4 ai aD4 .-;r ... •tllr•of tu ..-.1.de4 ot aaa-1.a,-, ta the analpia rdl atnwpm DI tile ~eat cle&aattoa •"-Wt 1I01'k an ill 19,a. hen the 'rta'-8t HDNild..as 1a the au.ltual ,-i'ble, ot-. ».aoU\bio 1D ltil on tenllJ ta a at.te _. lt to ... 1Dftlce4 axta ..... of tlae .a adll --~ ｾ＠ ... 111))anu ._J•114'be.._ Nlnllt bee be• a1Doe Cl.rk ar-t tater.-\ ot ft1ola ••at.aattlJl:l.tier alll to ..... .,. 'brief'q ~iahecl RJ)fff'loul. ai.DN •• n. Br1t.111e ta.a••poaei1-l.e ton• l.lMU&_..cleftl•1 •• ._.. Al• ... lleaJA taeta daUJtc aac! d:utrillldia ta s• ._. tbe _.. Ilia •ia.olit.b:1.o a.a •11 be.a tt ｾ＠ 111M1Q, pei1.o4 •de oau.at. f.l"G& the • '-ral tile aTe o. ,1ae the BrlU.U Pl"ffi- Nell aata or JlaMli.ado work.-••• i.llflueDoer• la all .. , -~ 1118'-~lq OODOertd.Da oult_..l of ne11••1'1', r .. 11.-, oomiDNlntcmati• ｾ＠ fl'Clll tUa, ut~te Suoh a aurn7 baa bed a11tQ11ecl tbia ot a \be ni&lenoe, atuulatN GIie ot nideDOe tllo\ bd aMWIUbW iD Br1•111' hne be• a.a lillke4 wt 'lb tGIID4 porUoa to lipt. baft .... aaa c!iat1apiabe4 w • .,. ao piau.pe •t:w\J ot the •r1-J 11.taratiar• _.. A abnllolasi,al •• Yet \Id.a -11 to \a.. ~la peried altea f• ｾ＠ aDd aoawtan, ot the Merolitld.c kwl.ace aW •114 fw orpm.o Naim n-1_., reoorde4a OGIIUl7tZ'CIII the encSof the Pldatooeae fal'IIUII NGZDEQ• baft bMa p tner..a ot tliata ... 'be l•l'l*L W.. u oanoluai•.. iataraUGD _. Ill ;partiallar, Jleeolit:bio 'be .. lrretri ah.ii• ... bq oeria1JI ••~1-1 an atUl loatJ but tNllalqua •1 ••M. pzwa nr:, •teri.al aaltiwr»M H .. Ollll1ae4 ua aeotiaD ls. pza , •• 'aatmoepolosiaal •».r tittica&l tllat • wit!> lb• BrlUII> -oltWo ••PM'• Al1bougb tbia peper .... laaa ..an IQ? ,... .. , liYiJIS • w,.,ta • tliJa~ and aberl Ddl ream HrYiY-4. llurie4 \oa9rda Brit.in. ta. •• lt u 1-1 aitea plaoea• ot II.ball• thq sa,av•; and witb tbe iaumt:w ·• agriaal_..l akel.et.1 "9im •IIPlM& .. ft1la a larp Jll"O- fM.1- a tbe7 ..U •'1"1'7 t tbeil• woa1abe Chief' .... Oil ｾ＠ lllUOpe Bat 1, •PPM" Briialaa nn.ta-, ｾ＠ at •IV zate, apl.Ol'laU. a.n U.t fllulo ot ak:-1.etal a..a tbe • ｾ＠ 1ibea"9•• an4 lt tbta P1"9ft1N _. the laoal _. 19119"4 ta aoU aatla flt tit~- an.a, --1 a.t.rt_. ... qalilT ot their tlin llplalld anaa, •117 MTe Nell 4-~ AbMD' alao an •IV•r' ••Mt to .--, ..... -.Ill! imluie ll~t t.bat. in not aurprbi.n& •• taun4 it. ~t .In ｾ＠ acmagroqa •-14 DI .....,. people ia .i1ot. en., ta aa4 .-. et •• as..-lllabt Jmat s.atta. l•l•n4 _, ••tala- ot tba aotu.l SA apeo~l 414 al"GIIIIII fNa witb Do fiXe4 aettlaMDta. ot ... olithio 'WI• .... floa • .,. ｾ＠ fOo4 la tbeh- cU.etl at.her O'<IIQ9 ldpt pi.Oke4 11PYbeNnr 011r lmalfle4p "-i&Md ' •i ._, ot tbll9e llulatient u tor,111• al.tll...,.. da rstnW \ n4 cleerJ \Nt WJ!'7UIC *eir woocSe4lliPl,alll!area•, la~ eoGIICNq• tlla rei ... n, ._ ...-, 414 tbe,J' llw u ..... a..e17 plan t• quatioew1 their ｾ＠ 111•tat.r 4-r' an4 •• 1ibe 1- ln9 ..... aa. p•, of •MIit wttll 1rh• .... U' ... •ff8 the -~ IID\ apeaitl•~ 1-.-ot J:wllltera llllnllC ...... partlaD et ptk8Nl4 1 'flllt pae·lulate aaU 1lo aDOtber lJI parllld.t ..... , '.I ' how mg].""'" M lake• ...,.1 ~- to • lllllr 41.4 1M,J· wCll'k it! •• lllgbil \be» __. ,-.ible pi~ &roli .11119llulnelwf tw, .,.... an 1Jffo1Ye4, -' tiell -.....a to Ida\ at tbe ••• .. lbaa• ·,or tec.J '-' ••peen,it to OONI' tbla ._.. ~- to the ..u. _, - 1-, a~cb atattati•l eD4 tlw. N!Mllw ot a ••l*'IJ twmtt--1 hall• ~t.riHcl ｾ＠ t11IR 6) II• I be atua1.a Id.pt (la ...-lea It , ba• 'bND :1n4imW ta ｾ＠ the -.Na- 151. u.11111,aa; aD4 ... to oi .h ff14 ... the »..ollUd.o Spaia, wbiab uaai balN WClll"k. AB/iiDt it ta pa11albly aot iffelnaat t1-.. abra.a. Pftmpl e n .. u .. pincrul .,.tez,e •7 'be m•illecl tram now 11•eq aoeD88 ot •• _... OOJ&r..U, 411W \o ｾ＠ ... olitbic ~lo4, the red impnNiaD pal.J1t.!Jlp U "-• or ot ••tern ~ba*!JWI are it ta aot wltkely tlat eiallar \ J Olll'tlll l • JCIUl'ml ot the Ro19l .Anthropological Allti.Q\111 ri • p.p.s. p.p.a.J..A. s.1,..c. sx.1,..c. a..1..s. ,.s. Tram• 1,. .lft.Soo• w.1,..lL y.1..J. A C• ImUtute. Proceeding• of' the Pruietoric Society. Froceeclinga ot the Prehi.11toric Society of Eaat Anglia. Surn7 J.rcbeeol.ogic»l Collectiom. Suu ex J.rcha eol.ogic»l Colleotione. Tranaect10IIII or the Hriatol en.4 Clouc .. "-r Arel» eolog i cel S00iet7. Tnnsa cticma ot the Laacaahire and Cheahir• intiqur1-n Soci•V• I U whir• .lrcba .ologioal and • 'turGl Hiatory Jlap•ine• Iori;ahi.re Arcba eoloei-aal .1Ollrllal• 15)• AIUISftCIIO, A•L• (19'l2) (1923) (1925) BABMIS, 1..s. BtJillUJU, 0. BIWCIID, L.R. (1~7) Two ••t torabin TM llfllgl-. realm Bel tic oaunterparta. ( 19'8) (19~; EOBDIS, -,.&. (195.l) (1888) »cpl.ore ticim at .Mo1.har Gr\lDdJ'' • ,., 57• nrloar, J,L4.1., .50, lft.6. -78• ot olea produo\laD fri•A•, U: t1.r.oea. ea.pte,tam. la §•ir i Lri• ftfl PslWMYM ip Poa.-Pleiaiooea. iD Meaoli*io 101-1,. !19(9£4 Amlwll19R• 1D tbe •tlacJir .....i.,... flltrb!t59111, 5: 1-,e. Stati.aU.• On ._. Ul?l.-n~, ~. p. et llol.4eroeu and their f•f•§•l:4•, er...u eras.a,Derb,ahiN• TM \eabld.qu and Neolithic p. 75• (19,.. J BCID«IP6 • A• rm..u, a. bone barpoa1111. ｾ＠ end arapiioa ••llfOWld b1.lbl7 ill tl.18' apeculiaed forml ot •taae North Atria. ea4 i•l•A•X•,18(2): lJl..-39• uu, (1892) On the coat11111it7 ot the Palaeolithic •114 lteoli 1:bic perioc!III• ,I•l•A•I• • 22( 1 & 2) s ~98. (1921) c6JliqroliW,c Ipdyttg. Mente, XWilNn• (l924,J The t:ranaitioD BeoUtio 'be••thePlilaeolitbic •1111 -..oli.t.b.ta perio4.e f,f,§•l•A•• 5(1>1 JIJ!ZJa, 1{. I• cmxm, v.o. 1'-,,. t.i.Ma 1 1 ... ( 1?'4.) (192S) (1931) The tonat lD wolutima :,2~. (19}7) aul~ ol llortbnta a..rope: • and d.1tru1oa. •twti J•l•A•l•• 61(2) a Adai,tati..on w '\he paetalaoul tcna't • 1111,aaia'10 plei.11. la Q:9, MP9MEdy( 9) the aarUa llrk•• an.mcmtt. :o.v. (19'2 ) Die abe U&rasib.1ot t.be M•ol.1 tbio • i • Ill •114 IV at Tmtobaa, Derkabire, Enclellll• P.Pz§•, 281 "2-70• :O.M.end (19'5) ~HILL, IIMD. ~.J. 'the k1.tcbe11 a1M• ai a • t W•1aar4 Jta&uDC11 eoot.os,, •••• and relatica u CLA&, J. C..1). (19,2) land end•• P.P.s. ,1: 1....i. Bol , nn-cm. to abana.. 7~ Pt !Mill!a1P Ac• MlDJ11P1.aor e morol.ithto culture: or Bera.baa. kshet%9f99fl {19,a...) Th• claMitia.tioa the .a. ardeno1-un ., ... 1. 90, sa-n. (193!.b) A late •1.t• et 3elaMtoD, l4.i lJlt--58• KaoU.tbio 4nt•J•, Suaaa. ot Mall• f•f•§•, itae prela:i.ator7 ot 1ibe Iale lt 7<>-92. (19.)6) (1938) traa tllfa 49J)Gll1U et a nd Blaabear.U, DDZ9•~ i.Ddul~ Jll.airolltld.o P:r'9eta911, l'lintahiN f•f•§•, A.I .330-~ (19,0) The •rll•t eeiu_. , ot ,he••' tu t.b• l.isbt or recNIIS na•rab• 01-100. (1951.) l!Se" \ire es s11rctrr- (1955) A aiaroliUllc CLARK. J.c..p. and CtiBROD,n•.1..1.. •a.. f•f•O•, (19'7) 'Pit StoneAg ftMHEI• (196_5) l'rild.ti"Ye ~IMI (19.,9) !xo.wticm {19)q.) .AD er1-, IV lltINI. I ., • CLAP .K, J.o.n. ,~. s.11. CURICB,D. L. ( 19'2) CUB0. R.R. (196()) COLE, J .)(. •n4 BIQOS,a.s. ( 19'9) C<LLllti, n. (1970) .. tern Aaia at rerllbaa, P.P.8., 5: 61-118. ••le4 G('ODf, u. ｾ＠ It. E. Jlla'Jl1tP, '•-'• Ul ~t, •D end '.lbr Cf!S14U Angie, Biftsa, lO • Bllr<>pe. (!'aaciole C4\.RX, J.G.D. ftf•I•, t.n4ulltri• ot Ul• l\arOpeen 24-=2Alr-42• Blecle an4 tnpeae ataae en. 1'1 in&lllir:, fraa the Cambri-..adn ena otbar uaauatrua ot SaU"N'-'riall fl'OII Brit.ta. p.p.s., 21: }-20. tenlead, effln1t1• (1958) ~lUo Meaoli tbic uur .sor..1 l :,Ul"l'e7 (1937-,a). •it• at peat. BraldMlurlle, J.1,4.1., 61..:101-28. Matrix a1111l,au end. H"ClbeeoletgJ Wit.bi Iertiou.1-r reterenoe to liri \1ab Beaker poh•r:J• 2a1 f•f•I•• ,11-a,. Ifft Jp;if (AW)• 1\1 ""*'tolw 9' EfEk •• Stolle ertetaot ana~ia aD4 the reoogm.U• ot aul""" tnclitioaa. )!grld :AmtefOler, 2(1) :17-27. COJIUY, V.11. (1951.,) StreU&rapq and pollen cal19ia or NIii~ pata. .TOlll"Dlll or BcoltlfQ', Pewd.ne 'bt..llket ui u7-4,7. (19,9) (1950) (19'7) (1891.,, en '*••r-1.atian ot Jleolit.bi.c (1912) ( 19") (l96o) their prcwe•D04t and ·+E!RI• /t• & C• bDteSQC•, }O: 2}-24- • d.i.gitel tl.int Th• the PPlaeolitbio to the 2J: 242-51.. i•l•l:•l•, 111p1_.nta: Pypf1 t'liat ••• 'IXIL\N, J • I• end BOISON, p.1. periad. coq.uter a nal,ai.a ot .Paleeoli t.bic •••eabi.g•••tun, 210, 688-S,. chan~ lr,el ot the••• §StllUfi9 Aprj.cap, 202{ 5J• (1961) GAJROD,D.A• I• (1957) 01ao1a1,r4 fl•MlrrRD Geo\m• (192') Di• Rmm:Pplf l9M,tb1oAl• ilt BJ:111 &I- (1''2) CABROD,l>eAel• alMl BAD, D•Jf.li• (19}7) ~TTI, R•A• (l9C.,) ClllBO'D.S, JI. Fypq t'Unt iapl .... ta. 1£1•, 20: 21~28. Tr•• k• t c. Ae5• tunt 1Jllplea111taa their prwenanoe and 1.• t c. ,4n1:s99., ,o, 14--2,. (1912) P'ylQ (195') 1"t fm11\oa of t!IW! IJR:oRt• (196}) hropMll ... tna, prebiatc:.-r a.alitldc to 921,1 Rgip 1963(StaDt • B. J . S1..ge l (e d. ) olop, (1~5 ) or the Jllor1ibS• ot lnncl alM.1••-lwel •.Hmol ya,s, 4'.,: 29-69. Cc:»atal paat b.a. iD41cea (195') IJ'OD Age, 111 ot 4nthropr egica •• II! 156. COlliD1, suoo.n, n. (19.)l) Miial..aeten a-rpoon •it.a. Antiquiiz, 10: l6....,S. (1958) S.aiocarbcm R.P. • WILLIS, J. U. GRDEJLL, L. V • HALLAM. J .s. Britiah ot ~. daUJJg rue ill lulatatic M9tjgt, 181: 1518• ocean lev•l• (1958) Th•Boakot MM19!• (1958) l'heArohf•eloq ot l•u· (1970) Pit Jmi?eeol.5¥EJ g( p \o»r;141WW- (196o) l'be K•olithic u: Bigford hi P•min•• ot the Centrel Jlll.Yll'liV ot Liy,n,pol. l:A• Dl!M, (1960) (1959) he5Ya.tiCll'la at • a•ol.ithic n.r Saliablar7, 20'J-J2. ,.a. acmON, (1969) at Dalmtca, ait• f•f•§•, l'iltabi.N. 251 Sea rchiJls tor atructa&re wU:hiD lliltinriate al"OM eolosiaal data. WorldArcbp f9log. l( l) 90,-105. Hot:Smi1 f.B. SI\"kTlf. P.H.A• and 'l>OIAB,J ,!. IVJEEII, J. Cl.water .Ali8lyeia and arobaeoloa: clevel~and appl.ice tic:m. Af9hefOlogJ , ,l(}) I 299-)20. (1966, .3ou expe~ archaeologioal }11-24,. (195'.J The late-glacial hwaa ot DeDDrk and 1 ta rel,itica to cliate alll4 aoU. Ptfflrk! 9tol.. (19'<>) ta the lll&Mriml anel,at.a or B\Wk1!St, 5.3(}, At.)1 (19'1) ~w. (197<>) (19'7) l:XIP, .PeA•X. liDIJR, J .J. •nd DI?al,!Bt, G.I. KO~II, L. (1.9'5 ) II, 801 87-9• Problea '1t the •rl7 Poatalacial dnelopmen\ Ul Dellark• Seri• :VPdtPMltlft, J"ILGlll3MA, s. Holocene ••-lnel Mt4e a.ol.SM,gh$1¥• tor•t Dtwri o,o1. IV, J.,: ~. ohanc.. ta tb• Me*•lallda. Serie C-VI, Jlo. 7• §SN\k:e•l Jnsl..p94(.AW)· Bienrobioal cluaUri.Da amemea• f11M8Nk1kn, ,2, 241-5-,. .A K•oU tbio eiie an IpiJtg Ca an, Sua••, Enalanc:1. f·f·A·• ,11 e5--92. (192,) (19'4) l'orlf ote. VJ¥!trt9Mtlft • Seri• a. •aae ._ (1970) bl9hdet-r1kt • 29 no. l. I 157. (19'1) Meeolii.hio tring ... Wai, SMITH, (1970) C. an4 s. A i..- tr9:napo"'t-i"'~ faciea in tte s.,-.c., ,,. mea•\U9 ot oopi.tiYe coa:pl.uit7. ~ PK J?N!Stfd to tilt LondonCol)(,nnc• the Britiab Pazchologicel eoo1et7 1 Dt9• (1951) Prelimuary ucaawtiom • t Abil\ter on a 1'eeolithic ait• Per.P. Socie\J, 1'o~ Re&t'lrcb CouaoG, ~\ll'N7• 2f tbt Surr,x Archpeologipl (1966 ) Crenellua of 197Q• ait.e at. Bri.gbam, Anl•s•, ~: 211-28. ••t torkahire. (19~ (l.883) ttPe or pHnM, •e4 Wlao r••hienf1)1,-. 6991!,al (1,0}) (1912) (19'7) MARTIN, P.s. tli.nta: Pypq pl"O'V.ne~e and uae. Ael•§op., )o: 8-lJ. t.beir TrtM• L. 6 c. 1-reAiawrio OYeridll, ~dl*!t iA JcrUn. f•§• eDd fle1•$00191 Ext.ipc}iffl• Cp) MARTIN,F.S. and IRI<ET, e.•.(eda) • (1967) (1970) MJLLA.RS'p • A• Sane C01111Mnta an the notio!l ot •tunotioia.l iD atone tool fl .. eui:>legee. veriability• 1or1c1N9bttol211, (19'0) l.z:oayaUom at Jligh RocJca, Tunbridge W-1.la sx.A.c., 9a, {19~-5' ). (19'2; Le s11:.,.c.' h:eb1•tod,gya,An$1qu!te41 l'Bc 1.he ~ton. •nd 11. • a.~. • ot the Iale ot PorUarad, ot Poi-U.nct Cberl •• arte1D Southern JnglaDd. P,f•I •, Ag• 1.Ddu8tri• 1:h• utili.3at1.on fact • terul .}6: 82--U.5. ~UAltl. 17}-221. at Bigb Rocit•, '.l'unbrid@• Well• {1951.-56) : au.ppl..a.nt.ar7 note. loo: :!X~YatiOM U.9-51. {1970) .-a,. 2( 1), 11 ot ta• Br1ta,h Yti•k\199- {1969) A U1•lm (19}7) t•x\n• §51t1e:MSJ:9Ro1• %=o\4ntita!e»e ta IR:r1t1bel• ( 1951.J • Plffll, I• MJLLI, BS' ~wnq L•1,9thropolsst•,6: 21~2. 'l'he aa.olithio J,4.J., le,2: P11'1,od lJI nortb-••t Torka~. ,u.,.27. A Meeolithio atJ\lcture at 0.epcar, l'cirabi.N, Jng1-a, and t.be attiAiti• or ita auocut.cl tlilat 1.nduatr7. f•r•§•, 30: 1-24,. (19,,.) J&iaol1*1o lnglende (19,~) RAISTRIClC, A• .... d 1 etbel'p»plie (1964.) P •A• BAl::iTRIO<.,A• t;!ft;,!ZrrQ;fl::a:r1' OM (1891a) ltudae (19'8) R.ADLII, J •• na • aiiell ot the aortib-••t caea"t or f•ft§•l:4• 7• 188-98. tbe 41.atrilnlUoll or M.-oli tibia •1 '- 1JI 'aortb ot. lngl•nd• J•4•i•, ,11 lJel.•5'• (19,6) COUPlJ RD, G. and COUPL,\ l'\D, 1". RAl«INE, ~.,. (191.,9) Maoebeeda witb ._olUild.o ••oaut.tom England f•f•§•, 15: 7o-6• troa SCMth-•at RANICDI, ~.F., ｾ＠ •rreD, (1952) A (195') Th• MaaoU~o ( 196o) r\lrlber oa.wiiom et• W..olitibic Oakheager, Selbourne, Banta. f•f•§•, 2,: ... RAJ'iCINX,la.11. and DI ICJ3l .KB!, G• tw• Rltnlri, A.O. and (19'9 ) S'l'IRUD, G. (1961..) M•olUibio or •t P.P.s., lB: 21-,s. Briut.n. wGl&tberD Pfpg ot Mt• §F£V BMMl"fE JMbe•plesJeel soc1u1,ao.z.. •it••' Ol.oae 1Tad.llity .Amlyau: a npicS •thod 1:be arderiDg ot arcmeolo giael •t•ri•la· tor- 1,mms,a4pt1au1v, J4.: 265-n. The Br itiah aaee ~l-, reelll.ta. (19'8.1 abipp1Jag tl.oor Oakbenaer, ~•lbaurne, a.nu. Jritiab grau.pa. laler •114 ald4le ••* ~le•ol.itaio: ot atud;y aDd prelild.lllr;y f• f •§• Joa ~7. loaer aDd alddle Pelaeol.Uld.c P.P.s.• .,_,,1-82. bandax• 2. (19:,7) ..,,,, e• 119\W:nMW:HSS Jee111ilff1Ptl91 (• (l,i.J) (19'2) l9E 20,000eI•bzr. (19'6) SIMINOV, S •A• (1961.) SHm!ARD, R.Jl. (19'2) fnb1t'5119 Tdmelsr· PfzsahmMJse,27, 125-219. SHIHfARD, P .p. and CURRAY, (19'8) C.rbaa-U.. J.a. I.a cletuw.tn.ttoa ot ••·lnel cbanpa lla §en , • {14} SMI'DI, .A.a. (1952) •Ai S1'1A?B, P.H • .A• SiaG, ··~ (1961) SXI'ffl, X.A• S<*A.L, LR. Pros••• ••bl••rea•• Ml 99encmx J.p.s. :,&-4.9. ••UalB: ot Pnnce: • lc}-20. The "'9ol1W.O ta \be crttiaal ••11aia• f.r,s., (19'J) (19S8) SUJIMIRS,p.a. (1~) SUTCLIWI, W.B. (1897) -- (.AW). A MNol.1Ulio f,P.s., 7: ｾ＠ aite near I._.. tna.r•a A laoUtbio a\Qre ot p-.phite. SU'lCLIWI, I• B• aad PJ.RKJR, I •A• (1912, Pn,q SU.,, C.L aDd HI'nLB, S.L. (l9'S) A tlim-clr.lpp1D& atte • 111rabne1cs. , •• 1'EWiABDde CHABDIB,P• (195') DaeBrr? ET m*30K, D•P• (19)9) The S•aaa.l ... tlial YIJl,LI, u.s. (1915) J. (1890) tbeir Pl"ffeDaDOe •• Mh§og., ,o, 1-8. Bill ne.r q,,,s.,Toa &.J ,-u.. f•ft§•' ~' T<IS, illpl...-tai C, '&PM•le: 6 Doi-a•*· s. hP·. s. ,,-~. Bz:¥1\• I:t t tna• 111.mter, llaNOaka 9( t'lotor 1D lll1111ua oult.11re. 20,-221. aMOOuW hl7 1,15. IP• tiDll• 4!W::9MIJ'b tlecbel typiqgea cle Perr~ (Aume• At s~ 9\r1t 4t fedl , l(6~er1-• 95 Point.a._ Tardeeoi• ft r, l'M*9R- l.6o. WAINIVRI<ffl,G.J. (1959) The uoantie& ot • Keaolitbio PreabWater eat, Peai>reicNhire• BullQip Boprd· Cfltic Sty.di•, (1960) Three aicrol.ithic Bnaland and their (19'3) J. (195' ) i.Ddulltri• attim.ti•• •it• •t 18(2 ) : 19'-205. trca aauth-w•t f•f•§•, 26. 19}-201. reinterpret.tion ot the ad.croUthio iDduatri• ot itel•• f•f•§•, 29: 9'-lJ2• · A aite a, St\lllp Crcaa, ne.r Gnuiag'°°, I~bire. aha the ot the Pemine Mioroli1ibio induatrJ• f•f•§•, 22 : 2}-28. •a• (19'6 ) §•a!\99tM Qeglm Y4 4sJw• (1962) !Xoantiona Tbatabaa, '29-70· at ,he Milgl... an ai'he at Berkahire, Bnglalld. P.hS. • 28:

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BMJ Open

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Gayan Perera

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Aids na escola: representações docentes sobre o cotidiano dos alunos e alunas soropositivos

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Abdullah Said

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Discriminative network models of schizophrenia

2009 •

B. Thirion

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Dyes and Pigments

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2007 •

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Candidates interested in pursuing the MicroMasters program in Big Data are advised to complete Programming for Data Science, Computational Thinking and Big Data, and Big Data Fundamentals before undertaking this course

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Journal of Threatened Taxa 2(2): 685-689. Copyright: © Bhoj Kumar Acharya & Lalitha

2009 •

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Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology

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Case reports in surgery

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2018 •

Mohammed Aliyu

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International Journal of Thermodynamics

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Janito Ferreira

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Physical Review B

Topological charge scaling at a quantum phase transition

2021 •

Piotr Tomczak

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Foro Cubano-Divulgación

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2022 •

Valentina Bohórquez Polo

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2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS)

A game theoretical study of peering vs transit in the internet

2014 •

Luciano Lenzini

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International Journal of Project Management

Genesis and role of standards: theoretical foundations and socio-economical model for the construction and use of standards

2003 •

Christophe Bredillet

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TEME

Contractual Liability – Legal Regimes in Comparative Law

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Katarina Jovicic

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Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies

Reading in the Lateral Messages of Hussein-McMahon's Correspondence

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Social Neuroscience

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Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology

EyeGuitar

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Howell Istance

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Pugnas políticas en el primer Imperio Mexicano

2012 •

Eduardo Cazares Puente

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Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society

Catalytic center of cytochrome c oxidase: Effects of protein environment on pKa values of cub histidine ligands

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Ivana Djordjevic

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Metaverse creativity

Experiential realism and digital place-making

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