Summary: Researchers have unveiled groundbreaking findings linking maternal immune activation during pregnancy to the preservation of memories formed in infancy, challenging our understanding of infantile amnesia.
In a mouse model, inflammation induced during pregnancy altered brain development, safeguarding against the usual loss of early-life memories.
This study, revealing that early childhood memories persist into adulthood but are typically inaccessible, suggests that infantile amnesia may result from a retrieval deficiency rather than memory loss.
Key Facts:
- The study suggests a biological connection between maternal immune activation and the prevention of infantile amnesia.
- Memory engrams from infancy can be reactivated in adulthood through specific neural pathways, indicating memories are stored but not normally retrievable.
- The research provides new insights into cognitive development and memory flexibility, particularly in the context of autism.
Source: TCD
Most of us remember little of our experiences from before two years of age. This form of memory loss, termed “infantile amnesia” refers to the seemingly complete loss of episodic and autobiographical memories formed during early life.
The research team at Trinity College Dublin investigated how infantile amnesia is affected by forms of autism.
The maternal immune response, sparked into life in response to infection during pregnancy, is known to contribute to the cause of autism in both humans and mice. The Trinity neuroscientists report for the first time that this altered brain state also prevents the usual loss of memories formed during infancy.
Using a mouse model the team behind this discovery showed that exposure to maternal immune activation, where inflammation is artificially induced during pregnancy in the absence of infection in order to alter offspring brain development, acts as a safeguard against developmental memory loss in early life by impacting the way specialist memory cells (engrams) in the brain function.
Furthermore, the study revealed that memories normally forgotten from infancy can be permanently reinstated if the correct memory engrams are activated in adults (in these experiments they used an “optogenetics” approach, which uses light to trigger specific neural pathways linked to the memory engrams of interest).
These findings imply that infantile amnesia stems from a retrieval deficiency, as early childhood memories are still stored in the adult brain but cannot normally be accessed through natural recall.
Dr Tomás Ryan, Associate Professor in Trinity’s School of Biochemistry and Immunology and the Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, is senior author of the article that has been published today in the leading international journal, Science Advances.
Dr Ryan emphasised the significance of these findings stating:
“Infantile amnesia is possibly the most ubiquitous yet underappreciated form of memory loss in humans and mammals. Despite its widespread relevance, little is known about the biological conditions underpinning this amnesia and its effect on the engram cells that encode each memory.
“As a society, we assume infant forgetting is an unavoidable fact of life, so we pay little attention to it.”
“These new findings suggest that immune activation during pregnancy results in an altered brain state that alters our innate, yet reversible ‘forgetting switches’ that determine whether the forgetting of infant memories will occur.
“This research holds significant implications for enhancing our comprehension of memory and forgetting across child development, as well as overall cognitive flexibility in the context of autism.”
Lead author of the study, Dr Sarah Power, who completed her PhD research in Dr Ryan’s team (now a postdoctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin, Germany), said:
“Our brains’ early developmental trajectories seem to affect what we remember or forget as we move through infancy. We now hope to investigate in more detail how development affects the storage and retrieval of early childhood memories, which could have a number of important knock-on impacts from both an educational and a medical perspective.”
This study marks a major milestone in developmental memory research by shedding light on the connection between the retention of early childhood memories and maternal immune responses associated with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It also emphasises the adaptability of brain function in response to environmental challenges across embryonic and early postnatal development.
Funding: This research was supported by the Jacobs Foundation; Science Foundation Ireland; the European Research Council; Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds; the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine; the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation; and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR).
About this autism and memory research news
Author: Thomas Deane
Source: TCD
Contact: Thomas Deane – TCD
Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: Open access.
“Immune activation state modulates infant engram expression across development” by Tomás Ryan et al. Science Advances
Abstract
Immune activation state modulates infant engram expression across development
Infantile amnesia is possibly the most ubiquitous form of memory loss in mammals. We investigated how memories are stored in the brain throughout development by integrating engram labeling technology with mouse models of infantile amnesia.
Here, we found a phenomenon in which male offspring in maternal immune activation models of autism spectrum disorder do not experience infantile amnesia.
Maternal immune activation altered engram ensemble size and dendritic spine plasticity.
We rescued the same apparently forgotten infantile memories in neurotypical mice by optogenetically reactivating dentate gyrus engram cells labeled during complex experiences in infancy.
Furthermore, we permanently reinstated lost infantile memories by artificially updating the memory engram, demonstrating that infantile amnesia is a reversible process.
Our findings suggest not only that infantile amnesia is due to a reversible retrieval deficit in engram expression but also that immune activation during development modulates innate, and reversible, forgetting switches that determine whether infantile amnesia will occur.
