Llywelyn ap Gruffudd

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the Last Prince of Independent Wales

The 13th century saw constant conflict between the independent Welsh principalities and the encroaching English kings seeking to conquer the whole island of Britain. While the Anglo-Norman Marcher lords successfully established footholds in parts of Wales, the native Welsh princes fought to retain their autonomy. The most powerful and successful ruler defending Wales against English imperialism was Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.

Who was Llywelyn ap Gruffudd?

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (c. 1223-1282) was the Prince of Gwynedd from 1246 until his death. Through both warfare and diplomacy, he expanded his rule over a greater part of Wales than any ruler before him. Known as Llywelyn the Last or Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf in Welsh, he was recognized as the Prince of Wales and representative of the Welsh nation. He resisted growing English domination and is remembered as a hero of Welsh independence.

Llywelyn United Much of Wales

At his peak in the late 13th century, Llywelyn directly ruled over Gwynedd and had alliances and pacts with other Welsh principalities, controlling almost two-thirds of the area of modern-day Wales. He unified more of Wales than any leader before him, beginning the realization of his grandfather’s vision of a single Welsh nation under one chosen leader.

Defending Welsh Independence from England

As King Edward I expanded English authority over the whole island of Britain, Llywelyn refused to give fealty to the English crown or see Wales subjected. In 1277 and 1282, he launched revolts attempting to defend Welsh independence and sovereignty. His defeat and death in 1282 during the final rebellion marked the conquest of medieval Wales. Centuries later, he remains a powerful symbol of Welsh cultural identity and resistance to oppression.

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd’s Upbringing and Origins

Born around 1223, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was part of the royal house of Gwynedd – one of the main Welsh ruling families tracing descent from Rhodri the Great of Gwynedd. His grandfather was Llywelyn the Great, also known as Llywelyn Fawr, who briefly united a greater part of Wales in the early 13th century. Llywelyn’s father Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ruled Gwynedd jointly with his uncle Dafydd ap Llywelyn until conflict split them apart.

Inheriting Gwynedd and Expanding Rule

When his uncle Dafydd died childless in 1246, the 23-year-old Llywelyn claimed his inheritance and was confirmed as the new Prince of Gwynedd by King Henry III of England. In the first decades of his rule, he secured control over parts of mid-Wales and allied with other Welsh princely houses through battle and marriage alliances. By recognizing Llywelyn’s growing power, the English crown granted him the title of Prince of Wales in 1258.

Consolidation of Power in Wales

Through warfare, skilled diplomacy and imprisonment of rival claimants, Llywelyn steadily expanded his authority across north and mid-Wales. In 1263, he occupied Powys land and captured its hereditary ruler, whom Llywelyn would keep imprisoned for over twenty years to neutralize opposition. Through control of the Perfeddwlad region, he could unite northern and southern parts of Wales for the first time since his famous grandfather Llywelyn Fawr. At his peak, almost all Welsh lords paid homage to him as the singular ruler of Wales.

Llywelyn Rules Over Most of Wales

By 1260, Llywelyn had consolidated control across Gwynedd, Powys, parts of Deheubarth and the Perfeddwlad through shrewd tactics and force of arms. He had married the daughter of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, gaining a powerful ally against King Henry III. When de Montfort rebelled against Henry III, Llywelyn capitalized on the chaos of England’s Second Barons’ War. He conquered new lands along the March borderlands and recovered many areas that had been taken centuries before by Anglo-Norman knights.

Refusing Fealty to the English Crown

Even at the apex of his power, Llywelyn resisted surrendering Welsh independence to England. He styled himself as the Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdonia, but refused King Henry III’s demand he pay fealty to the English crown as Lord of Wales. As heir to Rhodri the Great and Cadwaladr, in the Welsh mindset, his authority came not from English kings but from God alone as defender of the Welsh nation.

The 1267 Treaty of Montgomery

After Simon de Montfort’s defeat and death, a weakened Llywelyn was forced to sign the Treaty of Montgomery in 1267. While he retained control of Wales west of the River Conwy, he had to surrender recent eastern gains. He also agreed to do homage and fealty to the crown for his remaining lands. The treaty marked the limits of how far Llywelyn could advance Welsh interests without continued warfare against England.

Defiance of the English Crown under Edward I

In 1272, Henry III died and his militaristic son Edward I succeeded him as king of England. Determined to command the whole of Britain, Edward required Llywelyn’s homage as Prince of Wales by 1274. But Llywelyn merely promised to remain faithful to King Henry’s commitments, not submit to England’s direct overlordship. Tensions built over years until conflict erupted in 1276 when Edward attempted to build new castles across Wales’ northern frontier.

The War of 1277 Against England

In November 1276, Llywelyn refusing Edward’s demands and allied with other Welsh princes to launch war against the English crown’s encroachments on his territory. The initial campaign saw notable victories, with the Welsh regaining many commotes in the north previously lost. But by 1277, superior English resources and Edward’s strategy gained ground and Llywelyn agreed to peace talks. The resulting Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277 again limited Welsh sovereignty but saved Llywelyn’s rule west of the Conwy valley.

Final War and Death at Cilmeri

The peace lasted only a few years before Llywelyn’s brother Dafydd launched a new rebellion in 1282 after being stripped of lands bequeathed by Edward. Llywelyn joined forces with his brother against England. Despite guerilla victories, the English forces’ advance could not be stopped. Attacked whilst campaigning southeast of Snowdonia in December 1282, Llywelyn was killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge near Builth Wells. His death symbolised Wales’ last gasp for independence from English rule.

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as an Enduring Symbol

Despite his ultimate defeat, Llywelyn’s determined struggle to maintain Welsh independence made him a revered national hero. He was the last sovereign ruler to claim the title of Prince of Wales and command the loyalty of most Welsh lords. To his conquered people, his valiant but doomed war represented the end of their centuries-long autonomy from England’s domination.

Remembered as a Fierce Defendant of Wales

While the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd brought about the conquest of independent Welsh rule, his courageous refusal to submit fuelled later rebellions for many generations. He died defending Wales from subjugation by England, torn between crown and country. He is memorialised in Welsh poetry and song as the nation’s fallen champion.

The Eternal, Tragic Personification of Welsh Independence

Nearly 700 years after his death in battle, Llywelyn remains one of history’s most iconic embodiment of Welsh nationalism and cultural pride. Portrayed as the righteous, martyred defender of an oppressed people struggling to retain their sovereignty and identity, his legacy is still invoked today by Welsh independence movements. For the conquered descendent nation, he eternally symbolises the lost golden era of autonomous Welsh princedoms before England’s domination.

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