Abstract
Extremes of climate and hypobaric hypoxia cause poor growth performance in broiler chickens at high altitude and the present study investigates the effect of aqueous extract of Salix alba leaves on growth performance, antioxidant level and immune status of broiler chickens reared at high altitude cold desert (3500 m). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the extract revealed the presence of salicin and caffeic acid. In vitro efficacy evaluation revealed that the extract had a significant cytoprotective effect on lymphocytes. For in-vivo study, a total of 105 one d old RIR cross-bred broiler chickens were randomly assigned to seven groups: 1) Control fed basal diet and 2) Six treatments fed basal diet + S. alba extract @100, 150, 200, 300, 400, and 800 mg kg−1 body weight of chicken, respectively. Chickens in the Salix 300 group had greater body weight (p < 0.05) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to other treatments. Furthermore, chickens had greater (p < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity (TAC), free radical scavenging activity, interleukin-2, and lower malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 concentration as compared to the control group. Net profit was also increased in all the treatments that were fed diet with S. alba extract due to less mortality in chickens. These findings indicated that inclusion S. alba extract at dose concentration of 300 mg kg−1 body weight of chicken, exhibited a beneficial effect on growth performance through immunomodulation and up-regulation of antioxidants, and therefore, it has a potential to be used as a phytogenic feed additive for improving broiler performance at high altitude.
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Acknowledgments
The present study was fully supported by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India. The authors would particularly like to thank Dr. R S Chauhan, JUIT, Waknaghat for providing an in vitro facility at Jaypee University of Information and Technology. The authors would like to thank Dr. Arun Sharma for his assistance with in vitro studies, as well as all of the DIHAR poultry division staff for their care of chickens and support during blood sampling. Authors would also like to acknowledge Dr. Vineeeth Ravindran T., STA-B for his technical help.
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This research work was funded by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
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S.K. performed the experiments. A.G helps in the collection of data. V.K.B. and B.K. conceived the project idea, designed the study and supervised the project. U.M and A.B supervised in vitro work. S.K. and V.K.B. analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
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Kalia, S., Bharti, V.K., Giri, A. et al. Effect of Salix alba leave extract on growth performance, antioxidant level and immune status of broiler chickens reared at high altitude cold desert. Biologia 76, 3003–3015 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00795-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00795-w