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International Journal of Lexicography
An Authentic Pan-Hispanic Language Policy? Spain as the Point of Reference in the Spanish Royal Academy’s Diccionario de la lengua españolaDespite the Spanish Royal Academy’s claim that it has broken away from its Eurocentric perspective and embraced a pan-Hispanic approach, a careful analysis of its dictionary, the Diccionario de la lengua española (DLE), reveals a clear bias in favor of Peninsular Spanish usage and a systematic relegation of Latin American Spanish to an inferior, subsidiary status. This paper arises out of that specific concern and is focused on a close reading of the Spanish Royal Academy’s DLE in its most recent electronic version 23.1 (2017). In this paper we will show that the Real Academia Española’s claim of a pan-Hispanic approach is in fact a disingenuous smokescreen and that, in reality, the DLE places Latin American Spanish usage in an inferior and subsidiary status via-a-vis Peninsular Spanish usage. To demonstrate this, we have classified selected dictionary entries into two categories: 1) Latin American Spanish usages that are defined by cross-references to the term used in Peninsular Spanish; and 2) usages that occur frequently in Spain and rarely in Spanish-speaking Latin America (Peninsular Spanish usages or españolismos) but are defined in the Dictionary with no geographic marker whatsoever. The results of our analysis reveal that the DLE repeatedly presents Peninsular Spanish usage as if it were General Spanish or ‘neutral Spanish’ and portrays Latin American Spanish as the ‘other.’ This study reveals the fallacy of the RAE’s pan-Hispanic language policy, an institutional device that attempts to force linguistic unity centered around Peninsular Spanish usage where no such unity in fact exists. We will also show that the motivation for this policy stems from a combination of a neocolonial bias and economic interests that seek to promote Spain’s international standing and branding as a country.
Una visión para el manejo ecológicamente sustentable …
Plan de ordenación de la Reserva Nacional Valdivia2002 •
RESUMEN. En este artículo se estudia la dirección y sentido de los tres tipos más destacados de cambio de acento en español: 1º, el cambio tipo intérvalo, méndigo, aureOla, penAlti; 2º, el cambio tipo cAido, mAiz; y 3º, el cambio tipo váyamos, véngamos. Para ello se rechaza la vieja clasificación nebrisense de acentuación (llana, aguda, esdrújula), que no permite identificar la dirección de los cambios de acento y se justifica una propuesta de dos clases de acento en la estructura de la palabra: acento REGULAR (en la segunda sílaba de las palabras acabadas en vocal, o en la última, si acaban en consonante o vocal tónica) y acento IRREGULAR (en la tercera sílaba de las palabras acabadas en vocal o en la segunda, si acaban en consonante). Para deslindar algunos cambios de acento y justificar otros, se recuerdan las condiciones del acento español: 1º, constituyente flexivo átono; 2º, la Ventana de las Tres Sílabas (VTS); 3º, sensibilidad a la cantidad; 4º, dominio del acento en la palabra; 5º, mantenimiento del acento original o adaptación regular por el uso. El estudio concluye que los cambios no determinados por alguna de estas condiciones, de los tres tipos citados (intérvalo, cAido, vAyamos) o van en el sentido de la regularización o, cuando hay alternancia, siempre está presente el patrón regular, con más o menos extensión y difusión. Como efecto colateral, algunos de estos fenómenos abonan la antigua tesis de P. Henríquez Ureña en contra del supuesto andalucismo aparente sistemático del español de América. Palabras clave: acento español, cambios de acento, condiciones del acento, acento regular español, andalucismo, español de América. ABSTRACT. This article studies the direction and significance of three outstanding forms of accent change in Spanish: first, that represented by intérvalo, méndigo, aureOla, penAlti; second, the change seen in cAido, mAiz; and third, that shown by váyamos, véngamos. For this purpose, we reject the old Nebrija accent classification (llana, aguda, esdrújula), which does not allow the direction of accent-change to be identified, and, in light of this, we forward the proposal of two accent types within the structure of the word: REGULAR accent (on the second syllable of words terminating in a vowel, or else on the last syllable, if they terminate in a consonant or tonic vowel) and IRREGULAR accent (on the third syllable of words terminating in a vowel, or else on the second syllable, if they terminate in a consonant). In order to demarcate certain accent changes, and to justify others, we review the conditions of Spanish accentuation: first, unstressed inflectional constituent; second, the three-syllable window; third, sensitivity to quantity; fourth, the domain of stress assignment is the word; fifth, maintaining the original accent or regular adaptation on the. The study concludes that changes not determined by any of these conditions, of the three types previously described (intérvalo, cAido, vAyamos), either tend towards regularisation or else, when there is alternation, a regular pattern—with greater or lesser extension and diffusion—is always present. A secondary consequence of some of these phenomena is that they accredit the old thesis of P. Henríquez Ureña against the assuming systematic apparent Andalucismo of American Spanish. Key words: Spanish accent, accent change, accent conditions, Spanish regular accent, Andalucismo, America Spanish.
y La atmosfera es una mescla de varios gases que rodea la tierra con un espesor de 10.000 km, unida a la tierra por atracción gravitacional. Alcanza su mayor densidad al nivel del mar y disminuye rápidamente a medida que se asciende.
Boletín Chileno de Ornitología
Avifauna del Santuario de la Naturaleza Los Huemules del Niblinto, Región del Bío Bío, Chile2000 •
During spring 1996 and summer 1997 we assessed the richness and relative abundance of birds in the Los Huemules del Niblinto Nature Sanctuary, .a private protected area, located in the Andes of south-central Chile. We selected the five most representative environments: a coihue-roble forest (CRF), a pure lenga forest (PLF), a shrub-coihue sapling (CS), a ñirre shrub (ÑS) and the Niblinto river (NR). In the CRF we registered 27 species being the Thorn-tailed Rayadito, Whitecrested Elaenia and Green-backed Firecrown the most frequent. In this habitat, we detected four species with conservation concern: Chilean Pigeon, Magellanic Woodpecker, Rufous-legged Owl and Chilean Bicolored Hawk. In the PLF we observed 10 species being Thorn-tailed Rayadito and Blue and White Swallow codominants. Twenty species were found in the CS being the Black-chinned Siskin dominant. In the ÑS we discovered 18 species being Thorn-tailed Rayadito the most frequent. Within this habitat, we registered five exclusives species: Barwinged Cinclodes, Cinnamon-bellied Ground Tyrant, Ochrea-naped Ground Tyrant, Rufous-backed Negrito and Yellow-bridled Finch. Along the Niblinto River we detected 10 species being Black-crowned Nihgt Heron, Torrent Duck and Dark-bellied Cinclodes typical river-dwelling. The CFR, vegetationally the most complex habitat, had also the highest in bird richness. Total number of species was 41. In adittion, we added new occasional records of birds made in later expeditions, giving a total 63 species for this Andean site.
Selected Horace's poems with Latin annotations according to the Ørberg's natural inductive method for the use of high-school students.
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HUMANITIES JOURNAL
Oral communication strategies in Spanish used by Thai learners2018 •